2021届通用版高考英语二轮语法巩固《非谓语动词》专题讲练学案

高考英语二轮语法巩固-《非谓语动词》专题讲练【正误比对】误区之一谓语动词与非谓语动词的误用(1)【误】Theladywalkedaroundtheshops,keptaneyeoutforbargains.【正】Theladywalkedaroundtheshops,keepinganeyeoutforbargains.[分析]kept改为keeping/andkept。句子主语lady和keep之间是主动关系,而且walk和keep同时发生,故用现在分词作伴随状语或加and变为并列谓语。(2)【误】Todaytherearemoreairplanescarrymorepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.【正】Todaytherearemoreairplanescarryingmorepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.【正】Todaytherearemoreairplaneswhich/thatcarrymorepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.[分析]此句是therebe结构,故carry应用非谓语形式或定语从句。因airplanes和carry之间是主动关系,故用现在分词carrying作定语,相当于which/thatcarry。句意:现在天空中比以前有更多的飞机运送更多的乘客。误区之二过去分词与现在分词的误用(1)【误】Seeingfromthetopofthetower,thesouthfootofthemountainisaseaoftrees.【正】Seenfromthetopofthetower,thesouthfootofthemountainisaseaoftrees.[分析]Seeing改为Seen。此处是非谓语动词作状语,逻辑主语thesouthfootofthemountain与see之间是被动关系,且其动作在谓语动词动作发生之前已经完成,故用过去分词。(2)【误】Iamawfullytiring,butIknowI'llneverfallasleep.【正】Iamawfullytired,butIknowI'llneverfallasleep.[分析]tiring改为tired。修饰人,应用过去分词tired表示“劳累的,疲劳的”。误区之三动名词和不定式的误用(1)【误】Wedon'tallowtosmokeinthelecturehall.【正】Wedon'tallowsmokinginthelecturehall.[分析]tosmoke改为smoking。allow接动词作宾语时,要用v.-ing形式;接宾语补足语时,要用allowsbtodosth结构。(2)【误】Passengersarepermittedcarryingonlyonepieceofhandluggageontotheplane.【正】Passengersarepermittedtocarryonlyonepieceofhandluggageontotheplane.[分析]carrying改为tocarry。permit接动词作宾语时,要用v.-ing形式;接主语补足语时,要用bepermittedtodosth结构。(3)【误】I'vebeenlookingforwardtohearfromyou.【正】I'vebeenlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.[分析]hear改为hearing。短语lookforwardto中的to为介词,故接动名词作宾语。误区之四非谓语作补足语的误用(1)【误】Thisboywasseencomelatethismorning.【正】Thisboywasseentocomelatethismorning.[分析]come前加to。感官动词see,watch,notice等动词转换为被动结构时,其后不定式需要带to。(2)【误】Ilookedupandnoticedasnakewinditswayupthetreetocatchitsbreakfast.【正】Ilookedupandnoticedasnakewindingitswayupthetreetocatchitsbreakfast.[分析]wind改为winding。根据语境可知,winditsway与snake之间为主动关系且此动作正在进行,故用现在分词作宾补。误区之五非谓语和祈使句的误用(1)【误】Followingtheroadroundtotherightandyou'llfindhishouse.【正】Followtheroadroundtotherightandyou'llfindhishouse.[分析]Following改为Follow。分析句子结构可知,此句是一个祈使句,故Following改为Follow。(2)【误】Followtheroadroundtotheright,shefoundhishouse.【正】Followingtheroadroundtotheright,shefoundhishouse.[分析]Follow改为Following。分析句子结构可知,此句是分词作状语,由于逻辑主语she与follow之间是主动关系,故用现在分词following。【考点归纳】非谓语动词概述非谓语动词包括不定式(todo)、动名词(-ing)、现在分词(-ing)与过去分词(-ed)。它们不受主语人称和数的限制,在句子中不能单独充当谓语,但可以充当句子的其他成分,并且有时态和语态的变化。所以,要正确使用非谓语形式,一定要充分理解不同形式所表达的意义,要明确非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是“主动”还是“被动”关系,所表示的动作是“过去”、“现在”还是“将来”,以及和谓语动词所表示的动作是同步发生还是有先后之分。下面是非谓语结构及其意义一览表:动词不定式(todo)动名词(doing)现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)意义相当于名词、形容词、副词,往往有将来意味相当于名词,指经常性、习惯性的动作相当于形容词、副词,往往有现在意味相当于形容词、副词,本身兼有被动、完成意义充当句子成分主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、定语表语、宾补、定语、状语表语、宾补、定语、状语形式主动一般式tododoingdoingdone被动式tobedonebeingdonebeingdone无主动完成式tohavedonehavingdonehavingdone无被动完成式tohavebeendonehavingbeendonehavingbeendone无否定式在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not考点一不定式和动名词作主语规则1带逻辑主语的动名词结构作主语时,可以和主语从句之间相互转换。