2021年新冠大流行使全球旅游业损失2万亿美元英34

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19|iTHE

ECONOMICCONTRIBUTION

OFTOURISM

AND

THEIMPACT

OF

COVID-19November

2021THE

ECONOMICCONTRIBUTION

OFTOURISM

AND

THEIMPACT

OF

COVID-19November

20212

|

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19AcknowledgementsThis

report

was

prepared

by

the

UNWTO

Tourism

Market

Intelligence

and

Competitiveness

Departmentunder

the

supervision

of

Sandra

Carvão,

Chief

of

the

Department.

Statistical

modelling

of

tourism

directgross

domestic

product

(TDGDP)

was

conducted

by

Javier

Ruescas,

Senior

Specialist,

and

Hernan

Epstein,former

Chief

of

Statistics

at

UNWTO.

Michel

Julian,

Senior

Officer,

and

Javier

Ruescas

provided

analysisand

drafting.

TDGDP

country

data

was

collected

by

the

UNWTO

Statistics

Department.©

Softlightaa

|

D|3

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19TABLE

OF

CONTENTS01

Key

Findings   | 402

Introduction   | 803

The

economic

contribution

of

tourism

before

the

COVID-19

pandemic   | 1004

The

economic

impact

of

the

COVID-19

pandemic

on

tourism   | 16

Moving

Forward

| 2105

Statistical

annex   | 2206

Methodology   | 264

|

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-1901KEY

FINDINGSTHE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19|5KEY

FINDINGS▬▬▬TDGDP

is

expected

to

edge

up

to

2%

of

worldGDP

in

2021,

following

a

rebound

in

domestictourism

and

higher

spending

on

both

domesticand

international

travel.TDGDP

estimates

contained

in

this

study

arebased

on

a

limited

sample

of

75

countries

andterritories

for

which

TDGDP

data

is

available.Future

efforts

by

policymakers

to

compileTDGDP

data

according

to

the

TourismSatellite

Account

(TSA)

are

essential

for

a

full▬▬▬The

contribution

of

tourism

to

the

worldeconomy

amounted

to

USD

3.5

trillion

in

2019,or

4%

of

world

GDP,

measured

in

tourismdirect

gross

domestic

product

(TDGDP).The

COVID-19

pandemic

cut

tourism

directGDP

by

more

than

half

in

2020,

reducing

it

byUSD

2.0

trillion,

to

1.8%

of

world

GDP.This

plunge

represents

about

70%

of

theoverall

decline

in

world

GDP

in

2020.1▬▬International

tourist

arrivals

dropped

by

73%in

2020,

while

export

revenues

from

tourism(international

tourism

receipts

and

passengertransport)

declined

by

63%

in

real

terms.The

loss

in

export

revenues

from

internationaltourism

is

estimated

at

USD

1.1

trillionand

represents

42%

of

the

total

loss

ininternational

trade

in

2020.2Tourism

direct

grossdomestic

product(TDGDP)

Notes:

Data

as

of

October

2021.

e)

Preliminary

estimates.

understanding

of

the

contribution

of

tourism

to

the

global

and

national

economies.Source:World

Tourism

Organization

(UNWTO).

2019

USD1.7

trillion

2020

USD0.6

trillion

2021(e)

USD0.7–0.8

trillion▾USD1.1

trillion

3.0%of

world

exports

2.8%

of

world

exports▾4.0

%

points

6.8%

of

world

exportsNotes:

Data

as

of

October

2021.

(e)

Preliminary

estimates.Source:

World

Tourism

Organization

(UNWTO).6

|

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19

Tourism

direct

gross

domestic

product

(TDGDP)

2019

USD3.5

trillion

2020

USD1.6

trillion

2021(e)

USD1.9

trillion▾USD2.0

trillion▴USD

0.3

trillion

4.0%of

world

GDP

1.8%of

world

GDP

2.0%of

world

GDP▾2.2%

points▴0.2%

pointsNotes:

Data

as

of

October

2021.

