过去分词作定语

过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式。从性质上讲，过去分词相当于形容词和副词。因此它在句子中可以作定语、表语、宾补和状语。过去分词一般含有完成或被动的意思。下面我们重点学习其作定语和表语的用法：一、过去分词作定语1.单个的过去分词作定语时一般兼有被动和完成的意义，常作前置定语。有的过去分词如given,left等习惯上后置。alostanimal一只迷路的动物ausedstamp一枚用过的邮票aninjuredfinger一根受伤的手指abrokencoin一枚破损的硬币Completethesentenceswiththewordsgiven.用所给的词完成句子。注意：过去分词作定语时，有时只表示被动含义。spokenEnglish英语口语writtenexercises书面练习少数表示位移或状态改变的不及物动词的过去分词只表示完成含义。fallenleaves落叶therisensun升起来的太阳theadvancedcountries发达国家aretiredteacher一名退休教师2．过去分词短语作定语常常放在被修饰的名词之后，表示被动或完成意义。HowIregrettedthehourswastedinthewoods!我多懊悔在树林里浪费的时光啊！Ilikewearingclothesmadeofthiskindofcloth.我喜欢穿这种布料做的衣服。ThebookswrittenbyLuXunarepopular．鲁迅写的书很受欢迎。We’11gotovisitthebridgebuilthundredsofyearsago．我们要去看那座建于几百年前的桥。注意：过去分词短语作定语时在意义上相当于一个定语从句。Thebookboughtyesterdaycostmetenyuan.Thebookthatwasboughtyesterdaycostmetenyuan.昨天买的这本书花了我十元钱。Thehouses,builtlastyear,weredestroyedbytheearthquake.Thehouses,whichwerebuiltlastyear,weredestroyedbytheearthquake.去年建的房子被这场地震毁了。二、过去分词作表语过去分词作表语，表示主语的特点或所处的状态，前面的系动词有包括be在内的多种形式。Everyonepresentisveryinspiredathisspeech．听了他的发言，在场的所有人都很振奋。过去分词作表语，构成的系表结构与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，强调主语的特点或所处的状态；而被动语态中，主语是动词所表示动作的承受者。Thisshopisnowclosed．这家商店现在已经关门了。（状态）Thisshopisclosedat6pmeveryday．这家商店每天6点关门。（动作）注意：当用作表语的过去分词表示人的某种感情或情绪时，含有“感到……”之意，常用来修饰人。HewasexcitedatbeingadmittedtoBeijingUniversity.他很高兴被北京大学录取了。Mysonwasverydisappointedwhenheheardthenews.