Hisbeingelectedourteamleadermadeusallveryexcited.=Thathewaselectedourteamleadermadeusallveryexcited.他被选为我们的队长,这使我们都很兴奋。规则2不定式、动名词都可作主语,但动名词作主语多指抽象的、概念性的动作,可以是多次的、经常的行为;不定式多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作。①Smokingisforbiddeninpublicplaces.(习惯性的)②Itisimpossibletogoswimmingthisafternoon.(具体的)[温馨提示]下列句型中常用动名词作真正的主语:Itis/was+nouse/goodItwasnousepretendingthatIhadnotseenhim,soIwavedtohim.当我意识到不能假装没看见他时,我只好向他打了个招呼。考点二不定式和动名词作宾语规则1下列动词或词组只能用动名词作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。●consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/putoff,fancy(想象,设想);avoid,miss,keep/keepon,practise;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;can'thelp(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,escape。●beused/accustomedto,leadto,devoteto,gobackto,stickto,objectto,getdownto,payattentionto,can'tstand(无法忍受),giveup,feellike,insiston,thank…for,apologizefor,bebusy(in),havedifficulty/trouble(in),haveagood/wonderful/hardtime(in),spendtime(in)等短语和动词词组后也要用动名词作宾语。Iappreciatehavingbeengiventheopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearsago.我非常感激两年前被给予了一个出国学习的机会。规则2下列动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀:决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help。此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。Byallappearances,mychoiceofcareersseemstohaveworkedout.显然,我对职业生涯的选择似乎是成功的。规则3下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别,要特别注意:(1)forgetto(2)regretto(3)tryto(4)goonto(5)rememberto(6)meantoWhatapoormemory!Iforgotborrowingmoneyfromhimyesterday.ButtodayIforgottoreturnthemoneytohim.多么差的记忆力!昨天我忘了向他借过钱,但今天我又忘了把钱还给他。规则4固定句型(1)Thereisnogood/point/sense/harm+doingsth.做某事不好/没用/没意义/没有害处。(2)havedifficulty/trouble/aproblem/ahardtime/agoodtime/fun+(in)+doing(3)spend/wastetime(in)doingsth(4)cannothelpbutdo,candonothingbutdo,havenochoice/alternativebuttodo表示“不得不”。(5)“Whynot+动词原形?”表示向某人提出建议,意为“为什么不……?”(6)“wouldrather/hadbetter+(not)+动词原形”意为“宁愿/最好(不)做某事”。考点三不定式和分词作状语规则1动词不定式可以用作目的状语。Manyairlinesnowallowpassengerstoprinttheirboardingpassesonlinetosavetheirvaluabletime.现在很多航空公司为节省乘客的宝贵时间允许他们在线打印登机牌。规则2形容词或过去分词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有happy,lucky,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,clever,foolish,pleased,fortunate,right等。YouwillneverknowhowhappyIwastoseeheryesterday.你永远不会知道昨天看到她时,我是多么高兴。规则3onlytodosth为不定式作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果。Wehurriedtothestation,onlytobetoldthatthetrainhadleft.我们急匆匆赶到车站,结果被告知火车已开走了。规则4如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者,就用现在分词形式(doing);若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,则用现在分词的完成形式(havingdone);若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生,用现在分词完成式的被动形式(havingbeendone)或过去分词(done)。①Thenationalparkhasalargecollectionofwildlife,rangingfrombutterfliestoelephants.国家动物园有大量野生动物,从蝴蝶到大象都有。