(e)

Preliminary

estimates.Source:

World

Tourism

Organization

(UNWTO).

Export

revenues

from

international

tourismTHE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19|7©

Arrowsmith2

|

D8

|

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-1902INTRODUCTIONTHE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19|9▬Tourism

represents

a

major

source

of

exportrevenues

for

many

countries,

and

an

importantpart

of

their

GDP.

The

sector

supports

millionsof

direct

and

indirect

jobs

all

over

the

world,particularly

for

women

and

young

people.▬In

2020-21,

the

COVID-19

pandemic

causedan

unprecedented

disruption

to

tourism,resulting

in

a

massive

drop

in

international▬▬This

report

presents

UNWTO

estimates

onthe

direct

contribution

of

tourism

to

grossdomestic

product

(GDP)

before

and

after

thepandemic

at

a

global

and

regional

level.

Inparticular,

it

quantifies

the

economic

impactof

the

pandemic

in

terms

of

tourism

directgross

domestic

product

(TDGDP)

and

exportrevenues

from

tourism.▬The

report

also

provides

preliminary

estimateson

TDGDP

for

2021

based

on

the

latestinternational

tourism

data

published

in

theNovember

2021

issue

of

the

UNWTO

WorldTourism

Barometer.INTRODUCTIONtravel

following

a

global

lockdown

and

plungein

demand

amid

widespread

travel

restrictionsput

in

place

to

contain

the

spread

of

thecoronavirus.Tourism

was

the

most

affected

sector

bythe

COVID-19

pandemic,

with

businesses,employment

and

livelihoods

around

the

worldseverely

impacted

by

the

crisis.

©

Martinmark

|

D10

|

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-1903THE

ECONOMICCONTRIBUTION

OFTOURISMBEFORE

THECOVID-19

PANDEMIC|11Tourism

also

became

one

of

the

world’s

major

tradecategories,

with

export

revenues

from

tourismreaching

USD

1.7

trillion

in

2019,

equivalent

to28%

of

the

world’s

trade

in

services

and

7%

ofoverall

exports

of

goods

and

services.For

many

developing

countries,

especially

smallisland

developing

states

(SIDS),3

tourism

is

amajor

source

of

foreign

revenues

and

often

themain

export

category,

creating

much

needed

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19Tourism

direct

GDP

amounted

to

In

2019,

international

tourist

arrivals

(overnightUSD

3.5

trillion

in

2019,

or

4%

of

world

GDP

visitors)

reached

1.5

billion

worldwide,

following

a

decade

of

uninterrupted

growth.

Arrivals

increasedIn

the

decades

leading

up

to

2019,

tourism

saw

an

average

5%

per

year

between

2009

and

2019,

orcontinued

expansion

and

diversification

to

become

as

much

as

63%

on

aggregate.one

of

the

largest

and

fastest-growing

economicsectors

in

the

world.Growth

was

driven

by

a

relatively

strong

globaleconomy,

expanding

middle

classes,

increasedmarket

openness

and

rapid

urbanization

inemerging

economies,

as

well

as

affordable

airtravel

and

visa

facilitation.

Technological

advancesand

new

business

models,

particularly

throughInternet

and

mobile

devices

also

contributed

to

thisexpansion

in

travel.MiddleEast

5.1%World

4.0%Africa

4.3%AsiaandthePacific

4.4%

employment

and

opportunities

for

development.Figure

1.1

Tourism

direct

GDP

by

regions,

2019

(%)

Europe

4.3%Americas

3.4%

Notes:

Data

retrieved

in

October

2021.

Data

for

Africa

should

be

interpreted

with

caution

since

it

is

based

on

very

limited

data

from

that

region.

Source:

World

Tourism

Organization

(UNWTO).12

|

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19The

Middle

East

had

the

highest

tourismdirect

GDP

of

all

regions

in

2019By

regions,

the

Middle

East

had

the

largestrelative

TDGDP

in

2019

with

5.1%

of

GDP,

followedby

Asia

and

the

Pacific

(4.4%)

and

Europe

(4.3%).In

the

Americas

tourism

accounted

for

3.4%

of

theregion’s

GDP.

