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2022-2023年河南省漯河市大学英语6级大学英语六级模拟考试(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________
一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.
ItwasyoungRichard'sgrandmotherwhowasthefirsttofindthathehadagreattalentforabsorbingknowledge.
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2.GeoffreyHealholdsthattohavecompaniesrespondingtofinancialincentivesratherthantheirownfeelingsisthe______.
3.
The4200-acreranchiskeptasonelargeandintactarcheologicalsiteduetoWilcox's______.
4.TopeoplelivingintheArctic,themeltingofsomeglaciersmaypermitnewopportunitiesfor______.
5.EMERYTOBIN:Pistol-Packin'Reformer
Ketchikanhashadmanynotablecitizensinthecity's102yearsofhistory,butperhapsnonestandsoutsoboldlyasthelateEmeryTobin,whodiedin1977atage81.HisrosterofactivitiesandaccomplishmentsinKetchikanislengthyandincrediblyvaried.HejoinedthenewlyfoundedAmericanLegionPost3in1921,becameamemberoftheChamberofCommercein1923,andwasachartermemberofKetchikanRotaryin1925.
Intheearly1920shealsowasanactiveleaderinKetchikan'sBoyScoutTroop#1,thefirsttroopinallofAlaska,antihewasavolunteerdramacoachforthehighschool'stheatricalproductions.HewaslaterafounderpluspublisherandeditoroftheAlaskaSportsmanmagazine,whichcontinuestodayasthenationallyknownAlaskaMagazine.
HismagazineofficeandhisAlaskaSpecialtiesnoveltyshopwerelocatedintheold1904YateshospitalonMissionStreet-nowtheSeamen'sCenter.
TheRainGaugethatstandsnexttotoday'svisitorbureauonthedockwasfirsterectedinfrontofTobin'sshop.HewasanavidboosteroftourismandsoldAlaskabooksandnoveltiesthroughadsinhisAlaskaSportsmanmagazine.
ButthosethingsarenotnecessarilywhatEmeryTobinisrememberedfor.Emery'sclaimtofameisthatheissaidtobethemanwhospearheadedtheclosureofthecity'sredlightdistrictsin1953,ending50yearsofopenlytoleratedprostitutioninKetchikan,Alaska!Hebecameaherotosomeandanarchvillaintoothers.ItwasduringthatcontentiouscrusadethatEmerykeptapistolathandonhisdesk.
AlthoughheservedinFranceinWorldWarⅠ,Emerywasnotamanonewouldeverconnectwithafirearm.Hewasnottall,hebadaratherhighvoiceandaBostonareaaccentheneverlost,whichmadeanRsoundlikeaW—somepeoplethoughtitwasalisp.Hespokerapidlyandwithgreatassurance.Evenafterhishairturnedwhite,hestillhadthickblackeyebrowsonabrowridgethatmadesmilesthatblossomedonhisfaceseemclosertofrowns.WhenhewalkedwithhisrapidgaitdownKetchikan'swetandbreezystreets,headbentandhandsinpockets,heappearedtobebuckingapowerfulheadwind.
EvenintohissixtiesEmerywasfearless.WhenayoungmanshopliftedsomethinganddepartedrunningfromEmery'sAlaskaSpecialtiesshoponMissionStreet,Emerytookoffafterhim,legsandarmspumping.HetackledthemiscreanttothewetsidewalkinfrontoftheentrancetoSt.John'sChurchandpinnedhimthereuntilhelparrived.SomeofEmeryTobin'sspiritanddeterminationmusthavecomedirectlyfromhisfather.
EmeryFridolfTobinwasborntoAugustandEmmaTobin,Swedishimmigrants,onDec.14,1895,inQuincy,Mass.,tenmilessouthofBoston.AugustTobinwasapaintingcontractor,workingfortheschooldistrict.ThegreatDepressionof1893hadaffectedeveryone.Tobin'scustomersownedhimmoneyandTobinowedmoneytohisowncreditors.Timeswerehard.
