临床预防性使用抗生素教学提纲

临床预防性使用抗生素大学英语语法汇总大学英语语法汇总

/大学英语语法汇总大学英语语法汇总名词以S结尾的名词做主语的主谓一致以s结尾的疾病和游戏arthritis,bronchitis,rickets,measles,mumps,diabetes,darts,marbles做主语时谓语动词应使用单数形式。例：Arthritiscausespaininthejoints.特殊情况：有一些疾病/游戏名词作谓语动词可单可复：measles,ricketsCards做主语动词用复数；darts,marbles指游戏使用的具体的镖和弹子意义时，谓语动词marbles可单可复，darts用复数形式。例：Measlesalwayscccur/occursamongkids.Ninedartsarethrownateachturn.以s结尾的学科名称physics,mathematics,optics,acoustics,politics,athletics,tactics,linguistics,etc做主语时谓语动词使用单数。例：Mathematicsisalwaysaheadacheforgirls.Politicsalwaysattractsboys.特殊情况：如果这些词并不是只带“学科”等意义，谓语动词便可做复数使用。例如，mathematics运算能力,athletic体育运动,acoustics音响效果,tactics策略,economics经济学意义。例:TheacousticsinBonJovi’sTulsaconcertwerebeyondcriticismlastspring.以s结尾的地理名称TheStates,theunitedstates,theNetherlands,thePhilippines,theUnitedArabEmirates,theUnitedNation做主语时，谓语动词使用单数。例：TheNetherlandsisaEuroupeancountry.TheSatesisadevelopedcountry特殊情况：如果主语是群岛archipelago,山脉mountains,海峡straits,瀑布waterfalls,运动会games等，谓语动词则使用复数。例：TheNanshaIslands(TheSpratlyIslands)areintegralpartofChina.TheWuyimountainsarepicturesque.TheOlympicGamesareheldeveryfouryears.其他以S结尾的名词成双成对出现的名词做主语时：例如jeans,compasses(圆规）scissors,pincers,glasses,pants,shorts,trousers,slacks,suspenders等谓语动词使用复数.例：Theslacksaresocompleteful.TheHengdaliglassesaresopricey.但是加上单位词则使用单数。例：Onepairofglassesisfarfromenoughwhenyoutravelabroad.英语中还有一些以s结尾的名词，如archives,arms,clothes,contents,eaves,fireworks,firecrackers,goods,morals,thanks等，谓语动词使用复数。例：Thefirecrackersaresoloud.Manythanksgotomywifeandherfloks.Ings结尾的名词谓语动词一般使用复数。如，clippings,diggings,earnings,fillings,sweepings,etc例：Hisearningsareprettygood.特殊情况：tidings(旧）做主语时谓语动词可单可复。例Goodtidingsarecheerful.英语中有一些词，单复数同形，例如barracks,headquarters,means,series,species,works,sheep,deer谓语动词根据实际情况而定。例：Thismeansoftransportationdoesnotworkforme.Thismeanshavebeentried.TheseendangeredspeciesarewellprotectedinmainlandChina.少数的名词做单数和复数时意义不一样。例：Whatistheodds?(有什么要紧）Theoddsareinourfavors.(形式对我们有利）特殊情况：Remains做“遗体”时，谓语动词使用复数，如果当“遗迹”“剩余物”时，谓语动词可单可复。例：Theprimeminister’sremainswereburiedinthevicinityofthechurch.Thereremainsoftheancientcapitalhasbeenreducedtodebrisafterthemassivequake.Theremainsofthemealwas/werefedtothedog.集体名词做主语的主谓一致通常做复数的集体名词police,people,cattle,militia,poultry,personal,clergy,vermin等做主语时谓语动词使用复数。例：Theclergyremaindividedontheissueofwomenpriests.Thepersonal(总称：员工）arereluctanttoaltertherules.通常做单数的集体名词：foliage（叶子总称）,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise,clothing(clothes),poetry(poem,poet),baggage,luggage,scenery,jewellery(jewel).例：AllthemachineryismadeinChina.Thewoodenfurnitureisunaffordable.可单可复的集体名词：congregation,family,government,public,crew,class,committee,audience,couple,nation,population等谓语动词根据实际情况对待。例：Thefamilyisalargeone.Thefamilyareeatingsalmonattable.Acommittee/panel/boardof+pl.,谓语动词通常使用单数。例：Ablemsofconcordwithacoordinatesubjiectand连接的是一个人/一件事例：Theteacherandinterpreterhasbeenlaidupforacoupleofdays.Earlytobedearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise.and连接成对出现的名词：knifeandfork,cartandhorse,needleandthread,lawandorder,breadandbutter,hamandeggs,cerealandmilk,fishandchips,pancakesandsyrup,etc.例：Breadandbutterisatastybreakfastinwesternculture.Fishandchipsisapopularytake-awayfoodthatoriginatedintheUnitedKingdom.and连接every/each/no/manya+单数名词，谓语动词使用单数。例：Everymaleandeveryfemalehastoevacuatefromthepowerplant.Manyamanandwomaninthiscommunityfindshimselforherselfinneed.Noboyandnogirlisplayingtennis.and连接专有名词：theStarsandStripes,theBatandball.