Estimates

for

Africa

point

to

a

4.3%tourism

contribution

to

GDP,

though

this

figure

isnot

entirely

reliable

given

the

limited

availability

ofdata

from

that

region

(see

Methodology).Of

economies

for

which

data

is

available,

Macao(China)

has

the

highest

relative

TDGDP,

withtourism

contributing

directly

to

48%

of

its

GDP.The

weight

of

tourism

is

also

large

in

small

islanddeveloping

states

such

as

Guam

(12%),

Jamaica(9%),

Mauritius

(9%)

and

others

for

which

recentdata

is

unavailable.and

jobs

for

these

destinations,

their

highdependence

on

tourism

revenues

also

makes

themmore

vulnerable

to

external

shocks.In

Croatia,

tourism

directly

accounts

for

11%

of

thecountry’s

GDP.

In

France

and

Spain,

the

world’slargest

tourism

destinations

as

of

2019,

tourismcontributes

directly

to

7%

of

their

GDP.7In

13

out

of

the

38

SIDS,

tourism

accountedfor

50%

or

more

of

total

exports

in

2019.

InSaint

Lucia,

Palau,

Bahamas

and

the

Maldives

itgenerated

over

80%

of

all

export

revenues.The

economic

contribution

of

tourism,

resultingfrom

both

international

and

domestic

tourism,represents

a

major

part

of

the

GDP

of

manyeconomies

around

the

world.Tourism

is

estimated

to

directly

represent

4.0%

ofworld

GDP

in

2019

based

on

tourism

direct

grossdomestic

product

(TDGDP)

reported

by

countries.4It

also

has

an

important

indirect

impact5

on

othereconomic

sectors

with

a

multiplier

effect

on

thesupply

of

other

goods

and

services,

investmentsand

public

spending.

Tourism

has

proven

to

be

atool

for

economic

diversification

and

an

engine

foremployment.6

While

tourism

is

a

key

source

of

foreign

revenuesIn

advanced

economies,

TDGDP

ranges

fromapproximately

2%

of

GDP

for

countries

wheretourism

is

a

comparatively

small

sector,

to

over10%

for

countries

where

tourism

is

a

pillar

ofthe

economy.

For

some

small

island

states

anddeveloping

countries,

tourism

accounts

for

over20%

of

their

GDP.|13

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19Figure

1.1:

Tourism

direct

gross

domestic

product

(TDGDP),

percentage

of

GDP

Between

10%

and

50%

Between

2%

and

5% 48.4Macao

(China)

Guam

Croatia 12.1 11.4

Botswana

MozambiqueHong

Kong

(China)

Latvia

Netherlands

 4.9

 4.7

 4.5

 4.5 4.4Between

5%

and

10%Indonesia 4.1

Jamaica

Viet

Nam

Mauritius

Mexico

Iceland

Philippines

Portugal

Sweden

Uruguay

Morocco

Thailand

Greece

Malaysia

Hungary

Spain

Austria

Bahrain

Côte

d’Ivoire

Honduras

Jordan

ItalyNew

Zealand

Slovenia

Bermuda

Costa

Rica

 9.2

 9.2

 9.1

 8.7

 8.6

 8.6

 8.0

 7.0

 7.0

 6.9

 6.9

 6.8

 6.8

 6.7

 6.6

 6.5

 6.3

 6.3

 6.0

 6.0

 5.9

 5.9

 5.3 5.1 5.0

Germany

PeruRussian

Federation

Uganda

Norway

Puerto

Rico

Qatar

United

Kingdom

Australia

Lithuania

Czech

Republic

Switzerland

USA

Israel

Romania

Slovakia

South

Africa

India

Finland

Belarus

Oman

Denmark

Saudi

Arabia

Canada

Colombia

Japan

 3.9

 3.9

 3.8

 3.7

 3.6

 3.4

 3.4

 3.2

 3.1

 3.1

 2.9

 2.9

 2.9

 2.8

 2.8

 2.8

 2.8

 2.6

 2.6

 2.5

 2.5

 2.4

 2.2

 2.1 2.0 2.0Ecuador 2.0Notes:

List

based

on

limited

sample

of

75

countries

of

which

TDGDP

is

2%

or

higher.

