Unit The Icy Defender 冰雪卫士的教案

UnitTheIcyDefender冰雪卫士的教案第1页/共232页BR_AnEnglishSong

_mainAnEnglishSong—TheWreckoftheEdmundFitzgerald

BackgroundoftheSongQuestionsabouttheSongBlankFilling第2页/共232页BR_1.1BackgroundoftheSongThesongyouareabouttohearisbasedonatruestory.IttellsthetaleofthesinkingofashipcalledTheEdmund

FitzgeraldthatwascaughtinastormonLakeSuperiorbackinNovember1975,withthelossofallonboard.LakeSuperiorisanenormouslakeandthewindcanattimesmakeitdangeroustoshipping,whippinguphugewaves.Novemberisaparticularlydangerousmonthforsuchstorms.ThishadlongagobeennoticedbyalocalnativeAmericantribe,theChippewa,whousedtospeakofhowdeaththreatenedfromthelakewhenstorm第3页/共232页BR_1.1stormcloudsgatheredinNovember.Accordingtolegend,thebiglake,whichtheycalledGitcheGumee,waswithoutmercyinthatmonth,nevergivingupthoseithadmarkedfordeath.ItisthislegendthatstartsthesongbeforeitmovesontotalkofTheEdmund

Fitzgerald.TheEdmundFitzgerald,likemanyothershipsthatsailthelake,wasbuilttocarryironore.Filledwithoretheseshipslielowinthewaterandcanfindthemselvesindifficultiesinroughweather.So,withafullloadonboardwecanimaginetheanxietythatmusthavebeguntocreepintotheheartsofthesailorsonboardTheEdmundFitzgerald第4页/共232页BR_1.1astheyfeltthecoldwindbeginningtoriseandheardthesoundofitsingingasitblewthroughthewires.For,despitethefactthatthecaptainandcrewwereallexperienced,’well-seasoned’asthesongsays,theyallknewthedangersofNovemberstorms.Beforelongtheirworsefearsstartedtocometrueandthestormhadrisentoahurricane.Thedespairofthecrewiscapturedinthewordsofthecook.Firsthecomesondecktotellthesailorsitistooroughtocook,theywillhavetowaitfortheirsupper.Thenextwehearfromhimheissayinggoodbyetohisshipmates.Waterispouringintotheship.Thecaptainsendsoutadistresssignal,butthatisthelastthatisheardfromtheship.Itisswallowedupbythelake,第5页/共232页BR_1.1leavingnothingbehindbutthemourningfamiliesofthetwenty-ninesailorsandthesoundofthechurchbellringingintheirmemory.Nowlet’slistentothesong.第6页/共232页BR_AnEnglishSong2QuestionsabouttheSong

Listentothesongandanswerthefollowingquestions.IttookplaceonLakeSuperiorinNovember1975.

1.Whereandwhendidthestormtakeplace?BecausetheyknewthedangersofNovemberstormsandthestormhadrisentoahurricane.2.Whydidthecrewfeartheworst?第7页/共232页BR_AnEnglishSong.3BlankFilling

