商务沟通大英写作课件

BusinessCommunicationRevisionInthisclass,studentswilllearn:Mainterms.Structureofsomegenresintextbook.Objectives章节设计

具体写作体裁的每一章节一般分为四个部分：1.Introduction1.1Definition2.Classification3.GenreFeatures3.1CommunicativePurposes3.2LinguisticFeatures3.3StructuralFeatures4.WritingTechniquesTerms

Communicationisanexchangeofmessagesbetweenindividualsforthepurposeofcreatingorinfluencingthemeaningthatothersassigntoevents.(p.4)

Keypoints:

exchangeofmessages（沟通的实质：交流信息）creatingorinfluencing（沟通的目的：相互影响和融合）TheProcessofCommunication

(9elements)Senders（信息发送者）(P5)

Participantsinthecommunicationprocesswhocommunicatemessagestoanaudiencearecalledsenders.Message（信息）(P5)

Amessageisthewritten,oral,ornonverbalcommunicationthatsendertransmitstoanaudience.Decoding（解码）Theactivityofthereceiverattachingmeaningtothewordsorsymbolsthatthesendersendsiscalleddecoding.Receiversaretheaudiencetowhommessagesaredirected.Receivers（信息接收者）(P6)Feedback（信息反馈）Feedbackconsistsofmessages—verbalandnonverbal—thatconveyareactiontothecommunicator’smessage.Noise（干扰因素）Itreferstoallthefactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages.InternalnoiseExternalnoise(最典型)SemanticnoiseTheFlowofCommunication(P8)TheFlowofCommunicationUpwardcommunicationMessagesflowingfromsubordinatestosuperiorsDownwardcommunicationWheneversuperiorsinitiatemessagestotheirsubordinatesHorizontalcommunicationConsistsofmessagesbetweenmembersofanorganizationwithequalpowerCommunicationandCultureHigh-contextcultureandLow-contextcultureEdwardT.HallHigh-contextculturesprefertousehigh-contextmessagesinwhichmostofthemeaningiseitherimpliedbythephysicalsettingorpresumedtobepartoftheindividual’sinternalizedbelief,values,andnorms;verylittleisprovidedinthecoded,explicit,transmittedpartofthemessage.High-contextcultureP10Chapter2ContrastiveRhetoricinBusinessCommunication（对比修辞学）ContrastiveRhetoric对比修辞学(P16)contrastiverhetoricisanareaofresearchinsecond-languageacquisitionthatidentifiesproblemsincompositionencounteredbysecond-languagewritersand,byreferringtotherhetoricalstrategiesofthefirstlanguage,attemptstoexplainthem.Itisbelievedthatthelinguisticandrhetoricalconventionsofthefirstlanguageinterferewithwritinginthesecondlanguage.对比修辞学是第二语言习得研究中的新领域,其主要研究范围是探讨第二语言学习者的学术写作问题,并借鉴母语修辞策略对第二语言学术写作问题进行解释。并认为第一语言的语言学和修辞学特点会影响第二语言的写作。

"Cultureis'thewaywedothingsaroundhere,'anditis'howpeoplethink,feel,andact'".Culture(P17)Rhetoricisthewayweputtogetherlanguagetoaffectanaudience,andeachaudiencehascertainexpectationsofrhetoricalstructurebasedonthetraditionalformsofrhetoricintheirculture.RhetoricStereotype文化定势（P18）

notshownintextbookStereotypes:Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonanyobservableorbelievedgroupmembership.（文化定势：文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个体成员所持有的正面或反面的判断。）Powerdistance（权力距离）