听到这个消息我的儿子非常失望。练习Fromyourvoice,Ihavetosaythatyouarereally.disappointed,disappointeddisappointing,disappointingdisappointed,disappointingdisappointing,disappointedThisistheproblematthemeetingyesterday.A.beingdiscussedB.discussedC.tobediscussedD.havingdiscussedLindaworkedfortheMinnesotaManufacturingandMiningCompany,as3M.A.knowingB.knownC.beingknownD.tobeknownDon’tusewords,expressionorphrasesonlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge.A.beingknownB.havingbeenknownC.tobeknownD.known5.TheOlympicGames,in776BC，didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayedB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayingD.tobefirstplaying6.Theflowerssweetinthegardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmelt有关过去分词做定语用法，请注意以下几个问题：（1）有关过去分词做定语用法，请注意以下几个问题：（1）过去分词用作前置定语：若是单个的过去分词或只带副词修饰的单个过去分词做定语,通常置于所修饰的名词前，此时过去分词具有形容词的特点，侧重状态和比较永久的特点。例如：abrokenwindow一扇坏了的窗户；arecentlybuilthouse最近建造的一所房子Weneedmoreexperiencedteachers.我们需要更多有经验的老师。温馨提示：有时为了强调，单个的过去分词做定语也可以置于被修饰的名词后面。例如：Doyouknowthenumberofthebooksordered你知道订购了多少书吗？Moneyspentismorethanmoneyearned.入不敷出。（2）过去分词用作后置定语：若是过去分词短语做定语,则通常置于被修饰的名词之后。此时过去分词既有形容词的特征，又有动词的特点，但主要突出动词的特征，且不像前置定语那样具有永久性的特点。做后置定语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。例如：We’lltalkabouttheproblemdiscussed（=that/whichwasdiscussed）atthemeetingyesterday.我们将谈谈昨天会议上讨论的问题。（3）过去分词也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开，相当于一个由which引导的非限制性定语从句。例如：Thebooks,writtenbyLuXun（=whichwerewrittenbyLuXun）,arepopularwithmanyChinesepeople.这些书是鲁迅写的，受到了许多中国人的喜爱。Themeeting,attendedbyonethousandstudents（=whichwasattendedbyonethousandstudents）,wasagreatsuccess.这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席。过去分词做定语与所修饰的词之间存在两种关系：一是及物动词表示被动或完成意义（有时也表示没有一定的时间性）；二是不及物动词只表示完成意义，不表被动。过去分词做定语与定语从句的关系。过去分词做定语相当于一个由which,that或who引导的定语从句。若过去分词是及物动词可以改为动词为被动形式的定语从句；如果过去分词是不及物动词则可以改为动词为完成式或动词为表示状态的定语从句。例如：What'sthelanguagespoken(=whichisspoken)inGermany德国说什么语言？Mostoftheguestsinvited(=whowereinvited)totheeveningpartywerecollegestudents.应邀参加晚会的客人大多数是大学生。aretiredworker(=aworkerwhohasretired)一名退休工人areturnedsoldier(=asoldierwhohasreturned)一位返乡的士兵过去分词、现在分词一般式的被动式和动词不定式一般式的被动式做定语的区别：过去分词、现在分词一般式的被动式和动词不定式一般式的被动式都可以做后置定语，它们的共同点是都与所修饰的名词或代词存在逻辑上的动宾关系(即表示被动)，但是过去分词强调动作已经完成，现在分词一般式的被动式表示一个正在进行的被动动作，动词不定式一般式的被动式表示一个将来的被动动作。请对比：Themeetingheldyesterdaywasveryimportant.昨天开的会很重要。Themeetingbeingheldnowisveryimportant.现在正在开的会议很重要。Themeetingtobeheldtomorrowisveryimportant.明天要召开的会议很重要。［练一练］Aftercompletingandsigningit,pleasereturntheformtousintheenvelope.(2012山东卷)providingprovidedhavingprovidedprovideWe’rehavingameetinginhalfanhour.Thedecisionatthemeetingwillinfluencethefutureofourcompany.（2012重庆卷）tobemadebeingmademadehavingbeenmade“It’ssuchaniceplace,”Mothersaidasshesatatthetableforcustomers.（2012浙江卷）tobereservedhavingreservedreservingreservedTheclub,25yearsago,isholdingapartyforpastandpresentmembers.（2012上海卷）foundedfoundingbeingfoundedtobefoundedCleaningwomeninbigcitiesusuallygetbythehour.paypayingpaidtopayAgreatnumberofstudentssaidtheywereforcedtopracticethepiano.toquestiontobequestionedquestionedquestioning从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入句中空白处的最佳答案。（）1.Theteachersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketoseethenextyear.A.beingcarriedoutB.carryingoutC.carriedoutD.tocarryout（）2.Weshouldkeepthemofwhatisgoingonhere,sowemustkeepintouchwiththem.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zA.informingB.informedC.toinformD.beinginformed（）3.ThemanageraskedmewhetherIknewthemanwithhishairback.A.tiedB.tyingC.tocutD.cutting（）4.Manytownsandvillageshadtheirwatersupplybecausetherewasnoelectricity.A.cuttinginB.tocutoffC.cutoffD.cutin（）5.Withoutthejob,Iwouldn'tdaretogohome.A.finishingB.finishedC.tofinishD.beingfinished（）6.Hewasdisappointedtofindhissuggestiondown,sohehadtokeepsilent.A.beingturnedB.turnedC.tobeturnedD.toturn

（）7.Jacksondidn'tgethisbicyclesoonenoughatJohn'sbecauseJohnhadalotofbicycles.A.torepair;repairedB.torepair;toberepairedC.toberepaired;torepairD.repaired;torepair（）8.Themanagersaidthatnomatterwhathappened,hetheworkwithin12hours.A.wouldhave;finishedB.wouldhave;finishC.mighthave;endD.wouldhave;do（）ofmypoorEnglishI'mafraidIcan'tmakemyself．A.understandB.tounderstandC.understandingD.understood（）'sthelanguageinGermanyA.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak（）ofthepeopletothepartywerefamousscientists．A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.inviting（）firsttextbooksforteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury．A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written（）OlympicGames，in776B．C．，didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912．A.firstplayingB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayedD.tobefirstplaying（）Smith，ofthespeech，startedtoreadanovel．A.tired；boringB.tiri