例：ThebatandBallisadelightfulInnwithlotsofexposedbeams,flagstonefloors,roaringlogfires&cathedralcandlesallcreatingatraditionalvillageatmosphere.TheStarsandStripeswasadoptedastheflagoftheUnitedStatesonJune14,1777.or/either...or.../not..but../notonly..butalso../neither..nor..连接的主语按Theprincipleofproxiomity(就近原则）例：EitheryouorIamwrong.AreeitheryouorIwrong?主语+asmuchas/ratherthan/morethan/nolessthan/aswellas/inadditionto/with/alongwith/togetherwith/except/but,etc.例：Ateacher,withhisstudents,iswatchinganEnglishmovie.Theking,withthelordsandcommons,constitutestheirgovernment.HiscousinratherthanhisparentsisheldresponsibleforthisinhumanemassacreProblemsofconcordwithexperessionsofquantityassubjectDefiniteQuantity（确定数量）①时间、数量、金钱、距离、重量等做主语时作为整体看待例：100dollarsmeansalottoakindofhisage.300poundsmakesanobeseguy.②Therebe句型例外:Thereare10dollaresinhispocket.③Fraction分数/percentage百分数+of，谓语动词和of后的名词保持一致例：Twothirdsoftheappleisrotten.Eightpercentofthestudentshavebeenmuggedinthisarea.④population例Fifty-fivepercentofChina’spopulationliveintheruralarea⑤operations运算Addition加：plus，andAubtraction减:minus，subtractedbyMultiplication乘:（multiplied)by,timesDivision除：dividedby都可以使用单数，但是加法和乘法有时候可以用复数。Fortyminustwentyleavestwenty.Twotimesequalssixteen.⑥onein/outofn.一般使用单数，有时使用复数例：Oneintengirlsdatesincollege.IndefiniteQuantity(不确定数量）①all/some/none/half/mostof+n.谓语动词根据of后面的名词来定例：Mostofthemoneyhasbeenspentontravelingabroad.MostoftheAmericanhighschoolboyshavedates.NonebutthebestcoffeeisgoodenoughforLynne.②aportion/series/pile/panelof,of后面的名词一般使用单数例：Apileoflogsispilingup.Apanelofexpertsisunabletoreachanagreement.③akind/type/sortof,of后面通常跟不可数名词或者单数名词，谓语动词使用单数。Thistypeofsportscarisreallycostly.但Carsofthistypearecostly.④these/thosekindof+pl.谓语动词使用单数例：Thesekindofbirdsaresorareforthishighlatitude.⑤manya/morethanone谓语动词使用单数例:Manyastudenthasfiledcomplaints.MorethanonecarcompanyhaslodgedclaimsagainstKumhoTires.OtherproblemsofS-Vconcord①NominalClause名词性从句谓语动词一般使用单数例：Howhecameherewasamystery.Howhecamehereandwhyhecamehereweremysterious②SVC结构中，如果C是名词复数，那么谓语动词可单可复。例：Whatisofimportancetomeis/arethedetailsofmywife’slife.③Non-finiteClauses,doing/todo做主语谓语动词使用单数例：Toseeistobelieve.TotakeMandarintakescourage.④RelativeClauses,定语从句中的谓语动词和先行词保持一致。例：Janeisoneofthefewgirlswhodon’tlikeproms.⑤***oneof...，the(very/only)oneof...例：Janeistheonlyoneofthefewgirlswhodoes’slikeproms.⑥CleftSentences,强调句谓语动词和主语一致。例：It’sIwhoammistanken.⑦ExistentialSentences,Theprincipleofproximity(就近原则）例：Thereisathank-younoteandtwowristbandsonthetable.Miscellaneous（其他）①The+adj.:thedead/rich/living/wealthy/wounded/blind/deafect谓语动词复数例:Thedeadarehauntingthegirlslivingonthatcornoroftheneighborhood.②a(the)numberof,a(the)totalof区分Anumberoffarmersareprotestingagainstbuildinganewairportonthefarmland.③Oneandahalf做主语时谓语动词常用单数形式。例：Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.④LargequantitiesofsandhavebeentransportedtotheYangtzeRiver.CollectiveNouns1、有的集体名词只做复数：people,police,cattle,verminect.有的集体名词只做单数：mankind,furniture,machinery,merchandiseect.有的集体名词可单可复：family,crew,governmentect.特殊情况:有一些集体名词具有个体意义：Thecossetedcouplehavefourfamiliestosupport.Thefamilyareeatinglunch.Thefamilyiscomposedofthreepeople.Beforeliberation,Chinausedtohavetwogovernmentsforawhile.Thegovernmentistryingtocurbonlinecrimes.Thegovernmentarenegotiatingthein-depthdetailswiththeforeignentyepreneur.MaterialNouns,物质名词一般为不可数名词，没有单数、复数之分。特殊情况：物质名词如果作为复数出现，意义不同。haveabeer?