ThelivesonfromtheChippewaondownOfthebiglaketheycallGitcheGumeeThelake,itissaid,neverherdeadWhentheskiesofNovemberturngloomyWithaloadofironorethousandtonsmoreThantheEdmundFitzgeraldweighedemptyThatgoodshipandtruewasabonetobechewedWhentheofNovembercameearlyTheshipwastheprideoftheAmericansideComingbackfromsomemillinWisconsinAsthebigfreightersgo,itwasmostlegend________givesup_________twenty-six___________gales______biggerthan____________第8页/共232页BR_2_3WithacrewandgoodcaptainwellseasonedConcludingsometermswithsteelfirmsWhentheyleftfullyloadedforClevelandAndlaterthatnightwhentheship’sbellrangCoulditbethey’dbeenfeelingThewindinthewiresmadeatattle-talesoundAndawavetherailingAndeverymanknew,asthecaptaindidtooT’wasthewitchofNovembercomestealingThecamelateandthebreakfasthadtowaitWhentheGalesofNovembercameslashingWhenafternooncameitwasfreezingrainacoupleof____________thenorthwind_________________brokeover____________dawn_______第9页/共232页BR_2_4ahurricanewestwindWhensuppertimecame,theoldcookcameondecksayingFellas,it’syaAtsevenPMamainhatchwaycavedin,hesaidFellas,it’sbeengoodtoknowyaThecaptainwiredinhehadwatercominginAndthegoodshipandcrewwasAndlaterthatnightwhenhislightswentoutofsightCametheoftheEdmundFitzgeraldDoesanyoneknowwheretheloveofGodgoesWhenthewavesturntheThesearchersallsaythey’dhavemadeWhitefishBayInthefaceof_______________tooroughtofeed___________________inperil________wreck_______minutestohours__________________第10页/共232页BR_2_4Ifthey’dputfifteenmoremilesbehindherTheymighthaveortheymighthavecapsizedTheymayhavebrokedeepandtookwaterAndallthatisthefacesandthenamesOfthewivesandthesonsandthedaughtersLakeHuronrolls,SuperiorsingsIntheroomsofhermansionOldMichigansteamslikeayoungman’sdreamsTheandbaysareforsportsmenAndfartherbelowLakeOntarioTakesinwhatLakeEriecansendhersplitup________remains_________icewater__________islands________第11页/共232页livesonBR_2_4AndtheironboatsgoasthemarinersallknowWiththeGalesofrememberedInamustyinDetroittheyprayedIntheMaritimeSailors’CathedralThechurchbellchimedtillitrangtwenty-ninetimesForeachmanontheEdmundFitzgeraldThelegendfromtheChippewaondownOfthebiglaketheycallGitcheGumeeSuperior,theysaid,neverherdeadWhenthegalesofNovembercomeearlyNovember___________oldhall_________________givesup_________第12页/共232页BR_

NapoleonBonaparte

_mainNapoleonBonaparteABriefIntroductiontoNapoleonBonaparteNapoleon’sChronologyTheBattleofWaterlooNapoleon’sCampaign第13页/共232页EmperoroftheFrench,whoconsolidatedandinstitutionalizedmanyreformsoftheFrenchRevolution.Oneofthegreatestmilitarycommandersofalltime,heconqueredthelargerpartofEurope.During1802—1815NapoleontriedtogaincontrolofthewholeofEurope.HehadgreatsuccessagainstallhisenemiesexceptBritain,whosenavyunderNelsondefeatedtheFrenchnavynavyattheBattleofTrafalgarin1805,andwhosearmyfoughtthePeninsularWaragainsthimfrom1808to1814,makinghimweakerinhisothercampaigns.BR_3_1ABriefIntroductiontoNapoleonBonaparteNapoleonBonaparte(1769−1821)第14页/共232页BR_3_2In1812NapoleonlosthalfamillionmenwhenheinvadedRussiainwinter,andin1814theBritish,Russians,PrussiansandAustriansenteredParis.TheysentNapoleontoruletheislandofElbaintheMediterranean,buthecollectedanarmyaroundhimandreturnedtoParis.Hewassoondefeatedagain,attheBattleofWaterlooin1815,andwassenttotheislandofSt.HelenainthesouthAtlantic,wherehediedin1821.第15页/共232页BR_3_1.1_pop1FrenchRevolution第16页/共232页BR_3_1.1_pop2Nelson第17页/共232页BR_3_1.1_pop3TheBattleofTrafalgar第18页/共232页BR_3_1.1_pop4ThePeninsularWar第19页/共232页BR_3_1.1_pop4TheBattleofWaterloo第20页/共232页BR_3_1.1_pop4TheIslandofSt.Helena第21页/共232页BR_3_2_1.1Napoleon’sChronologyDateEventAugust15,1769BorninAjaccio,Corsia.April1796Italiancampaignbegan.May1798Bonaparte’sEgyptiancampaignbegan—WaroftheSecondCoalition.May~June1800Bonaparte’ssecondItaliancampaign.May1804ReferendumproclaimedBonaparteashereditaryEmperor.第22页/共232页BR_3_2_1.2Napoleon’sChronologyDateEventDecember2,1804ThepopewasbroughttoParisforhiscoronationinNotreDame.June1812InvasionofRussia.September7,1812BattleofBorodino.October1812RetreatfromMoscowbegan.January1814AlliescrossedtheRhine.第23页/共232页BR_3_2_1.3DateEventMarch31,1814Parisfell.April6,1814Napoleonabdicated.March20,1815NapoleonescapedfromElbaandreturnedtoParis.June18,1815BattleofWaterloo.May5,1821NapoleondiedonSaintHelena.第24页/共232页BR_3_1.1_pop4第25页/共232页BR_3_1.1_pop4第26页/共232页BR_3_1.1_pop4第27页/共232页BR_3_1.1_pop4第28页/共232页BR_3_1.1_pop4第29页/共232页BR_3_1.1_pop4第30页/共232页BR_3_2_2.1TheBattleofWaterlooTheBattleofWaterlooisthefinalanddecisiveactionoftheNapoleonicWars,whicheffectivelyendedFrenchdominationoftheEuropeancontinentandbroughtaboutdrasticchangesinthepoliticalboundariesandthepowerbalanceofEurope.FoughtonJune18,1815,nearWaterloo,inwhatisnowBelgium,thebattleranksasagreatturningpointinmodernhistory.第31页/共232页BR_3_2_2.1TheBattleofWaterloo第32页/共232页BR_3_2_2.2Napoleon’sCampaignWhilealliesinname,FranceandRussiawereneverrealfriends.Russia’seconomywasbeinghurtbyNapoleonBonaparte’sContinentalSystemthatbannedtradewithBritainandinternalpressuresforcedTsarAlexandertoturnablindeyetothosewhobrokeit.BonapartedecidedtobringtheRussiansbackintolineandgatheredaGrandArmyofmorethan500,000men—includingcontingentsfromallFrance’sallies—tofrightenthem.BonaparteleftthearmyonDecember5toreturntoPariswhereacouphadbeenfoiledandtoraiseanotherarmy.HistroopsdraggedthemselvesonandonDecember7finallycrossedtheNiemenoutofRussianterritory.Theyhadsurvived,butonly20,000ofthem.第33页/共232页BR_3_2_2.3第34页/共232页BR_WorldWarII