Data

corresponds

to

different

years

from

2015

to

2019,

depending

on

availability.Source:

World

Tourism

Organization

(UNWTO).The

20

destinations

with

highest

percentageTDGDP

include

seven

advanced

economies,

mostlyin

Europe,

and

thirteen

emerging

economies,mostly

in

Asia

and

the

Americas.

The

economicimportance

of

tourism

is

considerable

in

AsiaPacific

economies

like

Guam,

Viet

Nam,

thePhilippines,

Thailand

and

Malaysia,

some

of

whichhave

enjoyed

the

largest

increase

in

TDGDP

duringthe

last

ten

years

or

so.Several

comparatively

smaller

economies

haveachieved

extraordinary

growth

in

TDGDP

in

the

lastdecade

or

so.

Iceland

recorded

the

largest

increasewith

+362%

in

nominal

terms

over

the

period2009–2017.

Thailand

(+220%)

saw

its

TDGDPincrease

more

than

three

times

between

2010and

2018.

The

economic

contribution

of

tourismmore

than

doubled

in

the

Philippines,

Hong

Kong(China),

Uruguay,

Malaysia

and

Botswana

duringsimilar

time

periods

(see

note

in

figure

1.2).The

United

States

of

America,

Germany,Italy

and

Mexico

boast

some

of

the

largesttourism

economiesAmong

countries

reporting

TDGDP

data,

theUnited

States

of

America

(USA)

had

the

largesttourism

economy

by

far,

amounting

toUSD

598

billion

in

2019,

which

reflects

both

itshuge

domestic

market

and

large

revenues

frominternational

tourism.

The

USA

also

recorded

thelargest

increase

in

TDGDP

between

2008

and2018

(+USD

186

billion).The

countries

with

the

next

largest

TDGDP

inUS

dollar

terms

are

Germany

(USD

131

billion),Italy

(USD

108

billion),

and

Mexico

(USD

106billion),

all

exceeding

USD

100

billion.USD

billionyear..9.USAGermanyItalyMexicoJapanSpainUnited

KingdomIndiaRussian

Federation597.7131.0108.4106.3

98.6

93.9

85.3

71.3

59.920182015201520182017201820172018201710.

Australia42.92017USD

billionyear11.

Indonesia12.

Netherlands13.

Sweden14.

Canada15.

Thailand16.

Viet

Nam17.

Austria18.

Philippines19.

Malaysia41.640.238.936.234.930.329.627.424.820172018201820182018201920182016201920.

Macao

(China)24.4201714

|

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19

Table

1.1:

Destinations

with

highest

TDGDPa

among

countries

with

available

data

(USD

billion)Notes:

Data

as

of

October

2021.

List

based

on

limited

sample

of

75

countries.

a)

TDGDP:

tourism

direct

gross

domestic

product.Source:

World

Tourism

Organization

(UNWTO).|15

 90%

 88%

 71%

 68% 60% 60% 59%Notes:Data

as

of

October

2021.List

based

on

limited

sample

of

75countries

with

available

TDGDP

data.Percentage

change

calculated

in

USdollars.a)

Time

periods

range

from

5

to

11

years

depending

on

available

data.Source:World

Tourism

Organization

(UNWTO).