Havetwobeers

havetea

Longjingisaworld-famoustea.

whitehair

Hehasafewwhitehairs.

sandsands

沙沙滩

waterwaters

水大片水体

food/fruitfoods/fruits

食物/水果多种食物/水果

coffee/twocoffees

咖啡/两杯咖啡

rubber（橡皮胶鞋）

橡胶

Wewearrubbersonourfeetwhenitrains.

stone(石头）

石料

Marbleisapreciousstone.

Egg（鸡蛋）

蛋渍

Thereissomeeggonhisnose.

Lamb(羔羊）

羊羔肉

Thereislambontoday’smenu.

onion(洋葱头）

洋葱味

Yousmellofonion.

Wood（树林）

木材

Thechairsaremadeofwood/thelostmanyelled,hopingthatsomeinthewoodscouldhearhim.

iron(熨斗）

铁

Ihaveonesteamiron.

Paper(论文，报纸）

纸张

Ihaveapapertoweite.

Glass(玻璃杯）

玻璃

Thisisamadeoftemperedglass.

cloth(一块布）

布料

Thisisaclothforthetable.

Chicken(小鸡）

鸡肉

Mynieceraisesachickenasherpet.

Fire(火灾）

火

Afirebrokeoutinthetrailerparklastnight

AbstractNouns,抽象名词没用单复数之分，因为不能计数。例：Knowledgeispower.Beautyistruth.Kindnessisavirtue.但是有的抽象名词使用单数和复数意义不同。sympathy（同情、怜悯）

sympathies(慰问、同情、怜悯）

experience(经验）

experiences(经历）

relation(关系）

relations(亲戚）

youth(青春）

youths(男青年）

worry(忧愁、烦恼）

worries(烦恼事）

distraction(心烦）

distractions(心烦得事）

business（商业、交易）

bussinesses(商店、商行）

kindness(仁慈）

kindness（善行）

Success(成功）

Successes(成功者、成功得事）

failure(失败）

Failures(失败者、失败的事）

Space(空间）

Aspace(空格）

disappointment(失望）

disappointments(令人失望得事）

4、family，room,mouth,ear在某些搭配中可以表示抽象概念。例：havetoomuchfamily/winter/mouthHavetoolittleear,makeroomfor,feelthepatriotriseman,croward,coquette,politician,sportsman,scholar,poet,fool等词在某些搭配中成了不可数名词。例：tobefoolenough,moreofafoolthan,asmuchofafoolas,toomuchofafool,enoughofaman,somethingofacelebrity专有名词有时候具有可数名词来使用。例：TheSongsusedtoholdswayinChina.IwishtobecomeanEdison.IwillbuyaFord/Lincoln.TheTwoChinasPolicycannotbebrookedbytheChinesepopulation.IndependentGenitive(独立属格）：thedooroftheclassroom/thedog’sower/TomandJohn’sroom/Tom’sandjohn’sbooks/themapoftheworldDounleGenitive(双重属格）：afriendofmymother’s必须满足三个条件：of前不能特指，即不得加the，但是可以使用this/that/some/anyetc;of后面必须指人；of后必须特指。例：somebooksofmine/afriendsofmine/acaroftony’s注意区别：aportraitofChairmanMao/aportraitofChairmanMao’sthispictureofMarvin/thispictureofMarvin’sDeterminers（形容词排序）县

