2013年3月英语口译中口9通关77课时送讲义真题

市英语中级口译资格第一阶段考(TESTSECTION1:LISTENINGTEST(45PartA:SpotDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearapassageandreadthesamepassagewithbanksinit.Fillineachoftheblankswiththewordorwordsyouhaveheardonthetape.WriteyouranswerinthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.RememberyouwillhearthepassageONLYONCE.Americanshavefourprimaryavenuesformakingfriends;atwork,atschool,throughahobbyor (1)suchasvolunteerworkanddiscussiongroup,orthroughafamily InAmericanculture,ajobismorethantheworkthatoneperformsbetweenthehoursof9a.m. (3).Work esamajorsocializinginfluence.Manyyoungmotherswho (4)theirjobstocareforsmallchildrenremarkonthelonelinessoftheirnewlifestylesbecausetheyhavelosttheirforumfor AgreatnumberofAmericanemployersrecognizebusinesssocial (6)anduseittobuildafamilyatmosphereonthejobsothatemployeeswillfeel intheirworkenvironment.Someemployers get-togethersintheirhomeorat (8).Americancompanieshaveatleastone annually,usuallyatChristmastime.Manycorporationshave (10)whereemployeesandadministratorsalikedress (11)toygamessuchasbaseballandvolleyball.TopAmericanadministratorsoftenholdsocialgatherings (12).Dependinguponthesizeoftheemployer’shomeandthenumberof thesesocialgatheringsmaybe ics,poolparties,or (14).Iftheislarge,anemployermayholdwhatAmericanscall (15).For (16)between1p.m.and6p.m.onacertainday.Thoseinvitedusuallystay (17),chattingwiththeotherguestsandtheirhost.Peoplecomeand (18)duringthedesignatedhours,andthehostkeepsrefreshments, (19)orhorsd’oeuvresandbeverages,availableforallwhocome.Forsuchsocialgatherings,itisconsidered (20)theinvitationunlessyouhaveanexcellentreason.PartB:ListeningDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshortstatements.ThesestatementswillbespokenONLYONCE,andyouwillnotfindthemwrittenonthepaper;soyoumustlistencarefully.Whenyouhearastatement,readtheanswerchoicesanddecidewhichoneisclosestinmeaningthestatementyouhaveheard.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.(A)GoingshopismuchmoreexhaustivethanshopontheForme,takingarestisbetterthansurfingtheInternetorshopIamnotsureifIshouldtakeabreaktoworkinthegardenthisMyfriendandIhavetofinishourannualreportbythis(A)ItishardlytruethatMr.JohnsonisanewemployeewithsuchWearenotsureifMr.JohnsonissatisfiedwithhisworkingUsuallynewemployeeswillnottakesuchinitiativesasMr.JohnsonMr.Johnsonisreallyveryfriendlyashehelpsuswithourworking(A)Whatarethedifferencesbetweenmarketingandcost-effectiveCouldyousaysomethingonthesubjectofcost-effectiveHowmuchwilltheconferenceonmarketingandsalescostWhenwillthesubjectofthe50-minuteconferencebe(A)ChildrenwilldirectlyorindirectlyaffectwhattheirparentsGrowingchildrenwillhavespecialneedsthattheirparentscannotTheneedsforspecialfoodandclothingaremoreobviousinItisnecessaryforparentstoinfluencewhattheirchildreneatand(A)TheappleisoneofthefruitsthatcanloweryourbloodApplesaresugar-containingfruitsthatmayraiseyourbloodAlthoughitissugar-containing,theappleisakindofhealthyForthosewhoareonadiet,anappleadayisenoughbecauseitdigests(A)WedecidedtopurchaseacameraforouronlineIknowthatwecannotbeatthepriceforthecameraontheTheorderisthatweneedtobuythecameracheaperontheThecameraweboughtismoreexpensivethanI(A)TheproblemofinflationcouldbeworsenedduetorisingunemploymentandwageBecauseoftheriseofunemploymentduringinflation,therecouldbeawageThemostseriouseconomicprobleminthewakeofinflationisapossiblewageApossiblewaytocurbinflationandrisingunemploymentistoraisetheworkers’wages(A)ThiskindoftaxonimportedgoodsisTopracticeeconomy,theernmentimposesaAtariff