_mainWorldWarIIJosephStalinChronologyoftheWarABriefIntroductiontotheWarAdolfHitlerSiegeofLeningradBattleofStalingradABriefIntroductiontoAdolfHitlerHitler’sChronology第35页/共232页BR_ChronologyoftheWarChronologyoftheWarDateEventApril,1940DenmarkandNorwaywereconquered.June22,1941Hitlerlaunchedhislong-termattackontheSovietUnion.September1,1939TheSecondWorldWarinEuropestartedwithGermanarmiespouringacrossthePolishfrontier.May10,1940Hitler’stroopsdroveintoFranceandwithinthefollowingsixweeks,Holland,BelgiumandLuxembourghadsurrenderedashadFrance.第36页/共232页BR_3_3.1DateEventSeptember,1942~February,1943AdecisivebattlewasfoughtatStalingrad,whichwastheturningpointofthewar.December,1941TheU.S.A.enteredthewarafterJapaneseplanesbombedtheAmericannavalbaseatPearlHarbor.June6,1944American,BritishandCanadianforceslandedinNormandyandopenedthesecondfrontinEurope.May2,1945TheSovietarmytookBerlin.May7,1945Germanysurrendered.第37页/共232页BR_3_3.1第38页/共232页BR_3_3.2第39页/共232页BR_3_3.3第40页/共232页BR_3_3.4第41页/共232页BR_3_3.5第42页/共232页BR_3_3.6第43页/共232页BR_3_3.7第44页/共232页BR_3_3.8第45页/共232页BR_3_3.9第46页/共232页BR_3_ABriefIntroductiontotheWarABriefIntroductiontotheWar第47页/共232页BR_3_4.1ABriefIntroductiontoAdolfHitler第48页/共232页BR_3_4.1AdolfHitler(1889−1945):Germanpoliticalandmilitaryleaderandoneofthe20thcentury’smostpowerfuldictators.HitlerconvertedGermanyintoafullymilitarizedsocietyandlaunchedWorldWarIIin1939.Hemadeanti-SemitismakeystoneofhispropagandaandpoliciesandbuilttheNaziPartyintoamassmovement.Hehopedtoconquertheentireworld,andforatimedominatedmostofEuropeandmuchofNorthAfrica.HeinstitutedsterilizationandeuthanasiameasurestoenforcehisideaofracialpurityamongtheGermanpeopleandslaughteredmillionsofJews,SintiandRoma(Gypsies),Slavicpeoples,andmanyothers,allofwhomheconsideredinferior.ABriefIntroductiontoAdolfHitler第49页/共232页BR_3_Hitler’sChronologyHitler’sChronologyDateEvent1914~1918VolunteerinGermanArmy.Wounded,gassed,anddecorated.November11,1923ArrestedforleadingtheMunichBeerHallputsch(coup)againsttheGermannationalgovernment.April23,1889BorninBraunau,upperAustria,sonofacustomsofficial.September1919JoinedGermanWorkers’Party,whichhereorganizedastheNationalSocialistGermanWorkers’(Nazi)Party.第50页/共232页BR_3_Hitler’sChronologyDateEventAugust19,1934FollowingthedeathofPaulvonHindenburg,Hitlerassumedpresidencywhilemaintaininghisothertitleaschancellor.September1,1939InvadedPoland,provokingBritainandFrancetodeclarewaronGermanytwodayslater.January30,1933AppointedchancellorafterNaziswonone-thirdofvotes.March7,1936SenttroopsintotheRhinelandinviolationoftreatiesofVersaillesandLocamo.April30,1945CommittedsuicideinBerlinbunker.第51页/共232页BR_3_3.1第52页/共232页BR_3_3.2第53页/共232页BR_3_3.3第54页/共232页BR_3_SiegeofLeningradSiegeofLeningrad第55页/共232页BR_3_SiegeofLeningradAlsoknownasthe900-DaySiege,blockadebyGermanforcesoftheUSSR’ssecondlargestcityduringWorldWarII,fromSeptember1941toJanuary1944.ThetotaldestructionofLeningradwasoneofAdolfHitler’smajorobjectivesinhisRussiancampaignandhadbeenspecificallymentionedintheBarbarossadirectiveofDecember18,1940.TheNazileaderhaddescribedthecityasacenterofJewish-Bolshevikintelligentsia.TherewastobenoplaceforLeningradintheNazi“NewOrder”.SiegeofLeningrad第56页/共232页BR_BattleofStalingradBattleofStalingrad第57页/共232页BR_4.1_BattleofStalingrad(1942—43)UnsuccessfulGermanassaultontheSovietcityinWorldWarII.GermanforcesinvadedtheSovietUnionin1941andhadadvancedtothesuburbsofStalingrad(nowVolgograd)bythesummerof1942.MetbyadeterminedRedArmydefensecommandedbyVasilyChuikov,theyreachedthecity’scentreafterfiercestreetfighting.InNovembertheSovietscounterattackedandencircledtheGermanarmyledbyFriedrichPaulus,whosurrenderedinFebruary1943with91,000troops.TheAxisforces(Germans,Romanians,Italians,andHungarians)suffered800,000deaths;inexcessof1,000,000Sovietsoldiersdied.ThebattlemarkedthefarthestextentoftheGermanadvanceintotheSovietUnion.BattleofStalingrad第58页/共232页BR_4.1_NorthernCaliforniaJosephStalin(1879−1953):GeneralsecretaryoftheCommunistPartyoftheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR)(1922−1953)andchairmanoftheCouncilofMinistersoftheUSSR(1941−1953).UnderhisleadershiptheUSSRwasbuiltintoamoderneconomicandmilitarypowerthatrepelledHitler’sarmiesinWorldWarIIandrivaledtheUnitedStatesduringtheColdWarperiod.JosephStalin第59页/共232页BR_4.1_JosephStalin1第60页/共232页BR_4.1_JosephStalin2