官

行

令

杀

国

才

限定词

观看

形状

年龄

颜色

国别

材料

less/least在非正式英语中可以用来修饰可数名词复数。例:Lessandlessstudentsgoabroadforthepurposeofoverseaseducation.Xinjianghastheleastpeoplepersquareme.few

Fewlocalsvisitlocalpointsofinterest.

修饰可数名词表否定意义,修饰不可数名词表肯定意义

afew

Afewcouplesgetmarriedinfrontofthetownhall.

little

Thereislittlewaterleftinthethermalbottle.Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthattheydontn’tqualify.

修饰不可数名词表否定意义

Alittle

Thereisstillalittleroomforus.

修饰可数名词表肯定意义

all,both,every,always,entirely,altogether,completely,quite,allthetime等词和否定词连用表示部分否定。如果表示完全否定，则用no,none,neither,noone,never,not(never)..atall例：Allthatglittersisnotgold.Thisflowerisnotseeneverywhere.代词的排序问题：单数人称代词并列做主语时，其顺序为you,his/she/it,I例：You,heandIshouldreturnontime.复数人称代词做主语时，其顺序为we,you,they例：We,youandtheyareallsupposedtodefendourmotherlandintimesofwar.特殊情况：在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。①在承认错误，承担责任时：ItwasandJohnwhoupsettherowdykids.②在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称：Iandyoushouldtrytogetitfinishedbytomorrowevening.PresentPerfect（现在完成时）:have/hasdonefor/since/already/just/never/ever/before/yet/lately/recently/sofar/inthelast(past)fewyears/uptillnowetc.2、Don’tconfuseHavebeentoandHavegoneto例：HergreatunclehasbeentotheIvoryCoast.(点动词、短暂性动词）Hismother-in-lawhasgonetotheBalticcountyies（段动词、延续性动词）点动词：but/borrow/leave/join/die/marry/come/go/lose/begin/stop/arrive/lend但是，如果现在完成时的谓语动词是点动词的否定形式，那么这种动作是可以延续的。例：Hehasn’tlefthomeforonemonth.Ihaven’tseenyouforsolong.It’s(time)since...例：It’sbeen2yearssinceIleftmyhomecity.It’sbeen2yearssinceIlivedinhere.It’s2weekssinceIcaughtacold.It’s3monthssinceIgotmarried.It’sbeen6weekssinceIwasmarried.Itisthefirst/second...lasttime+thatclause从句一律使用完成时例：ItisthefirsttimethatIhaveeverbeendrugtested.LastyearwasthefirsttimethatIhadtraveledtoOceania.PastPwrfect(过去完成时）：haddone,hardly/scarcelyhad...when,nosoonerhad...than例：Hardlyhadwemadeittherewhenthebumbegantofilecomplints.hope/think/expect/intend/mean/suppose/want使用过去完成时，可以表示过去未实现的希望、打算、意图。例:Ihadhopedtoseatmyselfwithoutbeingrecognized.Ihadintendedtocomevisityourfamilylastweek,butIgotsosick.ConstructionsdenotingfuturetimeWill/shalldo,begoingtodo/bedoing/beabouttodo/betodoPassiveVoicebedone,am/is/aredone,was/weredone,willbedone/begoingtobedone,has/have/hadbeendone,bebeingdone,besupposedtodo无被动语态：happen,look,appear,die,last,lie,breakout,cometrueect.例：Mydreamshavecometrue.Thecarwreckhappenedthismorning.It’s+pastparticiple+that:It’ssaid/believed/knownthat...CausativeVerbs:let/make/have例：Myschooldistrictmakesthestudentgovernmentpostadsonthebillboards.Thestudentgovernmentismadetopostadsonthebillboards.Senseverbs:see/watch/observe/lookat/hear/listento/noticeetc.例：Hisstepmomhearshimplaythepianoeverymornong.Heisheardtoplaythepianoeverymorning.Hissisterheardhimplayingpercussioninstrumentsnextdoor.Hewasheardplayingpercussioninstrumentsnextdoor.PassiveVoice:need/require/want/demand/bewroth后跟ing可表示被动概念。例:Theblockbusteriswellworthwatching.Therockingchairrequiresrepairing.Thediaperneedschanging.主动结构表被动。例：Tomatoesbruiseeasily.Thewindowwon’tshut.Thedoordoesn’tlock.Thefoodstoreclosesat5pm.Thematerialwon’twear.HarryPotteersellswell.Potatoescookslowly.Hisworksareprionting.不及物动词无被动语态，但有时候be+vi.pastpartisiple是系表结构。Thegalisgone.Thesunisalreadyrisen.Theleavesareallfallen.Thedogisreturned.SubjunctiveMood(虚拟语气）英语中的三种语气：陈述、祈使、虚拟。虚拟语气（SubjunctiveMood)表示说话人说的不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑、或推测。例：Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,Englishwouldbealoteasiertolearn.1、If条件句中的虚拟语气时间

