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英语语法中的37大难点之前18大难点讲解难点1并非只表抽象的抽象名词抽象名词一般看作不可数名词,但有时也可与冠词连用,表示具体化。●难点磁场1.(★★★★★)Jumpingoutofairplaneattenthousandfeetisquite________excitingexperience.(NMET2002)A.不填;theB.不填;anC.an;anD.the;the2.(★★★★★)Manypeopleagreethat________knowledgeofEnglishis________mustininternationaltradetoday.A.a;aB.the;anC.the;theD.不填;the3.(★★★★★)Onewaytounderstandthousandsofnewwordsistogain________goodknowledgeofbasicwordinformation.(上海2002)A./B.theC.aD.one4.(★★★★)—Ihearthatasmanyas150peoplewerekilledintheearthquake.—Yes,________newscameas________shocktous.A.the;theB.the;aC.不填;不填D.不填;a5.(★★★★)Hehas______greatinterestinhistory,especiallyin______historyofTangDynasty.A.a;theB.a;/C./;theD./;a●案例探究1.FormanyBeijingers,dreamsoflivingin___greenareaarebecoming____reality.A.a;aB.the;theC.不填;不填D.the;不填命题意图:表面看本题考查学生对冠词的用法,其实也考查了学生对抽象名词具体化的掌握,属于五星级题目。知识依托:抽象名词并非都作不可数名词。错解分析:D选项迷惑性较大,许多同学会认为reality为抽象名词,不能用a。解题方法与技巧:抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示性质类别的修饰词,指概念的“一种”“一类”“一次”等时,可用不定冠词,例如:Physicsisascience.答案:A2.Thepolicehave________powertoarrestbadpeopleby________law.A.the;theB.a;aC.the;不填D.不填;the命题意图:考查学生对抽象名词具体化的理解,属于四星级题目。知识依托:定冠词与抽象名词连用,特指双方都了解的人或事。错解分析:许多学生会认为D正确,认为power是抽象名词,故不能用冠词。解题方法与技巧:toarrestbadpeople是power的定语,故此处用the表示特指。答案:C●锦囊妙计1.不定冠词与抽象名词连用表示:①一种、一场或某个动作的一次、一番。例如:Itwasawar,havealook,haveatry。②某一品质的具体行动。例如:Thankyou,Tim.Youhavedonemeakindness.③引起某种情绪的事。例如:It’sapleasuretoworkwithyou.It’sapitythatyoucan’tswim.2.定冠词与抽象名词连用,特指某一时、某一次的行动或情绪,或说话的双方都了解的人或事。3.注意:有些词组中,有没有冠词含义是不同的。试比较:●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★)Heis________(help)tome.2.(★★★★)Nowadaysmanyyoungpeoplegetinto________habitofsmokingin________publicandcan’tkickit.A.the;theB./;/C./;theD.the;/3.(★★★★★)—Thenewsisspreadingfrommouthtomouth.—Yes,it’sbecome________talkof________town.A.a;aB.the;/C.the;theD.a;/4.(★★★★★)Infaceof________failure,itisthemostimportanttokeepup________goodstateofmind.A./;aB.a;/C.the;/D./;the5.(★★★★★)Havingreceived________trainingoftheMs.Company,hewasoffered________importantpositioninmanagement.A.the;anB.不填;anC.the;不填D.a;a6.(★★★★★)In________SaharaDesert,________rainwasscarce,butinmyhometownthereis________heavyrainnowandthen,andtheriveraroundthetownrisesalotafter________.A.the;the;a;aheavyrainB.the;/;a;heavyrainsC./;/;/;aheavyrainD.the;the;a;heavyrains7.(★★★★)Thebuildingwascompletedin________Septemberof1956notin________October,1955.A./;theB.the;theC./;/D.the;/难点2冠词的非前位用法限定语与所修饰的中心名词的关系一般顺序是:冠词+表示大小尺寸的限定词+表示颜色的限定词+表示原材料的限定词+中心名词。但在某些固定结构中,冠词放在了形容词之后。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)—Whatabout________book?—It’stoodifficult________book.A.a;aB.a;theC.the;theD.the;a2.(★★★★★)________Beijingyouseetodayisquite________differentcityfromwhatitusedtobe.A.The;不填B.The;aC.