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19Figure

1.2:

Destinations

with

largest

nominal

increase

in

TDGDP,

from

2008

to

2019a

or

available

years

(%)

Iceland

 362%

Thailand

 220%

Philippines

 170%

Hong

Kong

(China)

 165%

Uruguay

 128%

Malaysia

 111%

Botswana

 102%

Panama

 99%

Romania

Ecuador

Israel

Honduras

New

Zealand

Macao

(China)

Indonesia©

Alanbrito

|

D04THE

ECONOMICIMPACT

OF

THECOVID-19

PANDEMICON

TOURISM16

|

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19|17Source:World

Tourism

Organization

(UNWTO).Notes:Data

as

of

October

2021.e)

Preliminary

estimates.1.51.00.52.00.0

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021(e)TDGDPExport

revenues

from

tourism

Loss

of

USD

1.1

trillionrevenues

in

2020

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19Tourism

direct

gross

domestic

product(TDGDP)

cut

by

more

than

half

in

2020Tourism

suffered

the

greatest

crisis

on

record

in

The

collapse

in

international

travel

resulted

in

a

loss

of

USD

1.1

trillion

in

export

revenues

from2020

following

an

unprecedented

health,

social

tourism,

a

63%

decline

in

real

terms

compared

toand

economic

emergency

with

the

outbreak

of

theCOVID-19

pandemic.

pre-crisis

year

2019.International

tourist

arrivals

(overnight

visitors)

The

drop

represents

42%

of

the

total

decline

inplunged

by

73%

in

2020

due

to

a

global

lockdown,

international

trade

recorded

in

2020.8

This

is

morewidespread

travel

restrictions

and

a

massive

drop

than

11

times

the

loss

recorded

during

the

2009in

demand.

About

1

billion

fewer

international

global

economic

and

financial

crisis

(in

US

dollars).arrivals

were

recorded

that

year,

compared

to

The

COVID-19

pandemic

caused

an

economic2019.

loss

of

some

USD

2.0

trillion

measured

in

tourism

direct

gross

domestic

product

(TDGDP),

a

declineBy

regions,

Asia

and

the

Pacific

saw

the

largest

of

over

50%

in

nominal

terms,

from

2019.drop

with

an

84%

decrease

in

arrivals,

about

300million

less

than

in

2019.

Arrivals

in

both

Europeand

the

Americas

declined

by

68%,

representingabout

510

and

150

million

fewer

internationaltourists

respectively.

In

the

Middle

East

and

Africaarrivals

fell

by

73%

and

74%

respectively.

Figure

2.1:

Tourism

direct

gross

domestic

product

(TDGDP)

and

export

revenues

from

tourism

(USD

trillion)

4.0

3.5

3.5

3.0

Loss

of

USD

2.0

trillion

2.5

TDGDP

in

201.90.818

|

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19This

means

that

the

COVID-19

pandemic

wasresponsible

for

about

70%

of

the

world’s

loss

ofGDP

in

2020,

which

amounted

to

USD

2.8

trillion.9As

a

result,

TDGDP

as

a

percentage

of

world

GDPfell

from

4.0%

in

2019

to

1.8%

in

2020.

This

2.2By

regions,

the

Middle

East

suffered

the

largestdrop

in

TDGDP,

from

5.1%

in

2019

to

1.7%

in

2020,a

3.4

percentage

point

decline.

Africa

saw

a

2.7

pploss

and

Asia

and

the

Pacific

a

decline

of

2.6

pp.Europe

and

the

Americas

recorded

comparativelysmaller

decreases.

percentage

point

(pp)

drop

is

by

far

the

largest

ever

recorded.

During

the

2009

economic

and

financial

crisis

the

drop

was

limited

to

0.1

pp.Figure

2.2:Decline

in

global

exportsand

GDP,

2020(USD

trillion)

Sources:

World

Tourism

Organization

(UNWTO),

World

Trade

Organization

(WTO)

and

International

Monetary

Fund

(IMF).Figure

2.3:Tourism

direct

grossdomestic

product(TDGDP),

percentageof

GDPNote:Data

as

of

October

2021Source:World

Tourism

Organization

(UNWTO).|192015201620172018201920202021(e)WorldEuropeAsia

and

the

PacificAmericas4.04.01.62.0Africaa2.0Middle

EastEU-27G2.0

..