谓语动词的虚拟形式

现在

动词过去式（be多用were）

would/should/could/mifht+have+过去分词

过去

had+过去分词

would/should/could/might+have+过去分词

将来

动词过去式或should/wereto+动词原形

would/should/could/might+动词原形

suppose,supposing有时候可以替换if例：Tfitwerenotrainingnow,wewouldgoforapicnic.IfheknewEnglish,hewouldn’tturntomeforhelp.Shewouldhavegonetothepartyifshehadbeeninveted.Ifmumhadn’tcalledme,Iwouldhaveoversleptthismorning.IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuyanewcar.IfIshouldfail,Iwouldtryagain.IfIweretobeadmittedtouniversitynextyear,IwouldmajorinFrench在省略If的条件状语从句的虚拟语气中的助动词提前例：1.Ifyouhadcomeafewminutesearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.Hadyoucomeafewminutesearlier,...2.Ifitshouldraintomorrowwewouldn’tgoout.Shoulditraintomorrow,...3.Ifitweretoraintomorrow,wewouldnotgoout.Wereittoraintomorrow,...Ariant含蓄条件句：虚拟条件暗含在短语或上下文中，从句不表现。这时，必须根据句中表述的意义以及某些特定的信息词，如：介词without，butfor；副词otherwise，连词or，orelse等句型：ifitwerenotfor...(现在或将来）ifithadn’tfor...(过去）例：Withoutelectricity,humanlifewouldbequitedifferenttoday.YesterdayJanewalkedawayfromthedission.Otherwise,shemighthavesaidsthshewouldregretlater.时间错综句：Iftheflowerhadbeenwatered,itwouldn’tdienow.Ifhistelevisionsethadnotbeenstolenyesterday,hewouldbewatchingTVnow.虚实错综句：虚拟现象与客观事实错综交织在一起的句子。例：Theymighthaveleftearlier,butthecarwasn’tready.Wecouldhavewalkedtothestation;itwassonear.Yes.Ataxiwasn’tatallnecessary.should+verb型虚拟语气虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用：一坚持，二命令，三建议，四要求及其他inist,order,command,decree;suggest,propose,advise,move,recommend;demand,require,request,ask;resolve,decide,prefer,vote,resolve,desire,urge用于宾语从句例：Themanisistedheshouldbesenttothefront.Isuggestedthatweshouldstartoutearlier.当inist表示对已发生过的事物的看法，或当suggest为“说明”“暗示”时，从句用陈述语气而不用虚拟语气。例：TheArabinistedthathehadn’tseenthecamel.Hissmilesuggestedthathewashappy.在主句从句中用以表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此，构成Itis过去分词/natural/important/necessary/strange/advisable/vital/apity/ashame/inperative/desirable/appropriate/essential/fitting/impossible/obligatory/properetcthat句型例：It’snaturalthathemakeanapologytohim.It’sapitythathebesocareless.It’ssostrangethatshethinksso.表语从句：这类名词有suggestion，request，order，advice，resolution，motion，decision，decree，demand，instruction，requirement，idea等“坚持/命令/要求”。例：Theofficer’sorderwasthathissoldiersshouldgointothesubjectatfulllength.Myadviceisthatnocollegestudentdateinclass.同位语从句：suggestion，request，order，advice，resolution，motion，decision，decree，demand，instruction，requirement，idea等“坚持/命令/要求”。例：Ididnotreceivetheorderthatyoushoulddepartatonce.Hissuggestionthatyoushouldkeepsilentsoundsquitereasonable.一般过去时句型：一般过去时表示现在或将来，用过去完成时表示过去。使用could,would等过去式表示委婉语气。Couldyoupleasehelpmeout?用于sothat，inorderthat，forfearthat，incase，lest等引导目的状语从句。Themeetingwillbeputoffincaseit(should)rain.Theyclimedhighersothat/inorderthattheycouldseethewholecity.Sheisworkinghardforfearthatshecould/mightlagbehindothers.