TwoyearsafterEmery'sbirth,in1897,newsoftheKlondikeGoldRushcircledtheglobe,andamongthoseinfectedwithgoldfeverwereAugustTobinandhisbrother-in-law-Emma'sbrother.Thetwocoupleswerecloseandhadbeenmarriedatadoublewedding.Eachlittlefamilyhadtwochildren-theeldestofthefourbabiesnotyettwoyearsold.Thetwofathersdecidedthatonewouldhavetostayandcareforbothwivesandallfourchildren;theotherwouldgotoAlaska,makeafortuneandreturninayeartoQuincy.Atleastthatwastheplan.SothemendrewstrawsandAugustdrewthelongstrawforAlaska.Emerylovedtotellthisstory.Hewouldleanbackinhissqueakyoakdeskchairandhisfacewasallsmilesasherelatedhisfamily'shistory.
Emery'slatherwaslongonconfidencebutshortonmoneytogethimselftoSeattle,muchlessallthewayto
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6.EconomizingofthePoor
ComprehendingEconomizingofthePoor
Walkingdowntheaislesofasupermarket,low-incomeshoppersmustconsideranumberoffactorsincludingquantity,price,qualityandnutritionaldifferenceswhenselectingfoodproducts.Food-purchasedecisionsbythepooroftenentailbalancesamongtaste,preferenceandqualityfactors--eitherrealorperceived--tomeetspendingconstraints.Withinbroadproductcategoriessuchascereal,cheese,meatandpoultry,andfruitsandvegetables,shopperscanchooseamongmanysubstitutableproducts.Low-incomeshopperscanextendtheirfooddollarsinanumberofways.Theymayshopindiscountfoodstores;theymaypurchaseandconsumelessfoodthanhigher-incomeshoppers;theymaypurchaselow-priced(andpossiblylowerquality)foodproducts;ortheymayrelyonsomecombinationofallthree.Abetterunderstandingofhowthepooreconomizeinfoodspendingaddressesimportantpolicyquestionsraisedbyresearchers,nutritioneducators,andfood-assistanceprogrammanagers.
TheCorrelationbetweentheLocationandPrice
Whetherthepoorfacesignificantlydifferentfoodpricesduetowheretheyshopforfoodremainsanunresolvedempiricalquestion.Extensiveresearchovertheyearshastriedtoanswerthequestion--Dothepoorpaylessforfood?TheEconomicResearchService(ERS)in1997receivedtheresultsofstudiescomparingpricedifferencesingrocerystoresacrossdifferentincomelevelsandcombinedthesewithcurrentcensusdataonthedistributionoflow-incomehouseholdsbyurbanizationtype.TheERSstudyconcludedthat,ingeneral,thepoorfacehigherpricesduetotheirgreaterrepresentationinurbanandruralareas(asopposedtosuburbanareas),wherefoodpricestendtobehigher.
HigherPricesbutLessSpending
Basedonresultsfromhouseholdsurveys,ERSalsofoundthatdespitefacinghigherprices,low-incomeshoppersspendlessthanhigher-incomeshoppersforfoodpurchasedinfoodstores.Duetotheirlevelofaggregationandlackofin-storesalesandpromotioninformation,suchsurveysshedlittlelightontheeconomizingpracticesofhouseholds.Tolearnmoreabouthowlow-incomeshoppersspendlessforfooddespitefacinghigherprices,weobtainedfood-storepurchasedatathatincorporateper-capitaquantityandexpenditure-measureequivalents(householdmeasuresadjustedforhouseholdsize)acrossincomelevels.
TheMainEconomizingPractices
Theresultingcomparisonsdescribehowindividualswithdifferentlevelsofincomevaryintheirfood-spendingpatterns.Byusingactualtransactiondata,detailedinformationabouttheproductpurchased(forexample,price,productdescription,packagesize,andbrandname)aswellastheconditionofpurchase(promotion,coupon,orsaleitem)wasobtained.Fromthese,theaverageunitcost(perounce,perpound)foreachitemwascalculated.Low-incomeshoppersmayusefourprimaryeconomizingpracticestoreducetheirfoodspending.First,theymaypurchaseagreaterproportionofdiscountedproducts.Second,theymaypurchasemoreprivate-labelproducts(genericorstorebrand)versusbrandproductsthanhigher-incomeshoppersbuy.Third,theymaytakeadvantageofvolumediscountsbypurchasinglargerpackagesizes.Fourth,theymaypurchasealess-expensivefoodproductwithinaproductclass.Althoughqualitydifferencessuchasfreshness,convenienceandtasteoftencontributetopricesdifferences,differencesinnutritionalqualityarealsoevident.
