2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题及答案精校版

2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET.(10points)Thinnerisn’talwaysbetter.Anumberofstudieshave__1___thatnormal-weightpeopleareinfactathigherriskofsomediseasescomparedtothosewhoareoverweight.Andthereishealthconditionsforwhichbeingoverweightareactually___2___.Forexample,heavierwomenarelesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen.___3___amongtheelderly,beingsomewhatoverweightisoftenan___4___ofgoodhealth.Ofevengreater___5___isthefactthatobesityturnsouttobeverydifficulttodefine.It’softendefined___6___bodymassindex,orBMI.BMI___7__bodymassdividedbythesquareofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsideredtobenormalweight.Between25and30isoverweight.Andover30isconsideredobese.Obesity,___8___,canbedividedintomoderatelyobese,severelyobese,andveryseverelyobese.Whilesuchnumericalstandardsseem9,theyarenot.Obesityisprobablylessamatterofweightthanbodyfat.SomepeoplewithahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit,10otherswithalowBMImaybeinpoor11.Forexample,manycollegiateandprofessionalfootballplayers12asobese,thoughtheirpercentagebodyfatislow.Conversely,someonewithasmallframemayhavehighbodyfatbuta13BMI.Todaywehavea(an)_14_tolabelobesityasadisgrace.Theoverweightaresometimes_15_inthemediawiththeirfacescovered.Stereotypes_16_withobesityincludelaziness,lackofwillpower,andlowerprospectsforsuccess.Teachers,employers,andhealthprofessionalshavebeenshowntoharborbiasesagainsttheobese._17_veryyoungchildrentendtolookdownontheoverweight,andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenaprobleminschools.Negativeattitudestowardobesity,___18___inhealthconcerns,havestimulatedanumberofanti-obesity___19___.Myownhospitalsystemhasbannedsugarydrinksfromitsfacilities.Manyemployershaveinstitutedweightlossandfitnessinitiatives.MichelleObamahaslaunchedahigh-visibilitycampaign__20___childhoodobesity,evenclaimingthatitrepresentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.1.A.deniedB.concludedC.doubledD.ensured2.A.protectiveB.dangerousC.sufficientD.troublesome3.A.InsteadB.HoweverC.LikewiseD.Therefore4.A.indicatorB.objectiveC.originD.example5.A.impactB.relevanceC.assistanceD.concern6.A.intermsofB.incaseofC.infavorofD.inof7.A.measuresB.determinesC.equalsD.modifies8.A.inessenceB.incontrastC.inturnD.inpart9.A.complicatedB.conservativeC.variableD.straightforward10.A.soB.whileC.sinceD.unless11.A.shapeB.spiritC.balanceD.taste12.A.startB.qualityC.retireD.stay13.A.strangeB.changeableC.normalD.constant14.A.optionB.reasonC.opportunityD.tendency15.A.employedB.picturedC.imitatedD.monitored16.A.comparedB.combinedC.settledD.associated17.A.EvenB.StillC.YetD.Only18.A.despisedB.correctedC.ignoredD.grounded19.A.discussionsB.businessesC.policiesD.studies20.A.forB.againstC.withD.withoutSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Whatwouldyoudowith590m?ThisisnowaquestionforGloriaMackenzie,an84-year-oldwidowwhorecentlyemergedfromhersmall,tin-roofedhouseinFloridatocollectthebiggestundividedlotteryjackpotinhistory.Ifshehopeshernew-foundfortunewillyieldlastingfeelingsoffulfillment,shecoulddoworsethanreadHappyMoneybyElizabethDumnandMichaelNorton.Thesetwoacademicsuseanarrayofbehavioralresearchtoshowthatthemostrewardingwaystospendmoneycanbecounterintuitive.Fantasiesofgreatwealthofteninvolvevisionsoffancycarsandextravaganthomes.Yetsatisfactionwiththesematerialpurchaseswearsofffairlyquicklywhatwasonceexcitingandnewbecomesold-hat;regretcreepsin.Itisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences,sayMsDumnandMr.Norton,likeinterestingtrips,uniquemealsorevengoingtothecinema.Thesepurchasesoftenbecomemorevaluablewithtime-asstoriesormemories-particularlyiftheyinvolvefeelingmoreconnectedtoothers.Thisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemost“happinessbangforyourbuck."Itseemsmostpeoplewouldbebetteroffiftheycouldshortentheircommutestowork,spendmoretimewithfriendsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingtelevision(somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeardoing,andishardlyjollierforit).Buyinggiftsorgivingtocharityisoftenmorepleasurablethanpurchasingthingsforoneself,andluxuriesaremostenjoyablewhentheyareconsumedsparingly.ThisisapparentlythereasonMacDonald'srestrictstheavailabilityofitspopularcrib-amarketingtrickthathasturnedtheporksandwichintoanobjectofobsession.Readersof“HappyMoney“areclearlyaprivilegedlot,anxiousaboutfulfillment,nothunger.Moneymaynotquitebuyhappiness,butpeopleinwealthiercountriesaregenerallyhappierthanthoseinpoorones.Yetthelinkbetweenfeelinggoodandspendingmoneyonotherscanbeseenamongrichandpoorpeoplearoundtheworld,andscarcityenhancesthepleasureofmostthingsformostpeople.Noteveryonewillagreewiththeauthors’policyideas,whichrangefrommandatingmoreholidaytimetoreducingtaxincentivesforAmericanhomebuyers.Butmostpeoplewillcomeawayfromthisbookbelievingitwasmoneywellspent.21.AccordingtoDumnandNorton,whichofthefollowingisthemostrewardingpurchase?[A]Abighouse[B]Aspecialtour[C]Astylishcar[D]Arichmeal22.Theauthor’sattitudetowardAmericans’watchingTVis________.[A]critical[B]supportive[C]sympathetic[D]ambiguous23.Macribismentionedinparagraph3toshowthat_______.[A]consumersaresometimesirrational[B]popularityusuallycomesafterquality[C]marketingtricksareaftereffective[D]raritygenerallyincreasespleasure24.Accordingtothelastparagraph,HappyMoney_______.[A]hasleftmuchroomforreaders’criticism[B]mayprovetobeaworthwhilepurchase[C]haspredictedawiderincomegapintheus[D]maygiveitsreadersasenseofachievement25.Thistextmainlydiscusseshowto______.[A]balancefeelinggoodandspendingmoney[B]spendlargesumsofmoneywoninlotteries[C]obtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyspent[D]becomemorereasonableinspendingonluxuriesText2AnarticleinScientificAmericahaspointedoutthatempiricalresearchsaysthat,actually,youthinkyou’remorebeautifulthanyouare.Wehaveadeep-seatedneedtofeelgoodaboutourselvesandwenaturallyemployanumberofself-enhancingstrategiestoresearchintowhatthecallthe“aboveaverageeffect”,or“illusorysuperiority”,andshownthat,forexample,70%ofusrateourselvesasaboveaverageinleadership,93%indrivingand85%atgettingonwellwithothers—allobviouslystatisticalimpossibilities.Werosetintourmemoriesandputourselvesintoself-affirmingsituations.Webecomedefensivewhencriticized,andapplynegativestereotypestootherstoboostourownesteem,westalkaroundthinkingwe’rehotstuff.PsychologistandbehavioralscientistNicholasEpleyoversawakeystudyingintoself-enhancementandattractiveness.Ratherthathavepeoplesimplyratetheirbeautycompresswithothers,heaskedthemtoidentifyanoriginalphotographofthemselves’fromalineupincludingversionsthathadbeenalteredtoappearmoreandlessattractive.Visualrecognition,readsthestudy,is“anautomaticpsychologicalprocessoccurringrapidlyandintuitivelywithlittleornoapparentconsciousdeliberation”.Ifthesubjectsquicklychoseafalselyflatteringimage-whichmustdid-theygenuinelybelieveditwasreallyhowtheylooked.Epleyfoundnosignificantgenderdifferenceinresponses.Norwasthereanyevidencethat,thosewhoself-enhancethemust(thatis,theparticipantswhothoughtthemostpositivelydoctoredpicturewerereal)weredoingsotomakeupforprofoundinsecurities.Infactthosewhothoughtthattheimageshigheruptheattractivenessscalewererealdirectlycorrespondedwiththosewhoshowedothermakersforhavinghigherself-esteem.