（incase不一定使用虚拟：IncaseIamlate,startwithoutme.)Shepulledawayfromthewindowlestanyone(should)seethem.**从句若为否定，一般用shouldn’t.Helockedthedoorofhisroominorderthatheshouldn’tbedisturbedbysomeone.Itis(high/about)timethat...例：It’stimethattheproblemwereboss.It’shightimethatweshutdownforbed.asif/asthoughHebehavesasifheweremyboss.TheyarestaringatmeasifIwerecrazy.Hedeliveredthespeechasiftosaythathewasapunditinthisfield.Itisasifhewerenotanalien.WishIwishIwereabird.Iwishyouhadn’tgotmarried.IwishIcouldhavegonetothemovielastnight.IfonlyIfonlyIcouldfly/IfonlyIhadrememberedtogetsomegumforeveryday.wouldrather/hadrather/wouldsooner/hadsooner/would(just)assoonIwouldratherthatmycousinhadn’tbeenintoxicatedlastnight.Ihadratherthematterwerenotmadepublic.Iwouldrathernottellyou.（十四）动词原型：该类虚拟语气谓语动词用动词原形，第三人称也不加s表示强烈愿望：Godsaveme.LongliveChairmanMao！may放在句首表示说话人对对方的祝福。Mayyoubehappy.Mayyouprosper.让步虚拟语气：as或whether...or...谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.NominalClause(名词性从句）①Statement陈述句：Hiishonest.Webelievethatheishonest.Paymentshouldbemadewithinfivedays.Thesellerdemandedthatpaymentshouldbemadewithinfivedays.②陈述句变宾语从句：加that并且时态要发生变化。③如果是客观真理，时态不用变化。Theearthrevolvesroundthesun.Thegeographyteachertaughtusthattheearthrevolvesroundthesun.④否定前移：当主句的主语为第一人称且动词是think，believe，suppose，guess，imagine，expect，suspect等时，若从句是否定句，应当把否定词转移到主句上来。Idon’tthinkyouareright.Ididn’tsupposeyoucare.Wedidn’tguessthegirl’steamwouldwin.⑤如果宾语从句是两个陈述句，那么第二个从句中的that不可省略。Healwayssays(that)hedoesn’ttakedrugsandthathedoesn’tminglewiththegang.GeneralQuestion(一般疑问句）：Areyoualocal?Mr.Hanaskedmewhether/ifIwasalocal.Doyoustillworkedinthatchemicalplant?Myspouseaskedmewhether/ifIstillworkedinthatchemicalplan.①加whether/if可以把一般疑问句变为宾语从句，保持陈述句语序，时态与主语一致。whether/if区别：做介词宾语时只能使用whether(Itdepentsonwhethertherainwillletuptomorrow);和不定式连用的时候只能用whether（Idon’tknowwhethertovacationornot);和ornot连用时一般使用whether（It’snotcertainwhetherheisaconvictornot);如要表达“如果”的意思，只能使用if（Iamwonderingifwewillhavethesportsmeetifwehaveaduststormtomorrow);在discuss，wonder后做宾语从句时，用whether引导（Wearediscussingwhetherwewillputoffthemeeting);如果宾语从句放在句首，一般使用whether（Whetherhewilldivorce,Iamnotcertain);用在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中时只能使用whether（Whetheritistrueremainsaquestion.Thequestioniswhetherthejurorhasanopenmind.ThequestionwhetherwehavetodispatchforcesisstillpendingintheSenate);wherter/if和that（Idoubtwhether/if我怀疑。。。是否Idon’tdoubtthat...我毫不怀疑。。。）SpecialQuestion(特殊疑问句）①Howdoyoulocatemyhouseongoogleearth?②HewantedtoknowhowIlocatedhishouseongoogleearth.③Whoisresponsibleforthecross-bordercrime?④Interpolarewonderingwhoisresponsibleforthecross-brodercrime.⑤sum-up:从句使用陈述句语序，从句语态和主语时态保持一致，从句人称要和主语保持逻辑上的一致。SubjectClauses①Thattherenownedprofessorwilldeliveralectureiscertain.②It’ssaidthatAnyangisoneofthefestestgrowingcitiesinCentralChina’sHenanProvine.③Whetherhewillremaryornothasn’tbeendecied.