MoreSpendingonPromotionalItems
Theuseofpromotionsismeasuredbycomparingthepercentageofexpendituresandquantitiesofeachproductpurchasedonpromotion(manufacurers'coupons,storecoupons,storesales,andotherpromotions).Forrandom-weightcheese,fruit,vegetablesandmeatin1998,low-incomehouseholds(lessthan$25,000perye
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7.
Bilingualprogramscandomuchbetteriftheproblemsof______canbesolved.
8.
PeopleinEuropehavehadmoreadvancedtechnologyinusingwindpowerthanAmericans.
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9.
Vegetableoils,nutsandseedsarerichinsaturatedfat.
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10.SixWaystoAlterYourDreams
It'srarethatIhaveanexcitingorfundream.Two-headedmonstersortheabilitytobreatheunderwaterrarelycomeupwhenI'msleeping.ThemostinterestingdreamI'vehadrecentlyinvolvedmereturningtomycollegejobasanicecreamscooperandmutteringtoacoworker,"Man,thissucks!"Itsuredid.
YetmanyofmyfriendstellmefantasticnighttimetalesofflyingallovertheworldorofscandalousencounterswithCliveOwenonatrain.I'veheardthatit'spossibletocontrolthecourseofourdreamsvialuciddreaming,butIalwaysassumedthatitwasaninnateability.Infact,anyonecanlearntotakethereinsfromthesubconsciousandalterdreamsituations.Usingavarietyoftechniques,wecanturnmundanedreamsintofantasiesthatmakeitevenmoreexcitingtocrawlintobed.
1.DreamJournaling
Agoodplacetostarttheluciddreamingprocessistokeeparecordofpreviousdre,ams.Therearenumerouswaystorememberyourdreams,butoneoftheeasiestandmostpopularistokeepadreamjournal.Putanotebookandpennexttoyourbedandimmediatelyuponwakingwritedowneverythingyoucanrememberfromyourdreams.Ifwritingistoomucheffortsosoonaftersnoozing,tryavoicerecorderinstead.Thepointistokeeptrackconsistentlysothatyore"dreamrecallimprovesovertime.Afterall,what'sthepointofluciddreamingifyoucan'trememberitinthemorning?
2.MnemonicInductionofLucidDreams(MILD)
Thistechnique,createdbypsychophysiologistStephenLaBerge,stressestherecognitionofdreamingwhileit'sinprocess.Beginbymakingitagoaltowakeyourselfupwhenyonnoticethatyou'redreamingandchronicleeverythingyoucanrememberaboutthedream.Asyou'refallingbackasleep,focusonre-enteringyourpreviousdream,butthistimedirectyourselftoexplorethedreaminsteadofwakingyourselfup.KeepthatawarenessasyoufallintoREMsleep(thesleepstageduringwhichluciddreamingmostcommonlyoccurs).Itmighthelptostatealoud,"Iamawareofmydreamstate,"asyoudriftoff.
Lookforindications-alsocalleddreamsigns-thatalertyoutothefactthatyou'redreaming.Thesecouldbeanythingthatareoutoftheordinaryorwouldbeimpossibleinreallife(thepreviously-mentionedtwo-headedmonster,forexample).Thistechniquecantakeawhiletomaster,butwithsteadypractice,youcanlearntorecognizedreamsignswhilestillinthedreamstate,therebyputtingyourselfincontrolofthesituation.