不填;theD.A;a●案例探究1.Peterwon’tdriveustothestation.Hehas________totakeusall.A.averysmallcar B.toosmallacarC.atoosmallcar D.suchasmallcar命题意图:考查学生对冠词不放在第一位的固定结构的掌握,属于四星级题目。知识依托:不定冠词放在too+形容词之后。错解分析:C迷惑性较大,学生都学过too+adj./adv.+to…结构,但对于too+adj.+n.+to…结构不熟悉。解题方法与技巧:名词前修饰语一般正常语序为:不定冠词+形容词+名词。但有些固定结构需注意,如too+adj.+a/an+n.。答案:B2.Exerciseis________asanyothertoloseunwantedweight.A.sousefulaway B.asausefulwayC.asusefulaway D.suchausefulway命题意图:考查学生对冠词不放在第一位的固定结构的掌握,属五星级题目。知识依托:不定冠词放在as+形容词之后。错解分析:A、B迷惑性较大,so…as结构常用于否定句和疑问句,故不能选A、B。解题方法与技巧:名词前修饰语正常语序为:不定冠词+形容词+名词,但有些固定结构需注意,如:as+adj.+a/an+n.答案:C●锦囊妙计1.不定冠词用在quite,rather,many,half,what,much等词之后。例如:Heisratherafool.—Whatdidyouthinkoftheconcert?—Oh,itwasquiteasuccess.2.不定冠词用在so(as,too,how)+形容词之后。例如:Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.It’stoodifficultabookforustoread.注意:以元音音素开头的名词前加不定冠词时用“an”。例如:anapple。即使单词拼写以辅音字母开头,但该词的读音是元音音素开头,加不定冠词时也要用“an”,例如:anhour,anhonestboy;反之,拼写以元音字母开头,但读音是辅音,加不定冠词时要用“a”,例如:auniversity。3.so…that与such…that:so②such…that和so…that有时可以换用,条件是such所修饰的名词必须是一个单数可数名词,且该名词还带有表性质的形容词。转变公式如下:sucha/an+形容词+名词→so+形容词+a/an+名词。例如:Heissuchagoodstudentthatwealllikehim.→Heissogoodastudentthatwealllikehim。但是,如果是不可数名词或复数可数名词,则只能用such,不能用so修饰。例如:Itwassuchbadweatherthathehadtostayathome。③如果复数名词前有many,few,不可数名词前有much,little等表示量的形容词时,应该用so而不用such。如:I’vehadsomanyfallsthatI’mblackandblueallover.MrWhitegotsolittlemoneyamonththathecouldhardlykeepbodyandsoultogether(维持生活)。但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。例如:Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthattheycannotcleanthehousebythemselves.●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★)Annis________girl.A.quiteabright B.aquitebright2.(★★★★).It’s________day.A.arathercold B.ratheracoldC.acoldrather3.(★★★★★)________ishere.A.Manyaboy B.Manyboys4.(★★★★)多么聪明的一个男孩。5.(★★★★)Englishis________totheworldasotherlanguages.A.sousefulabridge B.asausefulbridgeC.asusefulabridge D.suchausefulbridge难点3不定代词的固定表达不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数与不可数、单数与复数的区别,用时需慎重。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)—Is________here?—No,BobandTimhaveaskedforleave.A.anybodyB.somebodyC.everybodyD.nobody2.(★★★★)Theywereverytired,but________ofthemwouldstoptotakearest.A.anyB.someC.noneD.neither3.(★★★★)Ihopethereareenoughglassesforeachguesttohave________.A.itB.thoseC.themD.one4.(★★★★★)—Whenshallwemeetagain?—Makeit________dayyoulike;it’sallthesametome.A.oneB.anyC.anotherD.some5.(★★★★★)Iagreewithmostofwhatyousaid,butIdon’tagreewith________.A.everythingB.anythingC.somethingD.nothing(NMET1997)6.(★★★★★)SarahhasreadlotsofstoriesbyAmericanwriters.Nowshewouldliketoread________storiesbywritersfrom________countries.A.some;anyB.other;someC.some;otherD.other;other7.(★★★★)—CanyoucomeonMondayorTuesday?—I’mafraid________dayispossible.A.eitherB.neitherC.someD.any8.(★★★★★)Dr.BlackcomesfromeitherOxfordorCambridge,Ican’tremember________.A.whereB.thereC.whichD.that9.