④Ithasnotbeendecidedwhetherhewillremaryornot.⑤WhythegirlisnotinterestedinCaucasianguysismyquestion.⑥Whatresultedinthebigfireisstillamysrery.⑦Whoeverleavesthecofficehastoshutthedoor.⑧注意whoever/whatever/however的用法Appositiveclauses①Theideathatwewillextendaninvitationsoundsprettynice.②Thequestionwhetherwecangotothemovieshasn’tbeensettled.Subjectcomplement①That’swhatwearesupposedtodo.②Thequestioniswhetherwecangettherewithin3hours.③WhatIamthinkingisthatweshouldleaveforBeijingrigutaway.ModalVerbs:一般情况下，情态动词没有人称和数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加S。can/beableto表示先天的能力；可能（过去时用could），只用于现在式和过去式（could）。beableto可以用于各种时态。TheywillbeabletowatchFoxnews.IhavebeenabletospeakbrokenJapanese.只用beableto:位于助动词之后；情态动词之后；表示成功地做了某事，只能用was/wereableto,不能用could。HewasabletofleeEuropebeforeWWIIbrokeout.=HemanagedtofleeEuropebeforethewarbrokeout.Imaybeabletoaffordacopterinthefuture.Theladyshouldbeabletohaveababynextyear.could/can:提出委婉的要求（注意在回答中不可用could）；在否定/疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。may和might：表示允许或请求；没有把握的推测；may放在句首表祝愿。注意might表推测时，不表时态。只是可能性比may小。mightaswell,后面接不带to的不定式，意为“不妨”。Might（力量），mighty（力量大的），almighty（万能的）。Maygodblessyou.Hemightbeathome.Wemayaswelltry.haveto和must:两词都是“必须”的意思，haveto表客观，must表主观；haveto有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务；在否定结构中：don’thaveto表“不必”，must表“禁止”。Mybrotherthrewupatschool,soIhadtocallforadpctor.Hesaidthattheymustworkhard.Thedoctorhastoattendhissisterafterschool.Youdon’thavetobuyanLVforme.Youmustn’tplaysocceronthestreet.Must表示肯定推测，否定推测用can’t/couldn’t,不可以使用mustn’t.其他情态动词的推测用法：shouldn’t/oughtto/can/could/need(not)/can/could/may/might/musthavedone.should和oughtto都为“应该”的意思，可用于各种人称。hadbetter表示“最好”，相当于一个助动词，后面跟动词原形。Hadbetterdo,hadbetternotdo;hadbetterhavedonesth表示与事实相反的结果，意为“本来最好”。Itisprettycold.You’dbetterputonmycoat.She’dbetternotplaywiththedog.Youhadbetterhavecomeearlier.wouldrather表示“宁愿”，wouldratherdo，wouldrathernotdo，wouldrather...than宁愿...而不愿。还有wouldsooner，hadrather，hadsooner都表示“宁愿”、“宁可”的意思。IfIhaveachoice,Ihadsoonernotcontinuemysttudiesatthisschool.Iwouldratherstayherethangohome=Iwouldstayhereratherthangohome.Will和would：wouldliketodo=wanttodo;will/wouldyou...?wouldyoulike...?表示肯定含义的劝说时，疑问句中一般用some而不是any；否定结构用will，一般不用would，won’tyou是一种委婉语气；would比will更委婉。Wouldyouliketogowithme?Wouldyoulikesomecake?Won’tyousitdown?Wouldyoupleaseclosethewindowforme?Need和dare这两个词既可做实意动词，又可做情态动词。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句、否定句和条件句。Need作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词时，后面的to时常可以被省略。①实义动词：need（需要，需求），need+n./todosth②情态动词：只用原形need后加do，否定式为neednot。③need+doing可表被动，类似的词还有want，demand，require，beworth后面接doing也可以表被动：needdoing=needtobedone。④如何区分情态和实义动词：是否有s;是否可以直接加not；其后是否有to。usedto：didn’tuseto=usen’tto;ausedbook/car(旧书、旧车）；be/getusedtodoing(习惯于做...）;beusedtodo（被用来做...);beusedfor（被用来...);beuseas（被用作...);beusedup（被用完）Would和usedto：would只与动态动词连用；而usedto可以和动态动词、静态动词连用。