3.RealityTesting
Realitytestingrequiresconstantattentiontotheworldaroundus-bothindreamsandinreallife.Whengoingthroughyourday,perform.smallcheckstodetermineifwhatyou'reseeingispossibleinreality.Theanswerwillusuallybeyessinceyonknowyou'reawake(andit'llprobablyfeelsillyatfirst),buttherepeatedquestioningwillsetyourminduptotakethesameactionsindreams.Forexample,somethingsimplelikeacarnotstartingisoftenoverlookedinadreambecausethat'ssomethingthatcouldhappeninreallife.Butifaspouse'shairisblondeinsteadofbrown,that'saclearsignalforsomeoneusingrealitytestingthatheorsheisactuallydreaming,andthisknowledgeallowsmorecontroloverthecourseofthedream.Togetintothehabit,setanalarmormakeitagoaltodorealitychecksacertainnumberoftimesperday.Thechecksareawaytoteachyourselftonoticeoutoftheordinaryoccurrencesindreamssothatyoucanreachthatcovetedawarenesswithoutfullywakingup.
4.Wake-InitiationofLucidDreams(WILD)
ThosewhousetheWILDmethodtoachieveluciddreamingmustlearntostayatleastsomewhatconscious(butnottooconscious,sincethatmightkeepyouawake)asyourbodymovesintodeepsleep.AccordingtotheL
A.Seeingatwo-headedmonster.
B.Beinganice-creamscooper.
C.Beingabletobreatheunderwater.
D.MeetingCliveOwenonatrain.
11.TheCanadiangovernmentdidn'twanttoreducecod.catchespre-1992becausetheywereworriedabout______.
A.drasticmeasures
B.theecologicaleffects
C.themarineecosystem
D.possiblerisingunemployment
12.
Scientistsgatherinformationaboutclimatesystemsandusethisinformationto______.
13.TaughenedGlass:theSolutiontoRetailOwners'SecurityConcerns
Taughenedglass,whichisalsocalledBastieglassbecauseofthenameoftheinventor,isakindofglassthatisfinelytemperedorannealed,byapeculiarmethodofsuddencoolingbyplungingwhilehotintooil,meltedwax,orparaffine.
Thedevelopmentandacceptanceoftaughenedglasshasundergoneseveralstages.Yetthebenefitsofthisparticularkindofglassstillremainunknowntoalargegroupofpeople.
DuPonthasdoneagreatjobofworkingwitharchitectsandthearchitecturalglassindustrytounderstand,developandpromotetheuseoftaughenedglass(safetyglass)worldwide.Withintheretailenvironmentinparticular,architectsinallcontinentsareusingtaughenedglassforadiverserangeofapplications--notonlyforeconomicandfunctionalreasonsbutalsoforthepureaestheticdelightofusingthematerial.
Yetsadly,thegeneralpublicinNorthAmericaisstilltoooftenignorantofthebenefitstaughenedglasscanbring--notonlyinshopsbutalsoinofficesandhomes.Thematerialisstillalltoooftenperceivedasvaguely"moreexpensive"anditswiderangeofbenefitsremainslargelyunknown.Sharingthebenefitswithbuildingowners-fromthebusinesscommunitytohomeowners--hastobeournextmajorchallenge.
NationalGateandGlassCorp.suppliesstorefrontglasstoretailersthroughoutNorthAmerica,fromnationwidechainstosingleoutletowners.Howeverlargeorsmall,ourcustomershavesimilarconcernswhenitcomestothestorefrontglasstheyusewithregardtocost,appearance/aesthetics,securityandservice.
Thegoodnewsisthatin99.9percentofcases,wefindthattheinstallationof6mm+6mmtaughenedglasswithaninterlayerof0.76mmButacite(r)PVBinterlayersolvesalloftheseconcernswithease!Taughenedglassisanidealsolutionformodemretailersintermsofsamedayinstallation,securityprevention,protectionfromtheUVraysthatcausethedegradationofstoredisplaysandfurnishingsandtheeliminationofboardingfollowingdamagetothestorefront.
TimeIsMoney.