“Idon’tthinkthefindingsthatwehavinghaveareanyevidenceofpersonaldelusion”,saysEpley.“It’sareflectionsimplyofpeoplegenerallythinkingwellofthemselves’.Ifyouaredepressed,youwon’tbeself-enhancing.KnowingtheresultsofEpley‘sstudy,itmakessensethatwhypeopleheatphotographsofthemselvesViscerally-ononelevel,theydon’tevenrecognizethepersoninthepictureasthemselves,Facebooktherefore,isaself-enhancer’sparadise,wherepeoplecanshareonlythemostflatteringphotos,thecreamoftheirwit,style,beauty,intellectandlifestyleit’snotthatpeople’sprofilesaredishonest,saysCatalinatomaofWiscon—Madisonuniversity,”buttheyportrayanidealizedversionofthemselves.26.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,socialpsychologisthavefoundthat______.[A]ourself-ratingsareunrealisticallyhigh[B]illusorysuperiorityisbaselesseffect[C]ourneedforleadershipisunnatural[D]self-enhancingstrategiesareineffective27.Visualrecognitionisbelievedtobepeople’s______.[A]rapidwatching[B]consciouschoice[C]intuitiveresponse[D]automaticself-defence28.Epleyfoundthatpeoplewithhigherself-esteemtendedto______.[A]underestimatetheirinsecurities[B]believeintheirattractiveness[C]coveruptheirdepressions[D]oversimplifytheirillusions29.Theword“Viscerally”(Line2,para.5)isclosestinmeaningto_____.[A]instinctively[B]occasionally[C]particularly[D]aggressively30.ItcanbeinferredthatFacebookisself-enhancer’sparadisebecausepeoplecan_____.[A]presenttheirdishonestprofiles[B]definetheirtraditionallifestyles[C]sharetheirintellectualpursuits[D]withholdtheirunflatteringsidesText3Cryingishardlyanactivityencouragedbysociety.Tears,betheyofsorrow,anger,onjoy,typicallymakeAmericansfeeluncomfortableandembarrassed.Theshedderoftearsislikelytoapologize,evenwhenadevastating(毁灭性的)tragedywastheprovocation.Theobserveroftearsislikelytodoeverythingpossibletoputanendtotheemotionaloutpouring.Butjudgingfromrecentstudiesofcryingbehavior,linksbetweenillnessandcryingandthechemicalcompositionoftears,boththoseresponsestotearsareofteninappropriateandmayevenbecounterproductive.Humansaretheonlyanimalsdefinitelyknowntoshedemotionaltears.Sinceevolutionhasgivenrisetofew,ifany,purposelessphysiologicalresponse,itislogicaltoassumethatcryinghasoneormorefunctionsthatenhancesurvival.Althoughsomeobservershavesuggestedthatcryingisawaytosolicitassistancefromothers(asacryingbabymightfromitsmother),thesheddingoftearsishardlynecessarytogethelp.Vocalcrieswouldhavebeenquiteenough,morelikelythantearstogainattention,So,itappears,theremustbesomethingspecialabouttearsthemselves.Indeed,thenewstudiessuggestthatemotionaltearsmayplayadirectroleinalleviatingstress,UniversityofMinnesotaResearchersatseveralotherinstitutionsareinvestigatingtheusefulnessoftearsasameansofdiagnosinghumanillsandmonitoringdrugs.AtTulaneUniversity’sTeatAnalysisLaboratoryDr.PeterKastlandhiscolleaguesreportthattheycanusetearstodetectdrugabuseandexposuretomedication(药物),todeterminewhetheracontactlensfitsproperlyofwhyitmaybeuncomfortable,tostudythecausesof“dryeye”syndromeandtheeffectsofeyesurgery,andperhapseventomeasureexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants.AtColumbiaUniversityDt.LiasyFarisandcolleaguesarestudyingtearsforcluestothediagnosisofdiseasesawayfromtheeyes.Tearscanbeobtainedpainlesslywithoutinvadingthebodyandonlytinyamountsareneededtoperformhighlyrefinedanalyses.31.Itisknownfromthefirstparagraphthat________.[A]sheddingtearsgivesunpleasantfeelingstoAmerican[B]cryingmayoftenimitatepeopleorevenresultintragedy[C]cryingusuallywinssympathyfromotherpeople[D]onewhoshedstearsinpublicwillbeblamed32.Whatdoes“boththoseresponsestotears”(Line6,Para,1)referto?