mendedbyourThetariffis ernmenttaxonimported(A)Wehadnnedtosell$120,000worthofthisnewWehadapromotionnforourproductthatcosts$Originally,therewere3promotionnsforthenewThesalesfigureofournewproducthadreachedarecord(A)ThecommitteevotedagainsttheproposedThecommitteeapprovedtheproposedThecommitteeconsideredtheshortreportwellThecommitteewasconvincedby edDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhearseveralshorttalksandconversations.Aftereachofthese,youwillhearafewquestions.Listencarefully,becauseyouwillhearthetulleorconversationandthequestionsONLYONCE.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefouranswerchoicesandchoosethebestanswertothatquestion.ThenwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.Questions(A)Discussinginflationwiththeman.(B)Helherparentspayfor(C)Seekingapermanentjoboverseas.(D)Studyinginaforeign(A)Herparents’unwillingnesstopayherHerdesiretoearnasmuchasTherisingcostoflivingthroughThefactthatsheisanoverseas(A)Theeducationcentre.(B)Theuniversity(C)Theuniversitylibrary.(D)Thestudent(A)ShewilluseherstudytimemoreShewillbuysecond-handbooksfromtheShewillspendhermoneyonsomethingShewilldevotemoretimetoworkingextraQuestions(A)Apalmreader.(B)Aspeechthe(C)A (D)A(A)Shewasill.(B)Shewas(C)Shewasanxious.(D)Shewas(A)50.(B)(C)220.(D)(A)Her (B)Her(C)Herexcitement.(D)HerQuestions(A)HewasatanewsHewasonabusinessHewastravelingwith ’sHewasnegotiatingwithaNewYork(A) ’stopexecutives.(B)Producersand(C)Agentsandcustomers.(D)Managersfromhomeand(A)220.(B)(C)300.(D)(A)Theloudspeakers.(B)Thevisual(C)Thehallcapacity.(D)The Questions(A)WorkingismoreimportantthanhavingaAdrivershouldhemorecarefulthanaIndriving,itisalwayssafetythatcomesItisdangeroustodrivefastincrowded(A)BecausetheymaynotjudgespeedsveryBecausetheymaystepintotheroadforBecausetheycannotrunveryBecausethey enervous(A) (B)Traffic(C)Youngpeople.(D)The(A)Signaltoaschoolcrossing (B)Slowdownorstoptoletpeople(C)Overtakeotherdriversfor (D)WatchoutforaStop-ChildrenQuestions(A)Programwriting.(B)Note-taking(C)Handwritingysis.(D)Sample(A)Agoodself-controlledality.(B)Anintrospective(C)Afriendlyandsociabledisposition.(D)Amixofinterestand(A)Socially-minded (B)Scientistsandin(C)Mediocre (D)Friendly(A)Therounded,mediumsizeoftheThesmallopena’sandThewidespacesbetweentheTheuprightslantandthePartC:ListeningandSentenceDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear5sentencesinEnglish.YouwillhearthesentencesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachsentence,translateitinto andwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET. PassageDirections:Inthispartofthetest,youwillhear2passages.YouwillhearthepassagesONLYONCE.Afteryouhaveheardeachpassage,translateitintoandwriteyourversioninthecorrespondingspaceinyouANSWERBOOKLET.Youmaytakenoteswhileyouarelistening.SECTION2:STUDYSKILLS(45Directions:Inthissection,youwillreadseveralpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsbasedonitscontent.YouaretochooseONEbestanswer,(A),(B),(C)or(D),toeachquestion.AnswerallthequestionsfollowingeachpassageonthebasisofwhatisstatedorinthatpassageandwritetheletteroftheansweryouhavechoseninthecorrespondingspaceinyourANSWERBOOKLET.QuestionsMankind’sfascinationwithgoldisasoldascivilizationitself.TheancientEgyptiansesteemedgold,whichhadreligioussignificancetothem,andKingTuhamenwasburiedinasolid-goldcoffin3300yearsago.Peoplehavealwayslongedtopossessgold.Unfortunay,thislonginghasalsobroughtouttheworstinthehumancharacter.TheSpanishconquistadoresrobbedpalaces,temples,andgraves,andkilledthousandsofnsintheirruthlesssearchforgold.OftentheonlyruleinyoungCaliforniaduringthedaysofthegoldrushwasexercisedbythemobwitharope.Eventoday,theeconomicrunningofSouthAfrica’sgoldminesdependslargelyontheemploymentofblacklaborswhoarepaidabout$40amonth,plusroomandboard,andwhomustworkinconditionsthatcanonlybedescribedascruel.About400minersarekilledinmineaccidentsinSouthAfricaeachyear,oroneforeverytwotonsofgoldproduced.Muchofgold’svalueliesinitsscarcity.Onlyabout80,000tonshavebeenminedinthehistoryoftheworld.Allofitcouldbestoredinavault60feetsquare,orasuper.GreatBritainwasthefirstcountrytoadoptthegoldstandard,whentheMasteroftheMint,SirIsaacNewton,establishedafixedpriceforgoldin1717.Butuntilthebigdiscoveriesofgoldinthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury—startinginCaliforniain1848andlaterinAustraliaandSouthAfrica—theresimplywasn’tenoughgoldaroundforallthetradingnationstolinktheircurrenciestothepreciousmetal.Anout-of-workprospectornamedGeorgeHarrisonlaunchedSouthAfricaintothegoldagein1886whenhediscoveredthemetalonafarmnearwhatisnowJohannesburg.Harrisonwasgivena$12rewardbythefarmer.Hethendisappearedandreportedlywaseatenbyalion.Historically,thedesiretohoardgoldathomehasbeenprimarilyanoccupationoftheworkingandpeasantclasses,whohavenofaithinpapermoney.GeorgeBernardShawdefendedtheirinstinctseloquently,“Youhavetochoosebetweentrustingtothenaturalstabilityofgoldandthenaturalstabilityofthehonestyandinligenceofthemembersoftheernment”,hesaid,“andwithduerespecttothesegentlemen,Iadviseyou...tovoteforgold.”Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatduringthedaysofthegold-rushinCalifornia peoplehadtomarkouttheirgoldclaimswithapeoplecarriedropesinsteadofhangingwasacommonformoftheropewasthesymboloflawandOneoftheproblemswithgoldisthat itlosesitsshapetoo (B)itchangesthehuman(C)itentailsdangertothe (D)itcostsmoneytoAccordingtothepassage,goldhasalwaysbeenconsideredapreciousmetalmainlymoneyismadeof (B)itis(C)asmalltygoesalong (D)ithasreligiousAfterthebiggolddiscoveriesinthelatenineteenthcentury thetradingnationsadoptedthegoldthetradingnationswereunabletogetenoughgoldcoinswereusedbymostgoldwasconsideredtobeakindofpreciousGeorgeBernardShawthoughtthat themembersoftheernmentwerehonestandinthevalueofgoldwaslikelytochangegoldwasmorevaluablethanpaperonecouldcemorefaithingoldthaninQuestionsLetustakeabrieflookatthenetonwhichwelive.AsEarthhurtlesthroughspaceataspeedof70,000 anhour,itspins,asweallknow,onitsaxis,whichcausesittobeflattenedatthePoles.ThusifyouweretostandatsealevelattheNorthorSouthPoleyouwouldbe13nearerthecentreoftheearththanifyoustoodontheEquator.Theearthismadeupofthreemajorlayers—acentralcore,probablymetallic,someacross,asurroundinglayerofcompressedrock,andtotopitallaverythinskinofsofterrock,onlyabout20to40 thick—that’saboutasthinastheskinofanapple,talkinginrelativeterms.Thepressureonthecentralcoreisunimaginable.Ithasbeencalculatedthatatthecentreitis60millionpoundstothesquareinch,andthisatatemperatureofperhaps10,000degreesFahrenheit.Theearth’sinterior,therefore,wouldseemtobeofliquidmetal—andevidenceforthisisgivenbythebehaviorofearthquakes.Whenanearthquakeoccurs,shockwavesradiatefromthecentrejustaswavesradiateoutwardsfromthepointwhereastonedropsintoapond.Andthesewavespulsatethroughtheearth’svariouslayers.Somewavesdescendverticallyandpassrightthroughtheearth,providingevidencefortheexistenceofthecoreandanindicationthatitisfluidratherthansolid.Thus,withtheirsensitiveinstruments,thescientistswhostudyearthquakes,theseismologists,canineffectX-raytheearth.Icelandisoneofthemostactivevolcanicregionsoftheworld.AnditwastoIcelandthatJulesVernesenttheheroofhisbookAJourneytotheCentreoftheEarth.Thisintrepidexplorerclambereddowntheopeningofanextinctvolcanoandfolloweditswindingsuntilhereachedtheearth’score.Therehefoundgreatoceans,andcontinentswithvegetation.Thisconceptionofahollowearthwenowknowtobefalse.Inthe100yearssinceJulesVernepublishedhisbook,thescienceofvulcanology,asitiscalled,hasmadegreatstrides,ButevensothedeepestmanhasyetpenetratedisaboutI0,000feet.Thishole,theRobinsonDeepmineinSouthAfrica,barelyscratchesthesurface;sogreatistheheatat10,000feetthatwereitnotforanelaborateair-conditioningsystem,theminersworkingtherewouldberoasted.Oilboringsdownto20,000feethaveshownthatthedeepertheygo,thehotterit Thetemperatureoftheearthatthecentreisestimatedtobeanythingbetween3,000and11,000degreesFahrenheit.Somescientistsbelievethatthistremendousheatiscausedbythebreaking-downofradio-activeelements,whichreleaselargeamountsofenergyandcompensateforthelossofheatfromtheearth’ssurface.Ifthistheoryiscorrect,thenwearealllivingontopofanaturalatomicTheouterlayeroftheearthiscomparedtotheskinofanapplebecause itisabout20to itisthininproportiontotheearth’sitissofterthanthecentralcoreitisthinnerthanthesurroundingWhichofthefollowingcannotexinwhytheinterioroftheearthisThereisgreatpressureatthe (B)Earthquakewavescanmove(C)Theouterlayerismadeof (D)TheheatatthecentreistooTheRobinsonDeepmineinSouthAfricais toodeeptowork (B)toohottowork(C)closetothe (D)stillinSincethepublicationofJulesVerne’sbookithasbeenprovedthat thecentreoftheearthisnotoilboringscannotgodeeperthan20,000thereareactivevolcanicregionsatthetheearthisnotindangerofWhatisthebesttitlefortheThe (B)The (D)TheGreatQuestionsManypeoplewillhaveheardoftheAlexandertechniquebuthaveonlyavagueideawhatitisabout.Untilearlierthisyear,Ididn’thavethefaintestideaaboutit.But,hunchedoveracomputerscreenoneday,Inoticedthattheneck-andbackacheIregularlysufferedweremorepainfulthanusual.Iconsultedadoctor,whosaid;“Icantreatthesymptomsbymassagingyourneckandupperback.Butyouactuallyhavebadposture.Thatiswhatyouneedtogetsortedout.GooffandlearntheAlexandertechnique.”IhadregularlybeentoldbyfriendsandfamilythatItendtoslouchinchairsbuthadthoughtbadposturewassomethingonewasbornwithandcoulddonothingabout.Thatisnottrue.Dentistsandcarmechanics,amongothers,tendtodevelopbadposturefromleaningoverpatientsorenginebays.Mothersoftenstressandstraintheirnecksandbacksliftingandcarryingchildren,andthoseofuswhositinfrontofcomputersalldayarealmostcertainlynotngourbodiesanyfavors.AfewclicksonthewebandIfoundanAlexandertechniqueteacher,TanyaShoop,inmyareaofsouthLondonandhookedafirstappointment.ThreemonthslaterIamwalkingstraighterandsittingbetter,whilemyneckandbackpainarethingsofthepast.Ifeeltaller,too,whichImaybeimagining,butthetechniquecanincreaseyourheightbyuptofivecentimetersifyouwerebadlyslumpedbeforehand.Theteachingcentersontheneck,headandback.Ittrainsyoutouseyourbodylessandtoperformfamiliarmovementsandactionswithlesseffort.Thereisverylittleeffortinthelessonsthemselves,whichsetsaparttheAlexandertechniquefrompilatesoryoga,whichareAtypicallessoninvolvesstandinginfrontofachairandlearningtositandstandwithminimaleffort.Youspendsometimelyingonabenchwithyourkneesbenttostraightenthespineandrelaxyourbodywhiletheteachermovesyourarmsandlegstotrainyoutomovethemcorrectly.Thekeyislearningtobreakthebadhabitsaccumulatedoveryears.Try,forexample,foldingyourarmstheoppositewaytonormal.Itfeelsodd,doesn’tit?Thisisanexampleofahabitthebodyhasformedwhichcanbehardtobreak.Manyofuscarryourheadstoofarbackandtiltedskyward.Thetechniqueteachesyoutoleigoofthemusclesholdingtheheadback,allowingittoresumeitsnaturalceonthesummitofourspines.Theheadweighsfourtosixkilos,soanymisalignmentcancauseproblemsfortheneckandbody.SowhowasAlexanderandhowdidhecomeupwiththetechnique?FrederickMatthiasAlexander,anAustraliantheatricaloratorbornin1869,foundinhisyouththathisvoicewasfailingduringperformance.Heyzedhimselfandrealizedhisposturewasbad.Heworkedonimprovingit,withdramaticresults.HebroughthistechniquetoLondon100yearsagoandquicklygatheredafollowingthatincludedsomeveryfamouspeople.Hediedin1955,havingestablishedateacher-trainingschoolinLondon,whichisthrivingtoday.Soifyouareslouchingalongtheroadoneday,feelingweigheddownbyyourtroubles,giveathoughttotheAlexandertechnique,itcouldhelpyouwalktallagain.ThewriterfirstlearntabouttheAlexandertechnique afterconsultingsomeoneaboutheraftershesuddenlydevelopedabadwhenmassagefailedtoalleviateherbackwhenshewasbrowsingtheTheAlexandertechniqueisdifferentfromyogainthatfamiliarmovements arelearntthroughone-to-oneneedmoreenergyandeffortthanwearenottobeperformedarenotrequiredintheAccordingtothepassage,thebodyappearstoformhabitsthat inevitablycausephysicalcanbedifficulttoareaconsequenceofactionswedevelopinearlyItissuggestedthatFrederickAlexander believedinthebenefitsof (B)inventedanalternativeto(C)developedaformofexercisefor (D)recoveredhisvocalWhatisthewriter’smainpurposeinthe mendregularphysicalTodescribethedreadfulnatureoftheTosuggestthathackproblemscanbeToexinthewidespreadoccurrenceofbackQuestionsTheearthisourhome.Wemusttakecareofit,forourselvesandforthenextgeneration.Thismeanspreservingthequalityofourenvironment.Consume,consume,consume!Oursocietyisconsumeroriented-dangerouslyso.Tokeepthewheelsofindustryturning,wemanufactureconsumergoodsinendlessties,andintheprocess,arerapidlyexhaustingournaturalresources.Butthisisonlyhalftheproblem.Whatdowedowithmanufacturedproductswhentheyarewornout?Theymustbedisposedof,buthowandwhere?Unsightlyjunkyardsfullofrustingauto salreadysurroundeverycityinthenation.Americansthrowaway80billionbottlesandcanseachyear,enoughtobuildmorethantenstackstothemoon.Thereisn’troomformuchmorewaste,andyetthefactoriesgrindon.Theycannotstopbecauseeveryonewantsajob.Ourstandardofliving,oneofthehighestintheworld,requirestheconsumptionofmanufacturedproductsinever-increasingamounts.Man,abouttobeburiedinhisownwaste,iscaughtinaviciouscycle.Itwasn’talwayslikethis.Only100yearsago,manlivedinharmonywithnature.Thereweren’tsomanypeoplethenandtheirwantswerefewer.Whateverwasteswereproducedcouldbeabsorbedbynatureandweresooncoveredover.Todaythisharmoniousrelationshipisthreatenedbyman’slackofforesightandnning,andbyhiscarelessnessandgreed.FormanisslowlypoisoninghisPollutionisa“dirty”word.Topollutemeanstocontaminate—tospoilsomethingbyimpuritieswhichmakeitunfitoruncleantouse.Pollutioncomesinmanyforms.Weseeit,smellit,tasteit,drinkit,andstumblethroughit.Welillyliveinandbreathepollution,andnotsurprisingly,itisbeginningtothreatenourhealth,ourhappiness,andourverycivilization.Whereisthisalltoend?Areweturningtheworldintoagiganticdump,oristherehopethatwecansolvethepollutionproblem?Fortunay,solutionsareinsight.AfewofthemarepositivelyTaketheproblemofdiscardedautos,forinstance.Eachyearover40,000ofthemareabandonedinNewYorkCityalone.Eventuallythediscardsendupinajunkyard.Butcarsaretoobulkytoshipasscraptoasteelmill.Theymustfirstbeflattened.ThisisdoneinagiantcompressorwhichcanreduceaCadillactothesizeofaevisionsetinamatterofminutes.Anyleftoverscrapmetalismixedwithconcreteandmadeintoexceptionallystrongbricksthatareusedinbuildingsandbridges.Man’singenuityhascometohisrescue.Whataboutwaterpollution?Moreandmorecitiesarebuildingsewage-treatmentnts.Insteadofbeingdumpedintoanearbyriverorlake,sewageissentthroughasystemofundergroundpipestoagiantwherethewaterisseparatedfromthesolidmaterial,purified,andreturnedforreusetothecommunitywatersupply.Thesolidmaterial,calledsludge,isconvertedintofertilizer.Thesludgecanalsobemadeintobricks.