(★★★★★)—Arethenewrulesworking?—Yes.________booksarestolen.A.FewB.MoreC.SomeD.None10.(★★★★)Fewpleasurescanequal________ofacooldrinkonahotday.A.someB.anyC.thatD.those●案例探究1.Ifyouwanttochangeforadoubleroom,you’llhavetopay________$15.A.anotherB.otherC.moreD.each(NMET2000)命题意图:本题考查学生对“又”“再”的英语表达方式的掌握,属五星级题目。知识依托:“another+数词+复数可数名词”表示在原有基础上多出的数量。错解分析:B、C迷惑性较大。因other、more也有“再”“又”之意,但位置与another不同。解题方法与技巧:必须记清表达方式,数词+more/other+复数可数名词。答案:A例:I’vegotanotherthreebooks.I’vegotthreemore/otherbooks.2.—Whydon’twetakealittlebreak?—Didn’twejusthave________?A.itB.thatC.oneD.this(NMET2000)命题意图:考查学生对表示特指事物的代词和表示泛指事物的代词的区别,属四星级题目。知识依托:one代替单数可数名词,但泛指物。错解分析:A项选择迷惑性较大。因人称代词it和不定代词one都可以代替单数可数名词,但it指特定事物。解题方法与技巧:答语中用one泛指第一个对话者询问的alittlebreak。答案:C●锦囊妙计不定代词的种类较多,用法各异,下面分别进行介绍。1.one,some与any的用法one可以泛指任何人,还可以在形容词和that、this等词后代替刚提过的可数名词,其复数形式为ones,可用作主语和宾语;one’s是它的物主代词形式,可用作宾语;oneself是它的反身代词形式,可用作宾语。some和any通常用作定语,都可用来修饰可数与不可数名词、单数或复数名词。some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某一”。some用于数词前,表示“大约”。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问、否定句中。例如:Oneshouldwashoneselfregularly.ThisfilmisnotasgoodastheoneIsawyesterday.Hethoughtitovercarefullyandconcludedthatheavyobjectsalwaysfellfasterthanlightones.Wehavesomefoodleft.Haveyouanybooks?Idon’thaveanybooks.注意:①some可用于表达邀请或请求、预期的答案是肯定的或鼓励对方给予一个肯定的答复的问句。例如:Couldyouletmehavesomecoffee?(请求)Wouldyoulikesomebananas?(邀请)②some和any可用作主语和宾语。例如:Somearesinging,othersaredancing.(主语)DoesanyofyouknowMrWang?(主语)Idon’tlikeanyofthebooks。(宾语)③some,any,every,no与one,body,thing构成的合成代词都作单数看待。另外,some的合成代词一般用于肯定句,any的合成代词一般用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。例如:Didanybodyaskforyououtside?Thereissomebodywaitingforyou.2.each,every的用法①each强调个体,可以充当宾语、定语、主语和同位语,every强调整体,相当于汉语的“每个都”,在句中只作定语。例如:Theteacherhadatalkwitheachofthem.(宾语)Eachofushastwoboxes.(主语)Wehavetwoboxeseach.(同位语)Eachboyhasabike.(定语)Everyonehasstrongandweakpoints.(定语)②each所代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every所指的数必须是三个以上。例如:Eachofthetwohaswonaprize.EverystudentintheclasslikesEnglish.Thereisalineoftreesoneachsideoftheriver.3.none和no的用法:①no=noany在句中作定语,修饰可数或不数名词。none在句中作主语或宾语。none不能用来说明两个人或物。例如:Thereisnowaterinthewell(井).(定语)Noneofthemknowthestory.(主语)Iknownoneofthem.(宾语)②none代替不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。例如:Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties。③none不能回答who的问题,可回答howmany或howmuch的问题,例如:(误)—Whoisintheclassroom?—None.(改None为Noone或Nobody)(正)—Howmanystudentsarethereintheclassroom?—None.4.many和much的用法many和much都表示“许多”,many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词,都可用作主语、宾语和定语。例如:Manyofthestudentsoftengoshopping.(主语)Ihavemuchtodo.(宾语)Thereisnotmuchwaterinthecup.(定语)much有时用作状语,例如:Helikesplayingfootballverymuch。(状语)5.few,little;afew,alittle的用法①few和little表示没有多少,含否定意义;而afew与alittle表示有一些,有几个,含肯定意义。