JosephStalin(1879−1953):GeneralsecretaryoftheCommunistPartyoftheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR)(1922−1953)andchairmanoftheCouncilofMinistersoftheUSSR(1941−1953).UnderhisleadershiptheUSSRwasbuiltintoamoderneconomicandmilitarypowerthatrepelledHitler’sarmiesinWorldWarIIandrivaledtheUnitedStatesduringtheColdWarperiod.JosephStalin第61页/共232页BR_MapReading

MapReadingReadthefollowingmapsandanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Napoleon’sRussianCampaign,1812

1)Findthefollowingplacenames:Moscow,Borodino,andNemanRiver.2)WhathappenedinBorodino?Clickheretoseethemap!2Hitler’sRussianCampaign,1941~1944

1)WhendidtheHitler’sRussianCampaignhappen?2)HowlongwasLeningradbeingbesieged?Clickheretoseethemap!第62页/共232页BR_4_2Napoleon’sRussianCampaign1)Findthefollowingplacenames:Moscow,Borodino,andNemanRiver.2)WhathappenedinBorodino?第63页/共232页BR_4_3Hitler’sRussianCampaign1)WhendidtheHitler’sRussianCampaignhappen?2)HowlongwasLeningradbeingbesieged?第64页/共232页GR_mainPartDivisionoftheTextFurtherUnderstanding第65页/共232页GR_FurtherUnderstanding_mainFurtherUnderstandingTrueorFalseQuestionsandAnswersTextAnalysis第66页/共232页GR_PartDivisionoftheText1PartDivisionoftheTextParts

Para(s)MainIdeas

211~12Introduction—BothNapoleon’sandHitler’smilitarycampaignsfailedbecauseoftheseverityoftheRussianwinter.13~62Napoleon’smilitarycampaignagainstRussia.第67页/共232页GR_PartDivisionoftheText2PartsPara(s)MainIdeas363~113Hitler’smilitarycampaignagainsttheSovietUnion.4114~117Conclusion—Theelementsofnaturemustbereckonedwithinanymilitarycampaign.第68页/共232页2.NapoleonandhistroopsgainedthequickvictoryinRussiaastheyhadexpected.GR_2_2.1TrueorFalse

FToNapoleon’ssurprise,theRussiansrefusedtostandandfight.Theyretreatedeastward,burningtheircropsandhomesastheywent.(

)1.“Theicydefender”referstotheRussianriver.

F“Theicydefender”referstothebleakRussianwinter.(

)第69页/共232页4.HitlerbegananinvasionoftheSovietUnionthatwasthelargestmilitarylandcampaigninhistory.

3.Napoleondidn’tcapturethecapitalofRussia.

GR_2_2.2T(

)FNapoleoncapturedthecapitalofRussia:Moscow.(

)5.Germantroopsadoptedscorch-earthpolicywhentheyenteredRussia.

FStalininstructedtheRussianpeopletoburnanddestroyfarmsandfactories.(

)第70页/共232页6.HitlerfailedtocaptureMoscowbecauseofthestrongresistancefromRussianpeople.GR_2_2.2FHitlerfailedtocaptureMoscowbecauseoftheseverewinterinRussia.(

)第71页/共232页GR_2_4QuestionsandAnswers1.WhathappenedtoNapoleon’sGrandArmywhenitwasretreatingfromMoscow?

TheRussianslaunchedhit-and-runattacksontheFrenchfromfieldsandforests.Ontheotherhand,thetemperaturedroppedtominus4degreesCelsiusandNapoleon’sarmydidn’thaveenoughclothes,foodandshelter.2.Whydidn’ttheRussianpeopledefendtheirhomelandinthefaceofNapoleon’soffensive?

Theywouldliketotakeadvantageoftheirnaturesituationtofightforthem.第72页/共232页GR_2_4QuestionsandAnswers3.WhattacticsdidHitleruseinhisinvasionoftheSovietUnion?

Heplannedtousethetacticscalledblitzkrieg,or“lightningwar”,whichhaddefeatedtherestofEurope.4.WhatwasthesignificanceofthebattleofStalingrad?