[A]Cryingoutofsorrowandsheddingtearsforhappiness.[B]Theembarrassmentandunpleasantsensationoftheobservers.[C]Thetearshedder’sapologyandtheobserver’sefforttostopthecrying.[D]Linkingillnesswithcryingandfindingthechemicalcompositionoftears.33.“Counterproductive”(Lines6-7,Para,1)veryprobablymeans“________”.[A]havingnoeffectatall[B]leadingtotension[C]producingdisastrousimpact[D]harmfultohealth34.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutcrying?[A]Itisapointlessphysiologicalresponsetotheenvironment.[B]Itmusthavearoletoplayinman’ssurvival.[C]Itismeanttogetattentionandassistance.[D]Itusuallyproducesthedesiredeffect.35.Whatcanbeinferredfromthenewstudiesoftears?[A]Emotionaltearshavethefunctionofreducingstress.[B]Exposuretoexcessivemedicationmayincreaseemotionaltears.[C]Emotionaltearscangiveriseto“dryeye”syndromeinsomecases.[D]Environmentalpollutantscaninducethesheddingofemotionaltears.Text4Whenthegovernmenttalksaboutinfrastructurecontributingtotheeconomythefocusisusuallyonroads,railways,broadbandandenergy.Housingisseldommentioned.Whyisthat?Tosomeextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.Wehavenotbeengoodatcommunicatingtherealvaluethathousingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth.Thenthereisthescaleofthetypicalhousingproject.Itishardtoshoveforattentionamongmultibillion-poundinfrastructureproject,soitisinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedelsewhere.Butperhapsthemostsignificantreasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallycharged.Nevertheless,theaffordablehousingsituationisdesperate.Waitinglistsincreaseallthetimeandwearesimplynotbuildingenoughnewhomes.Thecomprehensivespendingreviewoffersanopportunityforthegovernmenttohelprectifythis.Itneedstoputhistoricalprejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed.Therearesomeindicationsthatitispreparingtodojustthat.Thecommunitiesminister,DonFoster,hashintedthatGeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,mayintroducemoreflexibilitytothecurrentcapontheamountthatlocalauthoritiescanborrowagainsttheirhousingstockdebt.Evidenceshowsthat60,000extranewhomescouldbebuiltoverthenextfiveyearsifthecapwerelifted,increasingGDPby0.6%.Ministersshouldalsolookatcreatinggreatercertaintyintherentalenvironment,whichwouldhaveasignificantimpactontheabilityofregisteredproviderstofundnewdevelopmentsfromrevenues.Butitisnotjustdowntothegovernment.Whilethesemeasureswouldbewelcomeintheshortterm,wemustfaceuptothefactthattheexisting£4.5bnprogrammeofgrantstofundnewaffordablehousing,settoexpirein2015,isunlikelytobeextendedbeyondthen.TheLabourpartyhasrecentlyannouncedthatitwillretainalargepartofthecoalition’sspendingplansifreturnstopower.Thehousingsectorneedstoacceptthatweareveryunlikelytoeverreturntoeraoflarge-scalepublicgrants.Weneedtoadjusttothischangingclimate.36.Theauthorbelievesthatthehousingsector__[A]hasattractedmuchattention[B]involvescertainpoliticalfactors[C]shoulderstoomuchresponsibility[D]haslostitsrealvalueineconomy37.Itcanbelearnedthataffordablehousinghas__[A]increaseditshomesupply[B]offeredspendingopportunities[C]sufferedgovernmentbiases[D]disappointedthegovernment38.AccordingtoParagraph5,GeorgeOsbornemay_______.[A]allowgreatergovernmentdebtforhousing[B]stoplocalauthoritiesfrombuildinghomes[C]preparetoreducehousingstockdebt[D]releasealiftedGDPgrowthforecast39.Itcanbeinferredthatastablerentalenvironmentwould_______.[A]lowerthecostsofregisteredproviders[B]lessentheimpactofgovernmentinterference[C]contributetofundingnewdevelopments[D]relievetheministersofresponsibilities40.Theauthorbelievesthatafter2015,thegovernmentmay______.