②Orderedoveraweekago,thebooksareexpectedtoarriveanytimenow.这些书是一个星期以前订购的,现在随时都可能到货。③Havingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime,theyweregivenalongholiday.提前完成了工作,他/她们得到了一个长的假期。规则5在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+todo”结构中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容词有easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous等。Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortabletositon.这把椅子看上去很硬,但实际上坐上去很舒服。考点四不定式、动名词和分词作定语不定式、动名词和分词作定语的区别:todo/tobedone作定语一般表示将来动作;done表示已经完成的或表被动的动作;beingdone表示被动的、进行的动作;doing表示正在进行的动作或者经常性的动作或现在(或当时)的状态;现在分词的完成式一般不作定语。规则1主动结构作定语①Theprofessortogiveusalecture(=whowillgiveusalecture)tomorrowcomesfromBeijingUniversity.明天要给我们做讲座的是来自北大的一位教授。②Theprofessorgivingusalecture(=whoisgivingusalecture)nowcomesfromBeijingUniversity.正在给我们做讲座的是来自北大的一位教授。③TheprofessorwhogaveusalectureyesterdaycomesfromBeijingUniversity.昨天给我们做讲座的是来自北大的一位教授。规则2被动结构作定语①Theproblemtobediscussed(=whichwillbediscussed)atthemeetingisveryimportant.会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。②Theproblemdiscussed(=whichwasdiscussed)atthemeetingisveryimportant.会上讨论过的问题非常重要。③Theproblembeingdiscussed(=whichisbeingdiscussed)atthemeetingisveryimportant.会上正在讨论的问题非常重要。[温馨提示]使用todo/tobedone作定语的情况。①下列词语后常接不定式作定语:chance,wish,right,courage,need,promise,time,opportunity,way,thefirst,thesecond,thelast,theonly等。Whowasthefirstonetogettothetopofthehillyesterday?昨天谁是第一个登上山顶的人?②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主动关系。Yourmummy'snothere,sothere'snoonetolookafteryou.你妈不在这里,所以没人可以照顾你。③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。Ihavealotofworktodo,andIintendtodedicatemyselftodoingit.我有很多工作要做,我会全身心地投入其中。考点五不定式和分词作宾语补足语规则1感官动词带宾补的情况:●结构公式(以see为例):see+宾语+doing/done/do→beseen+doing/done/todo●结构意义:do,todo表示动作的全过程或经常性动作;doing表示主动的、正在进行的动作;done表示完成的、被动的动作(如果是不及物动词则只表示完成的动作)。●此类动词及短语有:see,notice,watch,observe,catch(sightof),listento,hear,feel,find等。①Shewasseentoenterthemeetingroom.有人看到她走进了会议室。②Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.如果厨师在厨房里被发现吸烟,他会被立即解雇。规则2hope,welcome,agree,suggest,demand不能跟sbtodosth,即不能带补语。①hopesbtodosth应改为wish/expectsbtodosth②welcomesbtodosth应改为sbbewelcometodosth③agreesbtodosth应改为allow/permitsbtodosth④suggestsbtodosth应改为advisesbtodosth/suggestsb(should)dosth⑤demandsbtodosth应改为requiresbtodosth/demandsb(should)dosth规则3使役动词make,let,have,get后加复合宾语的情况:(1)get带宾补的情况:①“get/send+宾语+doing”意为“使……起来”,表示由静止到运动并持续下去。②“get+宾语+todosth=let/havesbdosth”表示“让某人做某事”。③“get+宾语+done=havesthdone”表示“使某事被做”。(2)make/let带宾补的情况:make/let+宾语+do(3)have带宾补的情况:①“have+sth+done”意为“让某事被做”。②“have+sb+doingsth”意为“让某人一直做某事”。③“have+sb+dosth”意为“让某人做某事”。[温馨提示]havesthtobedone意为“有要做的事情”(不是主语本人做);havesthtodo意为“有某事要做”(主语本人做)。(4)keep/leave+宾语+doing(主动,且持续进行)/done(被动)。(5)want/order/ask/wish/like+宾语+(tobe)done(宾语与补语之间为被动关系)。(6)bereported/said/believed/…+todo/tobedoing/tohavedone意为“据报道/说/认为/……要做/正在做/做过某事”。【实战演练】【单句语法填空】1.By(eat)morefastfoodpeoplewillgetmoresaltandfatthantheyneedintheirdiet.