notshownintextbookPowerdistance：istheextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationsacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally.（权力距离是指机构或组织中权利较小的成员对权利被不平等分配的接受程度）。Management管理（P28）Managementisdefinedastheprocessofadministeringandcoordinatingresourceseffectively,efficiently,andinanefforttoachievethegoalsoftheorganization.管理（management）:一个协调工作活动的过程，以便能够有效率和有效果地同别人一起或通过别人实现组织的目标。（包含两部分：过程（计划、组织、领导和控制）；协调其他人的工作）Efficiency效率/Effectiveness效果Efficiencyisachievedbyusingthefewestinputs(suchaspeopleandmoney)togenerateagivenoutput.效率（efficiency）：以尽可能少的投入获得尽可能多的产出。Effectivenessisachievedwhentheorganizationpursuesappropriategoals.效果（effectiveness）：通常是指“做正确的事”，即所从事的工作和活动有助于达到其目标。Levelsofmanagement（P30）基层管理者（first-linemanagers）：Supervisetheindividualswhoaredirectlyresponsibleforproducingtheorganizationsproductordeliveringitservice.最低层的管理人员，他们管理着非管理雇员所从事的工作，这些工作是生产和提供组织的产品的工作，通常称为主管，也可以称为生产线线长或工长；中层管理者（middlemanagers）：supervisefirst-linemanagersorstaffdepartment.Theyareresponsibleforthefirm’sshort-termdecisions.包括所有处于基层和高层之间各个管理层次的管理者，这些管理者管理着基层管理者，他们可能具有部门经理、项目主管、工厂厂长，或者事业部经理的头衔；高层管理者（topmanagers）:makedecisionsregardingthefirm’slong-runobjectives.他们承担着制定广泛的组织决策、为整个组织制定计划和目标的责任。典型头衔是执行副总裁、总裁、管理董事、首席运营官、首席执行官或者董事会主席。DefinitionofOrganizing（P31）Organizingreferstotheprocessofdeterminingthetaskstobedone,whowilldothem,andhowthosetaskswillbemanagedandcoordinated.

组织：安排工作以实现组织目标的过程。包括决定应该从事哪些任务，应该由谁来从事这些任务，这些任务怎么分类和归集，谁向谁报告，以及在哪一级作出决策的过程。JobDesign工作设计（P32）Jobdesignorworkarrangement(orrearrangement)aimedatreducingorovercomingjobdissatisfactionandemployeealienationarisingfromrepetitiveandmechanistictasks.作设计(Jobdesign)是为减少或克服员工由于重复性或机械工作所产生的不满或疏离感而做的工作安排活重新安排整理。OrganizationalStructure组织结构OrganizationalStructurereferstotheprimaryreportingrelationshipsthatexistwithinanorganization.组织结构(OrganizationalStructure)是指组织内部的主要报告关系。是表明组织各部分排列顺序、空间位置、聚散状态、联系方式以及各要素之间相互关系的一种模式，是整个管理系统的“框架”ChainofCommand命令链（P33）Chainofcommandcanbedefinedbrieflyasthestructureofdecision-makingresponsibilitiesfromthehigherlevelsofauthoritytothelowerlevels命令链(chainofcommand):从高权力阶层到低权力阶层的决策责任的结构。

SpanofControl(控制跨度)

Spanofcontrolreferstothememberofemployeesthatreportasinglemanager.控制跨度(spanofcontrol)：向单一管理者回报的员工的数量。

LineandStaff（运行与辅助人员）

（P34）Linepersonnelaredirectlyinvolvedindeliveringtheproductorserviceoftheorganization.Linepersonnel（运行人员）直接参与产品的组织和生产，他们的决策直接营销的产品的产量。Staffpersonnelarenotpartoftheproductorservicedeliverysystemchainofcommand,butratherprovidesupporttolinepersonnel.Staffpersonnel（辅助人员）：不直接参与产品的生产，但为直接生产提够有效支持。Chapter4

BusinessMeetingsMeeting会议（P38）Meetingsareatypeoftheatrewheremanagersobserveandevaluatetheperformanceandprogressofsubordinates(管理者评介下属的工作绩效以及进展的场所）.2.TypesofMeetings