另外,few与afew修饰可数名词,而little与alittle修饰不可数名词,它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。例如:HeknowsalittleEnglish.(定语)Hehasmanybooks.Butfewareinteresting.(主语)IknowalittleaboutJapanese(宾语)②afew,alittle可以用quite或only修饰,few和little则不能。例如:—Howmuchwaterisleft?—Onlyalittle./Qutiealittle.—Howmanybooksareleft?—Onlyafew./Quiteafew.6.other和anotherother泛指“另外的”,作定语,常与复数名词或单数不可数名词连用,但如果前面有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,none,one,or以及形容词性物主代词时,则可与单数名词连用。例如:allotherrice,nootherway,theotherone,anyotherplant,everyotherday,someotherreason等等。others是other的复数形式,泛指“别的人或物”(但不是全部)。例如:Don’tlendthebooktoothers.Somearecarryingwater,othersarewateringthetrees.theother指“两者中的另一个”,常与one连用,作定语修饰复数名词时,表示另一方中的“全部其余的”。例如:Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.theothers是theother的复数形式,特指“全部其余的人或物”。例如:Ihavegottenpencils.Twoofthemarered,theothersareblue.another指三个或三个以上中的任何一个,“现一……”“另一个”,作代词或形容词。例如:Idon’tlikethisdictionary.Pleasegivemeanother.one…theother指两个人或物当中的“一个”和“另外一个”;叙述三个不同的人或事物时,需用one,another,thethird。例如:Herearetwobooks.OneisforMary,theotherisforJack.Threeboysarehere.OneisDick,anotherisTomandthethirdisDavid.7.all和both的用法:两个词都表示整体,但both指两个人或物,而all指三个以上的人或物。在句中都可作主语、宾语、表语、同位语和定语。例如:Allofusshouldworkhard.(主语)Weareallstudents.(同位语)Webothliketoplayfootball.(同位语)Welikebothofthefilms.(宾语)That’sallfortoday.(表语)Allknowledgecomesfrompractice.(定语)注意:①all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。②both和all加否定词是部分否定。如果表示全部否定,要分别用neither和none,例如:Bothofusarenotteachers.(部分否定)我们俩不都是老师。Neitherofusisateacher.(全部否定)我们俩都不是老师。AllofthebooksarenotEnglishbooks.(部分否定)NoneofthebooksareEnglishbooks.(全部否定)这些都不是英语书。8.neither和either的用法neither表示两者都不;either表示两者中的任何一个。两个词都表示单数,在句子中作主语、宾语和定语。例如:Neitheroftheanswersiscorrect.(主语)Eithersentenceisright.(定语)Iknowneitheroftheteachers.(宾语)Herearetwodictionaries.Youmaytakeeither.(宾语)[参考包天仁主编《高考英语语法》]●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★★)—Doyouhave________athomenow,Allen?—No,westillhavetogetseveralpoundsoffruitandsometea.A.somethingB.everythingC.anythingD.nothing2.(★★★★)—Whatdoyouwantmetosay?—________youlike.A.AnythingB.EverythingC.SomethingD.Nothing3.(★★★★)—Whatshallwehavefordinnertonight?—Oh,Idon’tcare.________.It’syourjobtocomeupwiththemenus,sogetonwithit.A.AnythingwilldoB.Iwon’thavelessonstomorrowC.Ineedn’ttotalkaboutitwithsomeoneD.Whatanicemeal4.(★★★★)Youcanbuythesemapsat________railwaystation.Theyallhavethem.A.allB.everyC.eachD.any5.(★★★★★)Idon’tlikethese.Haveyou________?A.someB.anyothersC.anothersD.anotherones6.(★★★★★)Ipreferastreetinasmalltownto________insuchalargecity________Shanghai.A.that;asB.one;asC.one;likeD.that;like7.(★★★★)Shewonthefirstprize,though________ofus________it.A.noone;expectedB.none;hadexpectedC.nobody;wasexpectingD.none;wouldexpect8.(★★★★★)—Doyoulive________nearJim?