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheimmediateproblemcausedbytheconsumptionofmanufacturedproducts?Exhaustionofnatural (B)Waste(C)Pollutionfrom (D)Money-orientedAboutacenturyago,peoplelivedinrelativeharmonywiththeirenvironmentas theirwasteswerecoveredoverbytheyweremorecarefulandlesstheirjunkyardsdidn’tgrowtalltheyhadforesightandWhichofthefollowinginNOToneofthestagesindealingwithdiscarded Flatteningthemtothesizeof evisionBuildingmoregiganticShipthemasscraptoasteelmillfornewUsingthemasingredientsforThesolutiontowaterpollutionisstoringthesewageinadummoresewageintothedistantbuildingmoresewagedisposalrecingundergroundpipesfullofAccordingtothepassage,whatcanbemadeinto (B)Scrap(C) (D)QuestionsInthe1960s,thePharmaceuticalSandozmarketeditstranquilizerSerentilwithadssuggestingthedrugbeprescribedto“the erintownwhocan’tmakefriends...Thewomanwhocan’tgetalongwithhernewdaughter-in-law.Theexecutivewhocan’tacceptretirement.”ButtheU.S.FoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)stoppedtheads.Drugsaresupposedtotreatillnesses,theagencysaid,notthechangesofliving.Isn’tthatanunusualidea?TheFDAwasworriedbackthenaboutanovermedicatedsociety.Today7%ofAmericansareonantidepressants(manymorehavetriedthem),andadstrytopersuadepeopletobuydrugsforproblemslikefatigue,lonelinessandsadness.Still,drugcompaniesaren’tthe(sole)villain.Horwitz,deanofsocialandbehavioralsciencesatRutgers,andWakefield,anexpertonmental-illnessdiagnosisatNewYorkUniversity,persuasivelyarguethatmanyinstancestofeelsadisanevolutionarilyselectedtraitthatwemightnotwanttodrugaway.We’vebeenlivinginanageofsadnessforatleasttwodecades.Butwhileit’stemptingtoblameourculture—fearofterrorists,toomuchcaffeine—there’samorestraightforwardexnationfortheboominsadness.In1980,theAmericanPsychiatricAssociationpublishedanewdefinitionofdepressionthatwasaradicaldeparturefromtheoldone,whichhaddescribed“depressiveneurosis”as“anexcessivereactionofdepressionduetoaninternalortoanidentifiableeventsuchasthelossofaloveobject.”Tobediagnosedwithmajordepressivedisordertoday,youneedhaveonlyfivesymptomsfortwoweeks,whichcanincludedepressedmood,weightgain,insomnia,fatigueandindecisiveness.Thedefinitiondoesmakeanexceptionforbereavement:ifyourecentlylostalovedone,suchsymptomsarenotconsidereddisordered.Butitdoesn’tmakeexceptionsforotherthingsthatmakeussad-divorceorfinancialstress.Still,isthereanythingwrongwithmedicatingnormalsadnessifyoudon’tmindsideeffects?HorwitzandWakefieldtakenopositiononthis.Theypointoutthatwomengivingbirthtakepainkillerseventhoughpainisanormalpartoftheprocess.Buttheyalsonotethat“lossresponsesarepartofourbiologicalheritage.”Nonhumanprimatesseparatedfromualpartnersorpeershavephysiologicalresponsesthatcorrelatewithsadness.Humaninfantsexpressdespairtoevokesympathyfromothers.Thesesadnessresponsessuggestsorrowisgeneticandthatitisusefulforattractingsocialsupport,protectingusfromaggressorsandteachingusthatwhateverpromptedthesadness4say,gettingfiredbecauseyouwerealwayslatetowork—isbehaviortobeavoided.Thisisabrutaleconomicapproachtothemind,butitmakessense;wearesometimesmeanttosufferemotionalpainsothatwewillmakebetterchoices.WhichofthefollowingisthepassageprimarilyconcernedSadnessisanormalhumanemotionthatservesaspecific(E)Sadnessmakeshumansstriveforhappinessor(C)Sadnessandhappinessare