ToDevelopNewIdeas

ToMakeDecisions

ToDelegateWork

ToCollaborateTypesofMeetingsToInformToPersuadeOthersToInform通知型会议Useameetingtoinformwhenclarifyingwritteninformationparticipantshavereceivedpreviously.Thistypeofmeetingalsocanbeusedtopresentnewinformation.ToDevelopNewIdeas探讨型会议Atthismeeting,participantssuggestnewideasinanopen,democraticatmosphere.Italsodevelopsnewprocedures,programs,andsoforth.ToMakeDecisions决策型会议Decision-makingmeetingsbringpeopleandcompaniestogethertodebateanissue,reconcileconflictingviews,andmakeadecision.ToDelegateWork委派工作型会议Meetingstodelegateareheldtoassigntaskstopeopleorgroups,whoarethenresponsibleforcompletingthosetasks.Itisnecessarytoholdadelegatingmeetingtoclarifyspecificdetails.Meetingstodelegateoftenarefollowedbyinformationalanddecision-makingmeetings.ToCollaborate合作型会议Collaborativemeetingsaresessionsinwhichparticipantsworktogether,toorganizecomplexmemos,letters,orreports.Collaborativeeffortssucceedonlyifpeopleworktogetherasateam.ToPersuadeOthers说服型会议Persuasivemeetingsinvolveoralpresentationstoachieveagroupconsensusandsupportforacourseofaction.Forexample,apersuasivemeetingmaypresentthemeritsofspecificelectronicproductorbuildenthusiasmforpurchasingtheproduct.TheProcessofMeetingPlanningaMeetingConductingtheMeetingClosetheMeetingChapter5FundamentalsofBusinessWritingIdentifyYourPurpose（P48）GeneralpurposesToinformTopersuadeTocollaborate（合作）SpecificpurposeTheoutcomeyouareseekingSelectingtheappropriatemediumMessageformality（信息的正式性）Senderintentions（信息发出者的意图）Audiencepreferences（听众的喜好）Urgencyandcost（迫切性与成本）P49DirectPlan（直接式）

Low-contextculturesTheU.S.,Canada,Australia,Britain,NewZealandandNorthernEurope.IndirectPlan（间接式High-contextculturesAsia,LatinAmerica,AfricaandMiddleEast.WritingRoutineandGood-NewsMessages

（P50）TheDirectApproachMainIdeaStep1DetailsandExplanationsStep2Future-orientedCloseStep3FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessageTheIndirectApproachOtherPrioritiesStep1MainIdeaStep2CourteousCloseStep3FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessageWritingBad-NewsMessages

（P51）DirectPlanIndirectPlan1.badnews2.reasons3.positiveclose1.buffer2.reasons3.badnews4.positivecloseWritingPersuasiveMessages

（P52）

Attention（引起注意）

Interest（兴趣）

Desire（需求）

Action（行动）Chapter6Note-takingNote-taking记笔记（P58）Note-takingisthepracticeofrecordinginformationcapturedfromatransient(短暂的）source,suchasanoraldiscussionatameeting,oralecture.GenreFeaturesofNote-taking

（P60）LinguisticFeaturesWritethedefinitionofthetermsbutdon’tusetheauthor’swords,useyourown.Abbreviate

whereverpossible.Itdoesnothavetobestandardabbreviations,justanyabbreviationsthatmakesensetothenote-taker.TechniquesforTakingNotes（P60）MethodsofNote-takingTheCornellMethodTheOutlineMethodTheMappingMethodTheSentenceMethodTheChartingMethodTheCornellMethod科内尔法TheCornellmethodprovidesasystematicformatforcondensingandorganizingnoteswithoutlaboriousrecopying.TheOutlineMethod（提纲法）

Theinformationwhichismostgeneralbeginsattheleftwitheachmorespecificgroupoffactsindentedwithspacestotheright.TheMappingMethod（图示法）

Mappingisamethodthatusescomprehension/concentrationskillsandwhichrelateeachfactorideatoeveryotherfactoridea.Mappingisagraphicrepresentationofthecontentofameeting.