—No,helivesinanotherpartofthetown.A.somewhereB.nowhereC.anywhereD.everywhere9.(★★★★)—CouldyoudropinonmeonFridayorSaturday?—I’mafraid________dayispossible.A.eitherB.bothC.neitherD.any10.(★★★★)—Whichshareismeantforme?—Youcantake________half.They’reexactlythesame.A.thisB.anyC.eachD.either11.(★★★★)—Is________finished?—Notyet.Mydirtyclothesarestillsoakinginthewashingmachine.A.somethingB.anythingC.nothingD.everything12.(★★★★)—Excuseme,butcanyoutellmewhichroadIshouldtaketothepostoffice?—________ofthefourroadswilldo.A.AnyB.NeitherC.BothD.Every13.(★★★★★)ThereisonlyanEnglish-Chinesedictionaryinthatbook-shop.Iwonderifyoustillwanttobuy________.A.itB.oneC.anotherD.any难点4不可混淆的延续性动词和非延续性动词●难点磁场1.(★★★★★)—SusanmarriedJasonlastSunday.—Really?Howlong________eachother?Notmorethanaweek,I’mafraid.A.didtheyknowB.havetheyknownC.havetheygottoknowD.hadtheyknown2.(★★★★)Gladtoseeyouback.Howlong________inRussia?A.didyoustayB.haveyoustayedC.wereyoustayingD.haveyoubeenstaying●案例探究1.They________for3years.A.havemarriedB.gotmarriedC.havegotmarriedD.havebeenmarried命题意图:考查动词的延续性,属于五星级题目。知识依托:延续性动词可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。错解分析:A、C项迷惑性较大,因为学生认为其是完成时态,但marry和getmarried可看作非延续性动词和短语,故不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。解题方法与技巧:bemarried表状态,可以看作是延续性动词,可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。答案:D●锦囊妙计1.延续性动词可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用,而非延续性动词不行。2.bemarried/beusedto等表示状态的动词短语,可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。3.getmarried/getusedto/gettoknow等表示动作的动词短语不可与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。●歼灭难点训练汉译英1.(★★★★)他参军三年了。2.(★★★★★)直到他喊出我的名字,我才认出他。3.(★★★★★)自从去年我就习惯早上5点起床。难点5动词-ing形式的双重语法功能动词-ing形式可用作动名词和现在分词,动名词由动词+ing构成,具有动词和名词的性质,在句中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。现在分词有一般时和完成时,在句中可以作定语、表语、状语和补语。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)Though________money,hisparentsmanagedtosendhimtouniversity.A.lackedB.lackingofC.lackingD.lackedin(NMET2002)2.(★★★★★)Howaboutthetwoofus________awalkdownthegarden?A.totakeB.takeC.takingD.tobetaking(MET1993)3.(★★★★)________isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.A.ThewalkB.WalkingC.TowalkD.Walk(MET1992)4.(★★★★)—Imustapologizefor________aheadoftime.—That’sallright.A.lettingyounotknowB.notlettingyouknowC.lettingyouknownotD.lettingnotyouknow(NMET1994)●案例探究1.—Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.—Well,nowIregret________that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone(NMET1995)命题意图:考查学生对动词regret的掌握,属于四星级题目。知识依托:regretdoing结构表示后悔做了某件事。错解分析:C项迷惑性较大。解题方法与技巧:从对话所表达的内容来看,在会上提反对意见的人对其行为感到后悔。答案:D2.________suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered(NMET2001)命题意图:考查学生对分词的掌握,属于五星级题目。知识依托:现在分词的完成时表示分词的动作或状态在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前发生。错解分析:B项迷惑性较大。