Everyoneintheretailconstructionvaluechain,fromownerstoforemen,areconcernedwithcosts.Weareabletoaddressthisfirstconcernprettyquickly.IntheUSA,taughenedglasscostsalmostexactlythesameastemperedglasstopurchaseandinstallpersquaremeter.InAustraliaandEurope,itcanbesignificantlycheaperthantemperedglass!Inthecaseofbreakage,thecostbenefitsoftaughenedglasscanbeseenveryclearly;asstoreowners,managersandlosspreventiondepartmentsknow,timeismoney!Unliketemperedglass,taughenedglassallowsstorestostayopeninthecaseofbreakagesincecrackedorbrokenglassstaysintheframe.Smallerlocationsthatareboardedupwithplywoodcanleavecustomerswiththeimpressionthattheyareclosed--andnobodycanaffordthat.It'scriticallyimportantthateveryoneknowsthatyouare
BetterLookingstorefronts
Thesecondmajorconcernisaesthetics.Manyofourretailcustomerslocatedindowntownareasautomaticallyassumethatshutterswillhavetobeinstalledtoensureadequatesecurityafterstoreopeninghours.Itisalwaysapleasureformetoseethereliefoncustomers'faceswhenItellthemaboutthesecuritybenefitsoftaughenedglassandhowthematerialeliminatestheneedforshutters,allowingmuchbetterlookingstorefronts.
ARealBoosttotheBottomLine
Athirdconcernissecurity.Thelosspreventionofficersofmajorretailersunderstandperhapsbetterthananyoneelsetheextenttowhichbreak-insandvandalismnegativelyaffectthebottomline.Myretailcustomerstellmethattheaveragecostofabreak,inisUS$30,000.Thisnotonlyincludesstole
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14.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)
Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
7HealthProblemsfortheModernAge
Modernlife,withitsemphasisoninformation,automation,computerization,andglobalization,hasmadeworkeasierandgivenusmoreleisureoptions,butwenowhaveawholehostofnewhealthproblems.Onlytimewilltellifthesemodernhealthproblemsdisappearlike8-tracktapesandrotaryphones.Untilthen,herearesomeofthenewmaladieswehaveinstoreforus.
ComputerVisionSyndrome
Ifyouspendalldaystaringatacomputerscreen,youmaybeatriskforcomputervisionsyndrome(CVS),alsocalledoccupationalasthenopia(弱视的).CVSencompassesalleyeorvision-relatedproblemssufferedbypeoplewhospendalotoftimeoncomputers.AccordingtotheAmericanOptometricAssociation,symptomsofCVSincludeheadaches;dry,red,orburningeyes;blurredordoublevision;troublefocusing;difficultydistinguishingcolors;sensitivitytolight;endevenpainintheneckorback.Asmanyas75percentofcomputerusershavesymptomsofCVSduetoglare,poorlighting,andimproperworkstationsetup.ToovercomeCVS,keepyourmonitorabouttwofeetawayfromyouandsixinches.beloweyelevel,andbesureit'sdirectlyinfrontofyontominimizeeyemovement.Adjustlightingto,removeanyglareorreflections.Youcanalsoadjustthebrightnessonyourmonitortoeaseeyestrain.Evensimplestepscanhelp,likelookingawayfromyourmonitorevery20or30minutesandfocusingonsomethingfartheraway.Andyoucanalwaysuseeyedropstoperkupyourpeepers!
Earbud-relatedHearingLoss
Earbudsaretheheadphonesusedwithmanydigitalmusicplayers.Theyfitinsidetheearbutdon'tcanceloutbackgroundnoise,requiringuserstoturnupthevolume,oftento110to120decibels--loudenoughtocausehearinglossafteronlyanhourend15minutes.Andtoday,peoplespendmuchmoretimelisteningtotheirportableplayers,exposingthemselvestodamagingnoiseforlongerperiodsoftime.Asaresult,youngpeoplearedevelopingthetypeofheatinglossnormallyseeninmucholderadults.Expertsrecommendturningdownthevolumeandlimitingdieamountoftimespentlisteningtomusicplayerstoaboutanhouraday.Headphonesthatfitoutsidetheearcanalalsohelp,ascannoise-cancelingheadphonesthatreducebackgroundnoisesolistenersdon'thavetocrankupthevolume.
