六级强化听力第六完毕讲上

学前必看我们是一手资源 详情加QQ或 咨询，谨防受骗否则资料不齐全你也不知 首首段转折自自问自答OK.AnotherAncientGreekphilosopherweneedtodiscussisAristotle--Aristotle'sethicaltheory.WhatAristotle'sethicaltheoryisallaboutisthis:he'stryingtoshowyouhowtobehappy--whattruehappinessis.Now,whyisheinterestedinhumanhappiness?It'snotjustbecauseit'ssomethingthatallpeoplewanttoaimfor.It'smorethanthat.Buttogetthereweneedtofirstmakeaveryimportantdistinction.Letmeintroduceacoupleoftechnicalterms:extrinsicvalueandintrinsicvalueTounderstandAristotle'sinterestinhappiness,youneedtounderstandthisdistinction.Somethingsweaimforandvalue,notforthemselvesbutforwhattheybringaboutinadditiontothemselves.IfIvaluesomethingasameanstosomethingelse,thenithadwhatwewillcall"extrinsicvalue."Otherthingswedesireandholdtobevaluableforthemselvesalone.Ifwevaluesomethingnotasameanstosomethingelse,butforitsownsake,letussaythatithas"intrinsicvalueExercise.Theremaybesomepeoplewhovalueexerciseforitself,butIdon't.IvalueexercisebecauseifIexercise,ItendtostayhealthierthanIwouldifIdidn't.SoIdesiretoengageinexerciseandIvalueexerciseextrinsically...notforitsownsake,butasameanstosomethingbeyondit.Itbringsmegoodhealth.Health.WhyIdovaluegoodhealth?Well,hereitgetsalittlemorecomplicatedforme.Um,healthisimportantformebecauseIcan't...dootherthingsIwanttodo--ymusic,teachphilosophy--ifI'mill.Sohealthisimportanttome--hasvaluetome--asameanstoaproductivelife.ButhealthisalsoimportanttomebecauseIjustkindofliketobehealthy--itfeelsgood.It'spleasanttobehealthy,unpleasantnottobe.SotosomedegreeIvaluehealthbothforitselfandasameanstosomethingelse:productivity.It'sgotextrinsicandintrinsicvalueforme.Thenthere'ssomethingsthatarejustvaluedforthemselves.I'mamusician,notaprofessionalmusician;Ijustyamusicalinstrumentforfun.WhydoIvalueyingmusic?Well,likemostamateurmusicians,Ionlyybecause,well,Ijustenjoyit.It'ssomethingthat'sanendinitself.Now,somethingelseIvalueisteaching.Why?Well,itbringsinamodest e,butIcouldmakemoremoneyngotherthings.I'ddoiteveniftheydidn'tpayme.Ijustenjoyteaching.Inthatsenseit'sanendtoButteaching'snotsomethingthathadintrinsicvalueforallpeople--andthat'struegenerally.Mostthingsthatareenjoyedinandofthemselvesvary .Somepeoplevalueteachingintrinsically,butothersdon't.Sohowdoesallthisrelatetohumanhappiness?Well,Aristotleasks:istheresomethingthatallhumanbeingsvalue...andvalueonlyintrinsically,foritsownsakeandonlyforitsownsake?Ifyoucouldfindsuchathing,thatwouldbetheuniversalfinalgood,ortrulytheultimatepurposeorgoalforallhumanbeings.Aristotlethoughttheanswerwasyes.Whatisit?Happiness.Everyonewillagree,heargues,thathappinessistheultimateendtobevaluedforitselfandreallyonlyforitself.Forwhatotherpurposeisthereinbeinghappy?Whatdoseityield?TheattainmentofhappinessestheultimateorhighestgoodforAristotle.ThenextquestionthatAristotleraisesis:whatishappiness?Weallwantit;wealldesireit;weallseekit.It'sthegoalwehaveinlife.Butwhatisit?Howdowefindit?Herehenotes,withsomefrustration,peopledisagree.Buthedoesgiveusacoupleofcriteria,orfeatures,tokeepinmindaswelookforwhattruehumanhappinessis.Truehumanhappinessshouldbe,asheputsit,complete.Completeinthatit'sallwerequire.Well,truehumanhappiness...ifyouhadthat,whatelsedoyouneed?Nothing.And,second,truehappinessshouldbesomethingthatIcanobtainonmyown.Ishouldn'thavetorelyonotherpeopleforit.Manypeoplevaluefameandseekfame.Fameforthemesthegoal.But,accordingtoAristotle,thiswon'tworkeither,becausefamedependsaltogethertoomuchonotherpeople.Ican'tgetinonmyown,withouthelpfromotherpeople.OnlyExtrinsicOnlyIntrinsicBothExtrinsicandIntrinsicyingaWhatisthemainpurposeoftheToillustratetheimportanceofextrinsicToex inAristotle'sviewsabouttheimportanceofTo inwhypeoplechangewhattheyTodiscussAristotle'sviewsabouthumanWhyishappinesscentraltoAristotle'sBecauseitissodifficultforpeopletoBecauseitisvaluedforitsownsakebyallBecauseitisameanstoaproductiveBecausemostpeo