Itwasoneofthemostimportantbattles.ItendedGermany’songoingoffensiveagainsttheSovietUnion,andalongwiththesecondBattleofElAlameinpavedthewayforNaziGermany’seventualdefeat.第73页/共232页GR_2_4QuestionsandAnswers5.WhatconclusiondoestheauthordrawfromNapoleon’sandHitler’smilitarycampaigns?

Theelementsofnaturemustbereckonedwithinanymilitarycampaign.第74页/共232页GR_2_4StrengthofinvadingforceStartingtimeofinvasionStartofwarCountryinvadedInvadingcountryAComparison-and-ContrastAnalysisoftheTwoInvasionsTextAnalysisFranceGermany

SovietUnion

RussiaNapoleon

Hitler

Spring,1812

6/22/1941

600,000thelargestlandcampaigninhistoryPredictionquickvictory,conquestofRussiain5weeksBlitzkrieg(lightningwar),lastingnolongerthan3months第75页/共232页GR_2_4TextAnalysisTruceofferMajorbattlesCaptureoftheRussiancapitalInitialresistancestrategyrefusingtostandandfight;retreatingeastwards,burningcropsandhomes“scorchtheearth”,fiercefighttodefendmajorcitiesyesnoSmolensk,Borodino,theBerezinaRiverLeningrad,StalingradbyNapoleon,rejectedbytheCzarno第76页/共232页GR_2_4TextAnalysisAComparison-and-ContrastAnalysisoftheTwoInvasionsNapoleonabdicatedandwentintoexile,hisempireatanendBiggestenemyfortheinvadingforceTurningpointFateoftheinvadingforceWar-provoker’sfatesnow,freezingtemperatureheavyrain,“GeneralMud”,snow,freezingtemperatureOctober1812whenNapoleonorderedaretreat1943,whentheSoviettroopspushedtheGermanforcesbackonly100,000survivedheavylossesHitlercommittedsuicide,hisempirecollapsing第77页/共232页DR_Text1FightingwiththeForcesofNatureIn1812,NapoleonBonaparte,EmperoroftheFrench,ledhisGrandArmyintoRussia.HewaspreparedforthefierceresistanceoftheRussianpeopledefendingtheirhomeland.HewaspreparedforthelongmarchacrossRussiansoiltoMoscow,thecapitalcity.Buthewasnotpreparedforthedevastatingenemythatmethimin

Moscow—the

raw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter.In1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,launchedanattackagainsttheSovietUnion,asRussiathenwascalled.Hitler’smilitarymightwasunequaled.第78页/共232页DR_Text2HiswarmachinehadmoweddownresistanceinmostofEurope.Hitlerexpectedashort

campaign

but,likeNapoleonbeforehim,wastaughtapainfullesson.TheRussianwinteragaincametotheaidoftheSovietsoldiers.Napoleon’sCampaignInthespringof1812,NapoleonassembledanarmyofsixhundredthousandmenonthebordersofRussia.Thesoldierswerewelltrained,efficient,andwellequipped.ThismilitaryforcewascalledtheGrandArmy.Napoleon,confidentofaquickvictory,predicted

the

conquestofRussiainfiveweeks.第79页/共232页DR_Text3Shortlyafterwards,Napoleon’sarmycrossedtheNemanRiverintoRussia.Thequick,decisivevictorythatNapoleonexpectedneverhappened.Tohissurprise,theRussiansrefusedtostandandfight.Instead,theyretreatedeastward,burningtheircropsandhomesastheywent.TheGrandArmyfollowed,butitsadvancemarchsoonbecameboggeddownbyslow-movingsupplylines.InAugust,theFrenchandRussianarmiesengagedatSmolensk,inabattlethatleftovertenthousanddeadoneachside.Yet,theRussianswereagainabletoretreatfartherintoRussianterritory.Napoleonhadwonnodecisivevictory.第80页/共232页DR_Text4Hewasnowfacedwithacrucialdecision.ShouldhecontinuetopursuetheRussianarmy?OrshouldhekeephisarmyinSmolenskfortheapproachingwinter?NapoleontookthegambleofpressingontoMoscow,448kilometersaway.OnSeptember7,1812,theFrenchandRussianarmiesmetinafiercebattleatBorodino,112kilometerswestofMoscow.Bynightfall,thirtythousandFrenchandforty-fourthousandRussianslaydeadorwoundedonthebattlefield.第81页/共232页DR_Text5Again,theRussianarmyretreatedtosafety.NapoleonhadaclearpathtoMoscow,buttheoccupationofthecitybecameanemptyvictory.TheRussiansfledtheircapital.SoonaftertheFrencharrived,aragingfiredestroyedtwo-thirdsofthecity.NapoleonofferedatrucetoAlexanderI,buttheRussianczarknewhecould