E-thrombosis
Thisconditionisrelatedtodeepveinthrombosis(血栓症),wherebloodclotsform.indeepveins,suchasthoseinthelegs.Theseclotscanbefataliftheymigratetothelungsandcauseapulmonaryembolism.Clotscanform.whenbloodsupplyslowsorstops,suchasinaperiodofprolongedimmobility.Similarly,e-thrombosisisthedevelopmentofclotsinthedeepveinsofsomeonewhospendslongamountsoftimeinfrontofacomputerwithoutmoving.Althoughonlyahandfulofe-thrombosiscaseshavebeenreported,millionsofpeoplewhospendmostoftheirtimeinfrontofacomputerareatrisk.Avoidinge-thrombosisissimple:standupandmovearoundeveryhour,tapyourtoeswhileyouwork,putequipmentendsuppliesindifferentpartsofyourworkareasoyouhavetomovetogetthem,don'tcrossyourlegswhilesittingatyourdesk,don'tspendyourlunchbreakatyourdesk(goforaquickwalkinstead),anddon'tgettoocomfortable--ifyourworkspaceisultra-cozy,youwon'twanttogetup.
GeneralizedAnxietyDisorder
Weallhaveworries,uncertaintie
A.dry,red,orburningeyesandblurredordoublevision
B.glare,poorlightingandimproperworkstationsetup
C.notkeepingtheirmonitortwofeetawayfromthem
D.notusingacomputerthatprotectstheireyes
15.TheLawofSupplyandDemand
Iftradeistotakeplace,atleasttwoeconomicunitsmustbeinvolved(business,households,tradesmen,etc.):Onemusthavesomethingtosellandtheothermustdesiretheproductoftheseller.Thesetwoeconomicunitsmeetorcommunicatethroughwhatiscalleda"market".Marketscanbephysicalplacessuchasthefarmers'marketinlargecities,thecommoditymarketsinChicago,orthestockexchangesofNewYorkCity.Theycanalsobenothingmorethana"happening"wherebuyerandsellernevermeetbutmaycommunicatehalfwayaroundtheworldbytelephone,radio,etc.Wewillviewamarketasbeingsomecombinationofbuyers(demanders)andsellers(suppliers),whichdealswithadefinablecommodity.Notice,wehavealreadysplittheconceptofmarketintotwosubgroups--demandersandsuppliers.Toseehowmarketsoperate,wewillfirstdeveloptiledemandandsupplyideasseparately;thenwewillcombinethem.
PriceoftheDemandedGoods
Everyoneofyouisfamiliarwiththeconceptofdemand,althoughyoumaynotbeawareofthefact.Toanalyzedemand,wemerelylookatallthethingsthataffectpeople'sdesiresforgoodsandservices.Whataresomeofthesethings?Ifwetalkingabouteconomicgoodsitisimpliedthattogetapieceofgoods,somethingelse(suchasmoneyorsomeothergoods)mustbegivenup.Theamountthatmustbegivenupperunitofthedesiredgoodsisthepriceofthedesiredgoods--$8.00perbookorIshirtperbook.Thusitcanbesaidthatthequantitydemandedofsomegoodsdependspartlyonthepriceofthatgoods.