Iusedtosuspecthewasamugger.Girlswouldplaysoftballinhighschool.半情态动词：besupposedtodo/beabouttodo/beabletodo/beboundtodo/bedueto/beliableto/besureto/beto/hadbetter/hadbest/haveto/failto/getto/tendto/becertainto/belikelyto/appearto/chanceto/happento/seemto/turnouttoInfinitiveing/todo/done与have/get:have...do/doing/done补语，get...todo/doing/done补语，getgoing/moving例：AclusterofmisconductallegationshastheSanDiegopolicechieffumingandofficialsscramblingforreform.Marahadherfingersburnedwhilecooking.IwillgetmyChryslergoing.不定式的被动式Thenewplaytobeputontonightwillbealotoffun.Thelaundryistobewashedassoonaspossible.不定式的否定式（never/nottodo):Iwarnthemnevertosmokeinthefacilities.Irecommendpeoplenottoeatjunkfood.不定式做主语It’supliftingtoreceiveamessagefrommybosseveryonceinawhile.It’ssofoolishofyoutodropcoinsinthefaceofsuchbrazenbeggars.(如果形容词是说明逻辑主语的性格特征，应用of取代for：wise，clever，kind，nice，silly，rude，cruel，wrong，right，foolish，stupid，careless，natural，politeetc)比较：It’snatural(天性）ofadogtobiteastranger.It’snatural(自然的）forpeopletohelpeachotherintimesofdifficulty.不定式做宾语agree/aim/apply/arrange/choose/claim/decide/demand/desire/determine/endeavor/ecpect/hope/learn/manage/offer/pledge/prepare/pretend/profess/promise/refuse/resolve/seek/swear/threaten/undertake/venture/voluteer/vowect.Theyseektocurbtheinflation.Vickyofferedtogivemearideonadailybasis.Thekidsvolunteeredtofeedthestraydog.Iresolvenevertoseeheragain.Laden’sacolytevowedtoavengehisdeath.不定式做补语think/consider/believe/suppose/feel/find/imagine/prove/declare/find/discover/feel/judge/understand等动词后可以使用tobe结构作补语，也可省略。Weallconsiderourmotherlandtobeinfluentialintheworldatena.TaiwanisthoughttobeaninalienablepartofChina.Weinagine/supposehertobeover50.不定式结构中的省略①IshallcomeifIwantto.Hedoesn’tdancenow,butheusedto.②to被省略的情况：whynot...Whynottakeapairofrainbootswithyou?③使役动词（causativeverbs):make/let/have;感官动词(senseverbs)：see/hear/observe/notice/feel/watch/listento/lookat.Letmemeasureyou,sir.Wefeltthehouseshakeatlunchtime.④使役、感官动词的被动变被动语态时需要加上toThekidismadetofinshuphisassignment.WesawLeeweep.Leewasseentoweep.WesawLeesobbing.Leewasseensobbing.⑤to被省略的情况hadbetterdo/hadbetternotdo,wouldratherdo/wouldrathernotdo等情态动词后Ihadbetterputonmygloves.⑥haveknown+宾语之后Ihaveneverknownthatladysmile.HaveyoueverknownMarvintellalie.⑦but/expect句型中如果前面有do，后面要省略to.Hedoesnothingbutcomplain.Icouldn’tdoanythingelseexceptsitthereandpray.Icouldn’tsayanythingbuttolisten.SVC句型中，如果主语部分有do的某种形式，那么表语可带to也可以不带。Allyouhavetodonowis(to)waitandsee.TheleastIcandois(to)driveeverybodyelseclosertotheissuewhetherBinLadenhasbeenkilled.不带to的叠加结构makebelieve/makedowith/makedoon/letdrop/letfall/letfly(at)/letsilp/letgo(of)/leavegoof/heartell(of)/(let...)gohangIt’shardtoletgoofmyexgirlfriend.Themanmakesbelieveheisamultimillionaire.不定式符号to与介词to的辨别whenitcomesto,submitto,admitto,clingto,resortto,bereducedto,bedevotedto,getdownto,withaviewto,owingto,asto,thanksto,withaneyeto,inadditionto,beresignedt