现在分词的一般时表明分词表示的动作或状态和句子谓语表示的动作或状态同时发生或进行。解题方法与技巧:分清现在分词的一般时和完成时所表示的含义不同。答案:A●锦囊妙计1.动名词1)动名词的用法:①作主语。例如:Seeingisbelieving.Collectinginformationisveryimportanttobusinessman.Itisnousesittingherewaiting.注意:动名词和不定式都可以作主语,动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为,不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。例如:Playingwithfireisdangerous.(泛指玩火)Toplaywithfirewillbedangerous.(指一具体动作)但在itisnouse/good,notanyuse/good,uselss等后一般用动名词。②作表语。例如:MyjobisteachingEnglish.③作宾语。例如:Heisfondofplayingfootball.Hefinishedreadingthebookyesterday.④作定语,asittingroom2)动名词的复合结构:动名词复合结构的一般规则是:①逻辑主语是有生命的名词:作主语时,必须用名词或代词所有格,作宾语时(尤其在口语中),也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。例如:Theircomingtohelpuswasagreatencouragementtous.(主语)Shedidn’tmindJack(him)cominglate.(宾语)TheyinsistonTom’s(his)stayinglonger.(介宾)②逻辑主语是无生命名词时,只用名词普通格。例如:Isthereanyhopeofourteamwinningthematch?③逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone时,只用普通格。例如:Shewasdisturbedbysomebodyshoutingoutside.3)动名词的时态:动名词的时态分一般时和完成时两种。如果动名词的动作没有明确地表示出时间是与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之前发生,用动名词的一般时。例如:Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.Hiscomingwillbeofgreathelptous.如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,通常用动名词的完成时态。例如:Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.但是在某些动词或词组后,常用动名词的一般形式,尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。例如:Onhearingthebadnews,shecouldn’thelpcrying.IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime。4)动名词的语态:动名词的被动语态也有一般时与完成时两种。当主语是这个动名词所表示的动作对象时,动名词用被动语态。被动语态由“being+过去分词”或“havingbeen+过去分词”构成。例如:Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.Helikesbeinghelped.Hewasafraidofbeingleftathome.Thehouseshowednosignofhavingbeendamaged.有些动名词在句中是主动形式,但有被动的含义。例如:Thehouserequires/needs/wantsrepairing.注:在tobeworthdoing句型中,动名词doing表示的是被动意义。例如:Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.2.分词1)分词的时态和语态:①分词分为现在分词和过去分词,现在分词有一般时和完成时。一般时表示和谓语动词所表示的动词同时发生的动作;完成时(having+过去分词)表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。例如:Beingastudent,hewasinterestedinbooks.Hehurriedhome,lookingbehindhimashewent.Havingstudiedintheuniversityfor3years,heknowstheplaceverywell.②现在分词有一般时和完成时,且有主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时,分词用被动语态。如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动作,就用分词完成时的被动形式。例如:Thequestionbeingdiscussedisofgreatimportance.Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作,本身有被动的含义,所以只有一般式,没有完成时。2)分词的用法:①作定语。分词短语作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之后;单个分词作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前。例如:Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Themanstandingatthewindowisourteacher.Pollutedairandwaterareharmfultopeople’shealth.注意:现在分词作定语时,表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后,一般不能用现在分词作定语,而要用定语从句。