ytwosidesofthesame(D)SadnessisnowdiagnosedasdepressiveWhydidtheFDAstopthedrugadvertisementsforThedrugdidnottreatillnessesasitThedrugchangedthepeople’swayofThedrughadpossibleserioussideThedrug mendedtothewrongWhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageasasymptomofmajordepressiveInabilityto (B)Griefover(C) Theword“bereavement”(para.3)means lossofone’s (B)lossofone’s(C)lossofone’s (D)lossofone’sAccordingtotheauthor,sadnessresponsesare (B)(C) (D)QuestionsItlooksunlikelythatmedicalsciencewillabolishtheprocessofageing.Butitnolongerlooks“Inthelongrun,”asjohnMaynardKeynesobserved,“wearealldead,”True.Butcantherunbeelongatedinawaythatmakesthelongrunlonger?Andifso,how,andatwhatcost?Peoplehavedreamtofimmortalitysinceancienttimes.Now,withthegrowthofbiologicalknowledgethathasmarkedthepastfewdecades,afewresearchersbelieveitmightbewithinreach.Tothinkaboutthequestion,itisimportanttounderstandwhyorganisms—peopleageinthefirstce.Peoplearelikemachines;theywearout.Thatmuchisobvious.However,amachinecanalwaysberepaired.Agoodmechanicwithastockofsparepartscankeepitgoingindefiniy.Eventually,nopartoftheoriginalmayremain,butitstillcarrieson,likeLincoln’sfamousaxethathadhadthreenewhandlesandtwonewblades.Thequestion,ofcourse,iswhetherthemachineisworthrepairing.Itisherethatpeopleandnaturedisagree.Or,toputitslightlydifferently,twobitsofnaturedisagreewitheachother.Fromtheindividual’spointofview,survivalisanimperative.Afearofdeathisasensibleevolvedresponseand,sinceageingisasurewayofdying,itisnosurprisethatpeoplewanttostopitinitstracks.Moreover,eventheappearanceofageingcanbeharmful.Itreducestherangeofpotentialualpartnerswhofindyouattractiveandthus,again,curbsyourTheparadoxisthattheindividual’sevolveddesirenottoageisopposedbyanotherevolutionary:thedisposablesoma.Thesomaisallofabody’scellsapartfromthecells.Thesoma’sroleistogetthosecells,andthustheorganism’sgenes,intothenextgeneration.Ifthesomaisachicken,thenitreallyisjustanegg’swayofmakinganotheregg.Andifevolutionarylogicrequiresthesomatoageanddieinorderforthistohappen,sobeit.Whichisapity,forevolutionarylogicdoes,indeed,seemtorequirethat.Theargumentisthis.Allorganismsaregoingtodieofsomethingeventually.Thatsomethingmaybeanaccident,afight,adiseaseoranencounterwithahungrypredator.Thereisthusapremiumonreproducingearlyratherthanconservingresourcesforafuturethatmaynevercome.Thereasonwhyrepairsarenotperfectisthattheyarecostlyandresourcesinvestedinthemmightbeusedforreproductioninstead.Often,therefore,thebody’smechanicspreferlash-upstocompleterebuilds—orsimplydonotbotherwiththejobatall.Andifthatisso,thecetostartlookingforlongerlifeisintherepairshop.Theword“elongated”(para.2)isclosestinmeaningto (B)(C) (D)WhydoestheauthormentionLincoln’s lpeoplethatasimpletoolcanberepairedTomakepeoplerealizethatimmortalityisnotToillustratethefactthattheprospectofgrowingoldisTosuggestananti-ageingapproachthatwillreproduceWhatdoweknowfromthepassageaboutpeopleandPeopleandnatureexistinharmonyandhardlyThe innaturehelpsdelaytheageingPeopleseemnowinapositiontoharnessDeathistherealityinnaturepeopleshouldcometotermsForwhomdoestheauthorprobablywritethisGeneral (B)Healthservice(C)Medical (D)ElderlyItisimpliedinthepassagethat peopleputapremiumonyouthandphysicaldeathistreatedasamatterof makesimmortalityreproductionisausefulalternativetolongerSECTION3:TRANSLATIONTEST(1)(30Directi0ns:Translatethefollowingpassageinto andwriteyourversionin