[A]implementmorepoliciestosupporthousing[B]reviewtheneedforlarge-scalepublicgrants[C]renewtheaffordablehousinggrantsprogramme[D]stopgenerousfundingtothehousingsectorPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEERT1.(10points)UncommonGround-LandArtinBritainThetermLandArtbringstomindepicinterventionsinthelandsuchasRobertSmithson'sSpiralJetty,6,500tonsofbasalt,earthandsaltprojectingintoUtah'sGreatSaltLake,orRodenCrater,anextinctvolcanoinArizona,whichJamesTurrellhasbeentransformingintoanimmensenaked-eyeobservatorysince1979.RichardLong'sALineMadeByWalking,however,involvednothingmorestrenuousthana20-minutetrainridefromWaterloo.Havinggotoffsomewhereinsuburbia,theartistwalkedbackwardsandforwardsoverapieceofgrassuntilthesquashedturfformedaline-akindofdrawingontheland.EmerginginthelateSixtiesandreachingapeakintheSeventies,LandArtwasoneofarangeofnewforms,includingBodyArt,PerformanceArt,ActionArtandInstallationArt,whichpushedartbeyondthetraditionalconfinesofthestudioandgallery.Ratherthanportrayinglandscape,landartistsusedthephysicalsubstanceofthelanditselfastheirmedium.ThemessageofthissurveyofBritishlandart-themostcomprehensivetodate-isthattheBritishvariant,typifiedbyLong'spiece,wasnotonlymoredomesticallyscaled,butalotquirkierthanitsAmericancounterpart.Indeed,whileyoumightassumethatanexhibitionofLandArtwouldconsistonlyofrecordsofworksratherthantheworksthemselves,Long'sphotographofhisworkisthework.Sincehis"action"isinthepastthephotographisitssoleembodiment.Thatmightseemratheranobscurepoint,butitsetsthetoneforanexhibitionthatcontainsalotofblack-and-whitephotographsandrelativelyfewnaturalobjects.LongisBritain'sbest-knownLandArtistandhisStoneCircle,aperfectringofpurplishrocksfromPortisheadbeachlaidoutonthegalleryfloor,representstheelegant,rarefiedsideoftheform.TheBoyleFamily,ontheotherhand,standforitsdirty,urbanaspect.ComprisingartistsMarkBoyleandJoanParksfeature,particularlyintheearlierworks,suchasJohnHilliard'sveryfunnyAcrosstheGenerallyhoweverBritishlandartistspreferredtogetawayfromtowns,gravitatingtowardslandscapesthataretraditionallyconsideredbeautifulsuchastheLakeInthecaseofHamishFulton,youcan'thelpfeelingthattheScottishartisthassimplyfoundawayofmakinghisloveofwalkingpay.Atypicalwork,suchasSevenDays,consistsofasinglebeautifulblack-and-whitephotographtakenonanepicwalk,withthemileageandnumberofdaystakenlistedbeneath.BritishLandArtasshowninthiswellselected,butrelativelymodestlyscaledexhibitionwasn'taboutimposingonthelandscape,moreakindoflandscape-orientatedlightconceptualartcreatedpassingthrough.Ithaditsoriginsinthegreatoutdoors,buttheresultswereasgallery-boundasthepaintingsofTurnerandConstable.[A]originatesfromalongwalkthattheartisttook41.StoneCircle[B]illustratesakindoflandscape-orientatedlightconceptualart42.OlafStreetStudy[C]remindspeopleoftheEnglishlandscapepaintingtradition.43.AcrossthePark[D]representstheeleganceoftheBritishlandart44.TowardsAvebury[E]depictstheordinarysideoftheBritishlandart45.Sevendays[F]embodiesaromanticescapeintotheScottishoutdoors[G]containsimagesfromdifferentpartsofthesamephotograph.D42.E43.G44.C完形填空1.tective3.Lurn9.straightforward10.while11.shape12.qualify13.normal14.tendency15.pictured16.associated17.Even18.grounded19.policies20.against

阅读理解Text121.BAspecialtour22.Acritical23.Draritygenerallyincreasespleasure24.Bmayprovetobeaworthwhilepurchase25.AbalancefeelinggoodandspendingmoneyText226.Aourself-ratingsareunrealisticallyhigh27.Cintuitiveresponse28.Bbelieveintheirattractiveness29.Ainstinctively30.DwithholdtheirunflatteringsidesText331.AsheddingtearsgivesunpleasantfeelingstoAmerican32.CThetearshedder'sapologyandtheobserver'sefforttostopthecrying.33.