TheChartingMethod(列表法)Iftheformatisdistinct(suchaschronological),youmaysetupyourpaperbydrawingcolumnsandlabelingappropriateheadingsinatable.TheSentenceMethod（截句法）

Writeeverynewthought,factortopiconaseparateline,numberingasyouprogress.Itisusedwhenthemeetingissomewhatorganized,butheavywithcontent,whichcomesfirst.Chapter7

Summary

Summary摘要（P72）Asummaryisashortversionofalongertext,anditgivesonlythemainpoints.概要(summary)是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的短文。ClassificationofSummariesSummaryDescriptiveSummaryInformativeSummaryEvaluativeSummaryDescriptiveSummary描述型/说明型概要AdescriptivesummaryisoftenreferredtoasadescriptiveabstractInformativeSummary信息型概要（P74）Theinformativesummarytellswhatisintheworkinaparagraphtoseveralpages,dependingonthelengthoftheoriginal.EvaluativeSummary评价型概要（P75）itmaybethepurposeofthesummarynotonlytoreportthegistofapieceofwritingbutalsotocommentonitsaccuracy,completeness,andusefulness.Intheevaluativesummaryyouincludeyourownreactions,yourthoughtsandfeelings,alongwithareportonthemainfactsinthematerial.StructuralFeaturesofSummaries

（P77）Theformatmostoftenincludes:atitle,paragraphs,author’snameandadate.

Shortsentencesarenormallyrequired,butnumberedpointsand/orothergraphicdevicesmayalsobeused.Thelengthofasummaryvariesaccordingtoitspurpose;however,itshouldgenerallybenomorethanone-fourththelengthoftheoriginal.

Chapter8GraphsGraphs图表/图解（P84）Graphsarediagramsthatpresentnumericaldatainvisualforminordertoshowtrends,movements,distributions,andcycles.TypesofGraphsLinegraphs(折线图)areusedtotrackchangesovershortandlongperiodsoftime.LinegraphscanalsobeusedtocomparechangesoverthesameperiodoftimeformorethanonegroupPiecharts(饼状图)canbeusedtocomparepartsofawhole.Theydonotshowchangesovertime.Inpiecharts,thepercentagesofawholecanbeshownandrepresentedatasetpointintime.Unlikebargraphsandlinegraphs,piechartsdonotshowchangesovertime.Bargraphs(柱状图)areusedtocomparethingsbetweendifferentgroupsortotrackchangesovertime.However,whentryingtomeasurechangeovertime,bargraphsarebestwhenthechangesarebigger.Areagraphs(面积曲线图)areverysimilartolinegraphs.Theycanbeusedtotrackchangesovertimeforoneormoregroups.X-YPlot(X-Y坐标图、直角坐标曲线图）areusedtodeterminerelationshipsbetweentwodifferentthings.Thex-axisisusedtomeasureoneevent(orvariable)andthey-axisistomeasuretheother.TypesofData（P85）Thedataareorderedbythetimeandarereferredtoastimeseriesdata(时间序列数据).时间序列数据是指隔一定时间间隔记录的数据，它着眼于研究对象在一定时间内的变化，寻找空间(对象)历时发展的规律。Datathatischaracterizedbyindividualunits.Theseunitsmightrefertopeople,companiesorcountries.Withsuchcross-sectionaldata(横截面数据),theorderingofthedatatypicallydoesnotmatter(unliketimeseriesdata).横截面数据是指在某一时点收集的不同对象的数据，可指在同一时间点或近似同一时间点上收集的数据合。它对应同一时点上不同空间（对象）所组成的一组数据集合，研究的是某一时点上的某种经济现象，突出空间（对象）的差异Somedatasetswillhavebothatimeseriesandacross-sectionalcomponent.Thisdataisreferredtoaspaneldata(面板数据).面板数据有时间和截面两个维度，是截面数据与时间序列综合起来的一种数据资源。其有时间序列和截面两个维度，当这类数据按两个维度排列时，是排在一个平面上，与只有一个维度的数据排在一条线上有着明显的不同，整个表格像是一个面板,所以把paneldata译作“面板数据”。举例：如：城市名：北京、上海、重庆、天津的GDP分别为10、11、9、8（单位亿元）。这就是截面数据，在一个时间点处切开，看各个城市的不同就是截面数据。