2.ButSarah,whohastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels,wants(prove)thatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.

3.…IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter(permit)tofilmaspecialunitcaringforpandasrescuedfromstarvationinthewild.

4.Skilledworkersalsocombinevarioushardwoodsandmetal(create)specialdesigns.

5.TheChinesehaveusedchopsticksforfivethousandyears.Peopleprobablycookedtheirfoodinlargepots,(use)twigs(树枝)toremoveit.

6.(make)iteasiertogetintouchwithus,you'dbetterkeepthiscardathand.

7.Havingfinishedherproject,shewasinvitedbytheschool(speak)tothenewstudents.

8.Newly-builtwoodencottageslinethestreet,(turn)theoldtownintoadreamland.

9.Awarmdrinkofmilkbeforebedhaslongbeenthebestchoiceforthose(want)agoodnight'ssleep.

10.Everyoneinthiscountryshouldworkhardanddowhattheycan(fight)againsthaze.

11.Itwasagreathonour(invite)backstageatthenot-for-profitPandaBase,whereticketmoneyhelpedpayforresearch.

12.(approach)thevehicle,theysawthatawomanwastryingtogetoutofthebrokenwindow.

13.Theythenheardawoman'svoice(come)fromthewrecked(毁坏的)vehicle.

14.Ifyoufindsomethingyoulovedoingoutsideoftheoffice,you'llbelesslikely(bring)yourworkhome.

15.Therearemanycommonmethods(use)tocookfish.

16.Inartcriticism,youmustassumetheartisthasasecretmessage(hide)withinthework.

17.Toreturntotheproblemofwaterpollution,I'dlikeyoutolookatastudy(conduct)inAustraliain2012.

18.IhadasmuchfunsailingtheseasasInowdo(work)withstudents.

19.Whentheclerksawakindfacewrinkledinanapologeticsmile,shestoodrootedtotheground,(wonder)whethertostayorleave.

20.SometimesIactasalisteningearforfellowstudents(talk)overwhatisbotheringthem.

【单句改错】1.Wecanchoosebetweenstayingathomeandtakeatrip.2.IshowedthemIwasindependentbywearstrangeclothes.3.Hewouldaskwhowewereandpretendnottoknowingus.4.Awomansawhimcryingandtellinghimtowaitoutsidetheshop.5.Afterlooksatthetoyforsometime,heturnedaroundandfoundhisparentsweremissing.【语篇语法填空】ImademyfirstvisittoChinain2008andlastyear,I1.(be)luckyenoughtotakepartinaneventcalled“Shanxiintheeyesofforeigners”.

ShanxiisChinesefor“westofthemountains”,meaningtheTaihangMountains.Forpopulartouristattractions,ShanxihasHengshanMountain,oneofChina'sfivesacredTaoistmountainsandWutaiMountain,asacredChineseBuddhistsite,2.isonUNES