bidehistime:“WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus.”第82页/共232页DR_Text6Napoleonsoonrealizedhecouldnotfeed,clothe,andquarterhisarmyinMoscowduringthewinter.InOctober1812,heorderedhisGrandArmytoretreatfromMoscow.TheFrenchretreatturnedintoanightmare.Fromfieldsandforests,theRussianslaunchedhit-and-runattacksontheFrench.AshortdistancefromMoscow,thetemperaturehadalreadydroppedtominus4degreesCelsius.OnNovember3,thewinter’sfirstsnowcame.Exhaustedhorsesfelldeadintheirtracks.Cannonbecamestuckinthesnow.Equipmenthadtobeburnedforfuel.Soldierstookillandfrozetodeath.TheFrenchsoldiersdraggedon,leavingthedeadalongeverymile.第83页/共232页DR_Text7AstheRussianarmywasgatheringitsstrength,theFrenchhadtofleeRussiatoavoidcertaindefeat.

AttheBerezinaRiver,theRussiansnearlytrappedtheretreatingFrenchbyburningthebridgesovertheswollenriver.ButNapoleon,byastrokeofluck,wasabletobuildtwonewbridges.ThousandsofFrenchsoldiersescaped,butatthecostoffiftythousanddead.OnceacrosstheBerezina,thetatteredsurvivorslimpedtowardVilna.第84页/共232页DR_Text7OfthesixhundredthousandsoldiersNapoleonhadledintoRussia,lessthanonehundredthousandcameback.TheweakenedFrencharmycontinueditsretreatwestwardacrossEurope.Soon,Britain,Austria,Russia,andPrussiaformedapowerfulallianceandattackedthesestragglers.InMarch1814,Pariswascaptured.Napoleonabdicatedandwentintoexile,hisempireatanend.Hitler’sInvasionByearly1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,hadseizedcontrolofmostofEurope.TotheeastofHitler’sGermanempirewastheSovietUnion.OnJune22,1941,withoutadeclarationofwar,HitlerbegananinvasionoftheSovietUnionthatwasthelargestmilitarylandcampaigninhistory.Confidentofaquickvictory,Hitlerexpectedthecampaigntolastnolongerthanthreemonths.第85页/共232页DR_Text8Heplannedtousetheblitzkrieg,or“lightningwar,”tacticsthathaddefeatedtherestofEurope.Theinvasionhadthreebroadthrusts:againstLeningradandMoscowandthroughtheUkraine.

Caughtoffguard

bytheinvasion,SovietleaderJosephStalin

instructed

theRussianpeopleto“scorchtheearth”infrontoftheGermaninvaders.Farmsandfactorieswereburned,destroyed,or

rendereduseless.Duringthefirsttenweeksoftheinvasion,theGermanspushedthefronteastward,andtheRussianssufferedmorethanamillioncasualties.第86页/共232页DR_Text8Inthenorth,theGermansclosedinonLeningrad.Despitegreatsuffering,however,thepeopleofLeningradrefusedtosurrender.AsthebattleofLeningraddraggedonintowinter,thecity’ssituationbecamedesperate.Asfoodranout,peoplediedfromhungeranddisease.Bythemiddleofthewinterof1941—1942,nearlyfourthousandpeoplestarvedtodeatheveryday.Closetoonemillionpeoplediedasaresultofthesiege.InthecenterofRussia,Hitler’sgoalwasthecaptureofMoscow.BecausetheGermanshadanticipatedaquickvictory,theyhadmadenoplansforwintersupplies.Octoberarrivedwithheavyrains.“GeneralMud”sloweddownthemovementoftheGermans’lightni