如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年的北京市GDP分别为8、9、10、11、12（单位亿元）。这就是时间序列，选一个城市，看各个样本时间点的不同就是时间序列。

如：2000、2001、2002、2003、2004各年中国所有直辖市的GDP分别为：

北京市分别为8、9、10、11、12；

上海市分别为9、10、11、12、13；

天津市分别为5、6、7、8、9；

重庆市分别为7、8、9、10、11（单位亿元）。

这就是面板数据。Suchdataariseoftenineconomicswhenchoicesareinvolved(e.g.thechoicetobuyornotbuyaproduct,totakepublictransportoraprivatecar,tojoinornottojoinaclub).Theseanswersarereferredtoasqualitativedata(定性数据).定性数据也称品质数据，它说明的是事物的品质特征，不能用有一个统一单位的数值来表示。如:男，女；优秀、良好、及格。（P85）Themacroeconomist’sdataonsaleswillhaveanumbercorrespondingtoeachfirmsurveyed;forexample,thelastmonth’ssalesinthefirstcompanysurveyedwereRMB20,000.Thisisreferredtoasquantitativedata(定量数据).定量数据也称数量数据，它说明的是事物的数量特征，能够用有一个统一单位的数值（比如，身高可以用cm，m或英寸等，体重可以用kg或磅，温度可以用℃或K，声音的频率可以用赫兹或弧度/秒；这里的“统一单位”是指对不同的变量值都可以使用这个单位，而不是一定要使用这个单位）表示。StructuralFeaturesofGraphs:

（P87）StructuralFeaturesTitleLegendInformationanddataSourcesThebasiccomponentsinthegrapharetitle,legend,sources,informationanddata.Thetitle（标题）offersashortexplanationofwhatisinyourgraph.Thishelpsthereaderidentifywhattheyareabouttolookat.Itcanbecreativeorsimple.Thelegend(图例)tellswhateachlinerepresents.Ithelpsthereaderunderstandwhattheyarelookingat.InformationandData（信息和数据）:Linegraphscanpresentmorethanonegroupofdataatatime.Line,X-Yplotandareagraphscanpresentmorethanonegroupofdataatatime.Thesource（出处）explainswhereyoufoundtheinformationthatisinyourgraph.TechniquesPictureandWordWordandNumber

WordandText

Chapter9Business

LettersDefinitionofBusinessLetters

（P98）Lettersareabasicperson-to-personcommunicationthattakesplaceinawidevarietyofsettingsandsituations.Businesslettersrequiretheuseofconciselanguagethoughdifferenttypesofmessagesareorganizedaccordingtospecificsituations.ClassificationofBusinessLetterstypeofmessage1.routineletters2.good-newsletters3.bad-newsletters4.persuasivelettersRoutineLetters常规信息信函（P98-P100）Aroutinelettercontainsaneutralmessage-themainideaisneitherpositivenornegative.Thesenderissurethereceiverwillrespondasthesenderwants.Thus,thereceiverdoesnotneedtobepersuadedtodosomething.

Good-newsLetters好消息信函Areceiverwillreactfavorablytoaletterthatcontainsgoodnews.Bad-newsLetters坏消息信函Alettercontainingbadnewsconveysinformationthatwilldisappointthereceiver.Lettersthatdenyrequests,declinetosupplyinformation,refusecredit,orrejectaproposalbelongtothistype.PersuasiveLetters

劝说类信函Apersuasiveletterisaletterthatyouwritetoconvincesomeonetoagreewithyoursideofanargument.LinguisticFeaturesofLetters

SevenCsCompleteness(完整)Concreteness（具体）Clarity（清楚）Conciseness（简洁）Courtesy（礼貌）Consideration（体谅）Correctness（准确）FormatsofLettersFullBlockFormat齐头式

AllPartsofthebusinessletterareplacedagainsttheleftmargin.SemiblockFormat半齐头式Threeelementsaremovedtotherightmargin:thereturnaddress,thedate,thesignatureincludingthecomplimentarycloseIndentedFormat缩行式