例如:Theteachercriticizedthestudentwhohadbrokenthewindow.②作状语:分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。例如:Beingtooold,hecouldn’twalkthatfar.Whilereadingthebook,henoddedfromtimetotime.(时间)Theteacherstoodtheresurroundedbythestudents.(方式)Standingonthebuilding,youcanseethewholecity.(条件)注意:a.分词短语作状语,其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致。b.表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。c.有时,“with(without)+名词(或代词宾语)+分词”的结构表示伴随情况。例如:Thespysatontheground,hishandstiedbehindhisback.d.当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时,分词必须有自己的主语。例如:Timepermitting,Iwillfinishanotherlesson.Herglassesbroken,shecouldn’tseethewordsontheblackboard.③作表语。例如:Thenew’sinspiring.Youshouldn’ttrytostandupifyouarebadlyhurt.④作宾语补足语。例如:Wesawtheteachermakingtheexperiment.Johnwillgethisroompainted.注意:在see,hear,watch,feel,observe,have,listento,notice等动词后,既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语,也可以用不定式构成复合宾语,但两者的含义是有差别的。用现在分词表示动作正在发生(即处于发生的过程中,还没有结束),用不定式表示动作发生了(即动作全过程结束了)。例如:Isawthegirlgettingonthebus.Isawthegirlgetonthebusanddriveoff.Hehadhisfoothurtinthefall.Hehadhisclotheswashed.(他叫别人洗了衣服)Wehadthefireburningallday.(我们使火燃烧了一整天)注意:“have+宾语+现在分词”表示主体使客体处于某种状态或干什么事;“have+宾语+过去分词”表示动作是别人做的或与主体意志无关。3)过去分词、现在分词一般被动式及完成被动式作状语时的比较:①过去分词与现在分词一般被动式作状语表示伴随动作或行为方式时,两者无多大区别,习惯上常用过去分词。例如:(Being)Seizedwithasuddenfear,shegaveascream.Hecamein,followedbyagroupofstudents.在某些情况下,二者则是有区别的。例如:Badlypolluted,thewatercannotbedrunk.(原因)Beingwritteninhaste,thecompositionisfullofmistakes.(原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式)②过去分词与现在分词完成被动式皆表示已完成的动作,在意义上无多大区别。例如:(Havingbeen)weakenedbystorms,thebridgewasnolongersafe.但有时是有区别的。例如:Havingbeendeserted(抛弃)byhisguide,hecouldn’tfindhiswaythroughthejungle.(为了强调已完成的动作)。Askedtostay,Icouldn’tverywellrefuse.(这里asked可能意味着havingbeenasked,也可能意味着when/sinceIwasasked,但若用havingbeenasked,就不会有歧义)下面句子中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同,所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如:Coveredwithconfusion,Ilefttheroom.我很窘地离开了房间。United,westand;divided,wefall.团结则存,分裂则亡。③有时现在分词一般时的被动式与其完成时的被动式完全同义,皆表示已完成的动作,这时用一般时的被动时较好。例如:Beingsurrounded(Havingbeensurrounded),theenemytroopswereforcedtosurrender.4)过去分词与现在分词意义上的区别:及物动词的过去分词表示“被动、完成”(不及物动词的过去分词只表示“完成”),现在分词表示“主动、进行”。动作动词的现在分词所描写的常是一种“动态”情景;其过去分词所描写的往往是一种静态情景,表示动作发生后事物所处的状态,试看下面的例子:Whentheautumnwindblows,youcanseeyellowleavesfallingofftrees.(树叶正在下落)Hefellontothefallenleavesinchesthickanddidn’thurthimself(落叶)Therestandsapinetree,coveringtheentranceofthecave.(正覆盖着,表示动作)Wefoundhisforeheadcoveredwithsweat.(描写满脸是汗的状态)●歼灭难点训练1.(★★★★)________thebigsnake,thelittlegirlstoodunderthetree________outofherlife.A.Seeing;frightenedB.Seeing;frighteningC.Seen;frightenedD.Tosee;frightening2.(★★★★★)A:Wereyoubusylastweekend?B:Very.Ratherthan________timeplayingcardsasusual,Idevotedeveryeffortto________anadvertisement.A.waste;makeB.wasting;makingC.towaste;makeD.awasteof;making3.