PricesofSubstituteandComplementaryGoods
Manygoodsareconsumedorusedeitherinsteadoforalongwithsomeothergoods.Inotherwords,theremaybesubstitutesfororcomplementstosomegod&.Examplesofsubstitutesincludebutterandmargarine(人造黄油).automobiletransportationandairlinetransportation,universitytrainingandtechnicalschooltraining.Notice,asubstitutedocsnothavetobethesamegoods,andinfact,substituteimpliesthatitmaynithavetobethesamegoods.Nickelsanddimes,intheproperportions,areperfectsubstitutesinmostcases,buttheyareveryimperfectifonehasonlynickels,thecoffcemachinetakesonlydimes,andnobody'saroundtomakechange.Complementsarefoundinsuchitemsastiresandautomobile,sailsandsailboats,etc.Asyoumayhaveguessed,thepricesoftheserelatedgoodswillundoubtedlyaffectthequantitydemandedofthedesiredgoodsinquestion.MuchasIdislikemargarine(andIcantellthedifference),ifthepriceofbuttergoesmuchhigher(relativetomargarine),Icanassureyou,margarinewillbemuchmoreacceptabletome.Notice,asthepriceofagivengoodsbecomeshigherinrelationtoitssubstitute(orthepriceofsubstitutebecomeslower),thequantitydemandedofthegivengoodswilldecrease.Theconverseistrueforcomplementarygoods.Ifthepriceofautomobilesincreasessubstantiallymydemandforautomobiletireswilldecrease,sinceIwillbebuyingfewerautomobilesonwhichtousethetires.Whiletheexamplemaynotbeveryimportantformeasindividualbuyerofautomobiles,itisveryimportantifonelooksatthetotalmarketincludingallbuyersofautomobilesandautomobiletires.
TheIncomeofPotentialBuyers
Athirditemthatcanaffectthequantitydemandedofgoodsistheincomeofthebuyerorbuyers.Atfirstthought,onewouldthinkthatpeoplewithhighincomeswoulddemandmoregoodsthanthosewithlowincomes.Forsomegoods(economistscallthem"normalorsuperior"goods),thisistrueforexample,thequantitydemandedofRollsRoyceautomobiles.Butforothergoods("inferior"goods)suchasporkandbeans,theoppositeistrue.Forthelattercategory,increasingincomesgivepeoplethechoiceofselectingmoreexpensivefoods,suchas
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16.
InSpanish(PuertoRicoisaSpanish-speakingisland),"nova"means"start",butwhenspoken,"nova"means"itdoesn'tgo."Verynaturally,fewpeoplewould______.
17.Rivers
Byoriginalusage,ariverisflowingwaterinachannelwithdefinedbanks.Modernusageincludesriversthataremultichanneled,intermittent,orephemeralinflowandchannelsthatarepracticallybankless.Theconceptofchanneledsurfaceflow,however,remainscentraltothedefinition.
Riversarenourishedbyprecipitation,bydirectoverlandrunoff,throughspringsandseepages,orfrommeltwaterattheedgesofsnowfieldsandglaciers.Thecontributionofdirectprecipitationonthewatersurfaceisusuallyminute,exceptwheremuchofacatchmentareaisoccupiedbylakes.Riverwaterlossesresultfromseepageintoshallowordeepaquifers(沙石含水层)andparticularlyfromevaporation.Thedifferencebetweenthewaterinputandlosssustainssurfacedischargeorstreamflow.TheamountofwaterinriversystematanytimeisbutatinyfractionoftheEarth'stotalwater;97percentofallwateriscontainedintheoceansandaboutthree-quartersoffreshwaterisstoredaslandice;nearlyalltheremainderoccursasgroundwater.Lakesholdlessthan0.5percentofallfreshwater,soilmoistureaccountsforabout0.05percent,andwaterinriverchannelsforroughlyhalfasmuch,0.025percent,whichrepresentsonlyaboutonefour-thousandthoftheEarth'stotalfreshwater.
Waterisconstantlycycledthroughthesystemsoflandice,soil,lakes,groundwater(inpart),andriverchannels,however.Thedischargeofriverstotheoceansdeliverstothesesystemstheequivalentofthewatervapourthatisblownoverlandandthenconsequentlyprecipitatedasrainorsnow,e.,some7percentofmeanannualprecipitationontheglobeand30percentofprecipitationonlandareas.
Thehistoricalrecordincludesmarkedshiftsintheappreciationofrivers,numerousconflictsinusedemand,andanintensificationofusethathasrapidlyacceleratedduringthe20thcentury.Externalfreighttradebecameconcentratedinestuarineports(河口港)ratherthanininlandportswhenocean-goingvesselsincreasedinsize.
Deman
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