Thefirstlineofparagraphsareindented,usuallyfivespaces.ModifiedFormat混合式

CombinationoftheabovetwostylesEssentialPartsofBusinessLetters商务信函的构成要素商务信函通常由七个主要部分构成:信头letterhead日期date信内地址insideaddress主题subjectline称呼salutation正文body结尾敬辞complimentaryclose签名signatureWritingRoutineandGood-NewsMessages

（P108）TheDirectApproachMainIdeaStep1DetailsandExplanationsStep2Future-orientedCloseStep3FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessageBad-newsletters（P108）TheIndirectApproachBufferStep1ReasonsStep2BadNewsStep3PositiveCloseStep4FlowoftheMessageSubstanceoftheMessageTechniquesPersuasiveLetter（P110）GeneralStructureGainingAttentionArousingInterestStimulatingDesire/ReducingResistanceEncouragingActionWritingE-mail（P111）Subjectlines

asbriefasyoucan.Format

acloseas“sincerely.”shouldbeafteryoumessage.EtiquetteusefullcapsontoemphasizeasinglewordortwoNOangrymessagesbye-mail.Messagesneededadaptyourmessagestotherecipient’ssystemincludetheessentialpartoftheoriginalmessageswhenrespondingtoamessageChapter10BusinessMemosMemos备忘录（P118）Memorandum,alsocalledmemoorinternalmemo,isakindofsimpleandefficientinternalcommunicationwithinabusinessorganization.Memoscanbesentviahardcopy(onpaper)orviae-mail(electronically).

Classification按照体裁类型，可以分为：要求类备忘录(requestmemos)itaimstoaskthereceiverforinformationoraction.信息类备忘录(informativememos)itoutlinesthefactsandthenrequeststhereader’sactions.劝说类备忘录(persuasivememos)itengagesthereader’sinterestbeforeissuingadirective回复类备忘录(responsememos)itprovidestheaudiencewithdesiredinformation.LinguisticFeaturesConcisenessCorrectness

andClarityCourtesyNeutralorPositiveTone语言特点StructuralFeaturesTITLEHEADINGBODYNOTATIONS（注释）结构特点Title标题部分(p119)备忘录的标题仅为一个词“MEMO”或“MEMORANDUM”，或内部备忘录(InternalMemorandum)，办公室间备忘录(InterofficeMemorandum)，位于首页正中。一般情况下，在印制好的备忘录专用纸张上，标题一般位于公司名称和徽标(logo)下方。Heading开头部分备忘录的开头与标题之间空两行，包括收件人(To)、发件人(From)、日期(Date)和事由(Subject)四部分。其格式布局一般采用纵向垂直和横向水平两种。

MEMORANDUMTO:FrankConnors,SecurityManagerFROM:JackVictors,SecuritySupervisorDATE:15thMarch,2007SUBJECT:IncidentReport-DamagetoMedicalEquipmentMEMORANDUMTO:FrankConnors,DATE:15thMarch,2007SecurityManagerFROM:JackVictors,SUBJECT:IncidentReportSecuritySupervisor-DamagetoMedicalEquipment

Body正文部分

备忘录的正文部分是其主体部分，即信息内容。依据其主题内容，正文部分的篇幅可短至一两句，也可长达几页。如果涉及两个主题，发送两份备忘录。为避免使备忘录过长的话，可将其变成一个报告，并附带一份备忘录进行简要说明。

Notations注释部分多数情况下，备忘录最后会附有与内容相关的各种表格、图表等注释，以证实所提供的信息真实、可靠，且言之有据。同时，要提及所附加的附件，并在最后加上一句话以表明附件内容。例如：Attachment(s)/Enclosure:SeveralComplaintsaboutProduct,January,2006Notations注释部分如果备忘录由助理或秘书经手的，起草人和助理都应标注他们的姓名缩写。前者以大写字母的形式出现，后者以小写字母的形式出现。例如：EIB:pjcIMK/pjcNotations注释部分当备忘录要分发给其他人，或其副本(copynotation)要发送给多名商业伙伴或其他有关当事人，并列举这些收件人的姓名。如下面的例子：Distribution:JeffreyJonesC/CC:JeffreyJones（副本）WritingSkillsforDifferentTypesofMemos(P123-P125)InformativeMemos:

areusedtotransferorexplainthecompanypolicies,guidelinesandproclaims.RequestMemos:

usethedirectordertoguaranteetheeffectiveexpression.ResponsesMemos:

beginswithshortparagraphstatingthepurposetorespondtoarequestforinformation.PersuasiveMemos:

thepointofviewisnotonlyfromtheexecutives,butalsofromthemanagersoremployees,whichmightbringagreatdealofresistance.Chapter11BusinessMinutesMinutes会议记录（P130）Minutesareabriefsummaryorrecordofwhatissaidanddecidedatameeting,especiallyofasocietyoracommittee.Theformisnotsoimportantaslongasitcanbeconciseandbrief.ClassificationofBusinessMinutesVerbatimMinutes逐字记录型会议记录:Incourtofhearingofwitnesses,everywordspoken,everythinghappenedatthemeetingisrecordedandused.MinutesofResolution决议型会议记录:Inminutesofresolution,onlytheresultofdiscussionsandthemainconclusionsarerecorded.MinutesofNarration叙述型会议记录:

Minutesofnarrationreferstoconcisesummaryofallthediscussionsandconclusionsmadeatthemeeting.MinutesofAction行动型会议记录:Insuchmeetingminutes,thereshouldbespeechesanddiscussiongivenbytheattendeesaswellasthemeasuresandthemanagerforspecificproject.LinguisticFeaturesConciseness&CoherenceFormalWrittenStyleAccurateSpeechObjectiveToneStructuralFeaturesHEADINGBASICSITUATIONBODYENDINGStructuralFeaturesHeading标题:

即会议的名称或者会议的类别。由公司、机构名称、标识或事由（含届、次）和会议记录组成。

BasicSituation基本情况:

记录人要写清开会时间(time)、会议地点(venue)、出席人(presence)、缺席人(absence)、列席人(attendee)、主持人(chairperson)和记录人(recorder)，必要时应注明其职务。如果会议规模非常小，记录人要把出席者和因故未出席者姓名列出，并标注出主持人和记录员。如果会议规模很大，只需列出出席人数、主持人和记录员姓名即可。

Body正文:

正文部分是会议记录的主要部分，包含主持人发言、主讲人报告、上级指示、会议讨论内容、会议决议等。该部分是记录和撰写的重要部分，是了解会议意图(purpose)的主要依据，是会议结果(resolution)的综合反映，也是日后备查(reference)的可靠依据。在较为正式的会议记录中，该部分常由背景、议题和结论组成。

Ending结尾：一般要包含:下次会议日期及主要议程、休会时间、会议记录人签名、附件信息、抄送人信息等。此外，在会议记录的右下方，由会议主持和记录人签名。

Otherterms（P132）Agenda(议事日程)

isalistoftopicswhichhavetobediscussedatameeting.MinutesofNarration（叙述型会议记录）Whiletakingtheminutesofnarration,youshouldrecordtheprocessandcontentofameetingwithsimple,declarativesentencesandordinarywordsorexpressionsMinutesofResolution（决议型会议记录）:Theresolutions,measures,andthediscussionresultsarethekeypointstobewrittendownfortheminutes-takerinthiskindofminute,whilethecontentshouldbe

writtenwithgeneralizedstatementsandabstractnouns.MinutesofAction（行动型会议记录）:Itmainlyrecordstheissueputforwardbyapersonorprocessofaprojectindetailevenincludingthespecificsteps,thecompletenessandsuperintendentsandsoon.Chapter12PressReleasePressRelease新闻稿（P144）Apressreleaseisatargetedstatementthatanorganization,grouporindividualcanmaketonotifythepublicregardingitsproduct,service,orbusiness.新闻稿(newsrelease;pressrelease)主要是指组织、企业或个人向大众告知有关其新产品、新服务、或商业信息的有目的性的声明。Itcanbecalledakindof“free”advertisingthatletsthepublic—potentialcustomers—getsomeinformationaboutitsbusiness.新闻稿也可被称作为“免费”的广告。它能使公众，尤其是潜在客户对其业务获得更多信息ClassificationofPressReleasesByTransmissionMode