..Notes:

Data

as

of

October

2021.

a)

Data

for

Africa

is

considered

unreliable

due

to

limited

TDGDP

data

(see

Methodology).

e)

Preliminary

estimates.Source:

World

Tourism

Organization

(UNWTO).

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19In

2021,

tourism

direct

GDP

expected

to

Domestic

travel

contributed

to

a

greater

extent,rebound

moderately

to

2%

of

world

GDP

given

its

size

and

faster

recovery.

In

number

of

trips,

domestic

tourism

is

over

six

times

the

size

ofTourism

direct

gross

domestic

product

(TDGDP)

international

tourism

and

spending

by

domesticis

expected

to

climb

to

2.0%

of

global

GDP

in

2021

travellers

exceeds

the

earnings

generated

byaccording

to

preliminary

estimates,

up

from

1.8%

in

inbound

travel

in

many

markets.102020.

Growth

in

domestic

travel

during

2021

was

drivenIn

US

dollar

terms,

TDGDP

could

reach

USD

1.9

by

large

pent-up

demand

and

a

preference

fortrillion

in

2021,

up

from

USD

1.6

trillion

in

2020,

shorter

trips

and

destinations

closer

to

home,though

far

below

the

USD

3.5

trillion

recorded

in

often

in

rural

and

coastal

settings,

as

well

as

the2019.

restrictions

still

in

place

for

international

travel.The

recovery

of

domestic

tourism

in

some

marketsand

a

moderate

rebound

in

international

travelduring

the

northern

hemisphere

summer

seasonexplain

this

modest

improvement,

as

well

as

higheraverage

spending

per

trip.

Table

2.3:

Tourism

direct

gross

domestic

product

(TDGDP),

percentage

of

GDP20

|

THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19Higher

spending

per

trip

on

both

domestic

andinternational

travel

contributed

to

this

nominalincrease

in

TDGDP,

partly

due

to

large

pent-upsavings

and

longer

periods

of

stay,

as

well

ashigher

transport

and

accommodation

prices.A

small

improvement

in

international

travel

alsohelped,

underpinned

by

growing

vaccination

ratesand

the

lifting

of

restrictions

in

many

destinations,mostly

in

Europe

and

the

Americas.in

the

third

quarter

of

2021,

with

a

handful

ofdestinations

coming

close

to,

or

even

exceeding

theearnings

of

2019.However,

the

road

to

recovery

is

still

long

anduncertain.

Many

challenges

remain

such

as

therelatively

high

infection

rates

in

some

countries,

thespread

of

the

delta

or

other

coronavirus

variants,uneven

vaccination

rates

and

the

economic

straincaused

by

the

pandemic,

aggravated

in

some

casesby

the

recent

spike

in

oil

prices.Between

January

and

September

2021international

arrivals

were

still

76%

below

the

same

period

in

2019

and

20%

below

2020

levels.International

tourism

receipts

grew

moderatelyInternational

arrivals

are

expected

to

remain

70%to

75%

below

2019

levels

in

2021,

while

tourismrevenues

(including

international

receipts

andNote:Data

as

of

October

2021.e)

Preliminary

estimates.

passenger

transport)

could

be

55%

to

60%

lower

(in

nominal

terms).Figure

2.3:

Tourism

direct

gross

domestic

product

(TDGDP),

percentage

of

GDP

2019

2020

2021(e)2.02.02.0WorldEuropeAmericasAfricaMiddle

EastAsia

and

the

PacificSource:

World

Tourism

Organization

(UNWTO)THE

ECONOMIC

CONTRIBUTION

OF

TOURISM

AND

THE

IMPACT

OF

COVID-19|21Although

statistical

models

can

help

bridge

thesegaps

and

compensate

for

insufficient

data,

a

morecomprehensive

understanding

of

the

economiccontribution

of

tourism

can

be

achieved

through

theimplementation

of

the

TSA

statistical

framework

inIncreased

efforts

should

be

made

for

the

collection,compilation

and

delivery

of

reliable,

comparableand

timely

TSA

data.

The

use

of

digital

tools

canenhance