Pressroom（新闻中心/新闻室）isafoldercontainingallthepressreleasesavailableonthewebsite,whichisanimportbusinesschanneltoissuepressreleases.ByReleaseTimeBySourceandTopicofInformationCommunicativePurposes（P145）ProvidingTimelyInformation

提供即时信息MeetingMediaNeeds满足媒体需求EnhancingInfluenceonthePublic提升大众影响力LinguisticFeatures准确性Accurate简洁性Concise可读性Readable客观性Objective条理性LogicalStructuralFeaturesofPressReleases（P147）企业标识Title/Logo发布指示ReleaseTime联系信息ContactInformation标题Headline导语Lead正文Body结尾EndBoilerplate样板文件（P150）Aboilerplateisaparagraphafterthepressreleasebody,oftenprecededwithalinesaying,,forexample,“AboutAfrica2000Network…”whichgivesgeneralbackgroundaboutthepersonororganizationissuingthepressrelease.新闻稿中的样板文件是指附在新闻稿正文内容后面的一段关于该公司或组织的简单介绍。注意这部分内容不要以“CompanyIntroduction”为题目，是相关内容。InvertedPyramidStructure

倒金字塔式结构（P155）Invertedpyramidwritingstyleplacesthemostimportantfactsatthebeginningandthen,thepressreleasemovesontoaninvertedpyramidstructureinordertodescendingorderofimportanceChapter13BusinessReportsBusinessReports

商务报告（P162）Abusinessreportisanorderly,objectivemessageusedtoconveyinformationfromoneorganizationalareatoanotherorfromoneinstitutiontoanothertoassistdecision-makingorproblemsolving.商务报告是某一企业内部或与其他企业之间传递信息，进行沟通的一种工具，用以帮助做出决策或问题解决的有组织性的客观的信息。ByFormality

FormalReports正式报告Formalreportisgenerallylongandaboutcomplexproblems.

InformalReports非正式报告Aninformalreportisusuallyashortmessagewritteninnaturalorpersonallanguage,whichisproducedasaccountsofdailybusinessmatters,oranythingrequiringquickdecisions.ClassificationofBusinessReports

ByFunction

InformationalReports信息式报告Theinformationalreportmerelypresentsthefactsandasummary—withoutanalyzing,interpreting,drawingconclusions,ormakingrecommendations.

AnalyticalReports分析式报告Theanalyticalreportprovidesfacts,analyzesandinterpretsthem,andmakesconclusionsaswellasrecommendationsifneeded.ClassificationofBusinessReports

LinguisticFeatures

■ObjectiveandImpersonal客观性■SpecificandFactual具体翔实■ConsistentandCoherent句式连贯，段落衔接■CompleteandConcise完整、清晰、准确GenreFeaturesofBusinessReports（P163）StructuralFeatures

ComponentsofFormalReports

PrefatoryParts（序言）TheTextofReport（正文）SupplementaryParts（补充）ComponentsofInformalReports

Title标题Introduction简介Findings发现Conclusions结论Recommendations建议GenreFeaturesofBusinessReports

TripReports差旅报告Thetripreportcallsfordescriptionofwhatoccurredduringameetingtriporotheractivity.ProgressReports进展报告ItdescribestheprogressofaplanbeingcarriedoutaaprojectwhichisunderwayorwhetheritiswithinthebudgetornotsothatthemanagerscanhavetheupdatedinformationaboutbusinessactivitiesorprojectworkedonWritingMethodsforotherBusinessReports(P168)PeriodicReports阶段性报告

Aperiodicreportisdesignedtodescribewhathashappenedindepartmentduringaparticularperiod.InvestigativeReports调查报告Investigativereportsarewritte