(★★★★★)Themanagerhashadsomeproblems________whethertheyshouldborrowthemoneyfromthebanker.A.todecideB.decidingC.decidedD.havingdecided4.(★★★★)—Howdidyoumanagetogetthroughtheexamination?—________veryhard.A.ToworkB.WorkingC.ByworkingD.Work5.(★★★★)—Whatdoyouthinkofthespeech?—Thespeakersaid________nothingworth________.A.nearly;listeningtoB.hardly;listeningC.scarcely;listeningtoD.almost;listeningto6.(★★★★)Howmanyofus________ameetingisnotimportant.A.attendedB.attendingC.toattendD.haveattended7.(★★★★)Ihate________theircomplaintsallday.OneofthesedaysI’lltellthemwhatIreallythink.A.payingattentiontoB.totalkaboutC.listeningtoD.tohaveheard8.(★★★★★)Nobody________anymoretosay,themeetingwasclosed.A.havingB.haveC.hadD.has9.(★★★★★)________tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoone’sskin.A.ExposedB.HavingexposedC.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed10.(★★★★★)________alloverthehillsandaroundthelakearewildflowersofdifferentkinds.A.TogrowB.GrowingC.GrownD.Grow11.(★★★★)—What’smadeTommysoupset?—Ibelieve________thegame.Itshockedhimsomuch.A.forlosingB.lostC.losingD.becauseoflosing12.(★★★★)Thetimehehasdevotedinthepasttenyears________thedisabledisnowconsidered________ofgreatvalue.A.tohelp;beingB.tohelping;tobeC.help;tobeD.helping;being13.(★★★★)Hedidn’tseemtomind________TVwhilehewastryingtostudy.A.heeasilywatchesB.hiseasywatchingC.hiseasilywatchingD.hiseasilywatched.14.(★★★★)O’Nealworkshard.Heisoftenseen________heavilybeforehisteammateshaveevenarrivedatpractice.A.sweatedB.tobesweatedC.sweatingD.beingsweated15.(★★★★)________good,thefoodwassoonsoldout.A.TastedB.BeingtastedC.TastingD.Havingtasted16.(★★★★)Withhisson________,theoldmanfeltunhappy.A.todisappointB.tobedisappointedC.disappointingD.beingdisappointed17.(★★★★★)Silveristhebestconductorofelectricity,copper________itclosely.A.followedB.tofollowC.followingD.beingfollowed18.(★★★★★)—Wouldyoumind________methedicionary?—Ofcousenot.Butitis________myreach.A.passing;outB.passing;beyondC.topass;farawayD.topass;outof19.(★★★★★)—Whogaveyouthismessage?—Aman________himselfMr.Zhang.A.calledB.callingC.callsD.iscalled难点6定语从句解题的黄金规律——先行词、关系代(副)词的句法功能在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等和关系副词where,when,why等。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成分。●难点磁场1.(★★★★)—IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek.—Isthatthereason________youhadafewdaysoff?A.whyB.whenC.whatD.where(NMET1999)2.(★★★★★)Meetingmyuncleafterallthesewasanunforgettablemoment,________Iwillalwaystreasure.A.thatB.oneC.itD.what(NMET2002)3.(★★★★)Alecaskedthepoliceman________heworkedtocontacthimwhenevertherewasanaccident.(上海2002)A.withhimB.whoC.withwhomD.whom4.(★★★★)There’safeelinginme________we’llneverknowwhataUFOis.A.thatB.whichC.ofwhichD.what(上海2002)5.(★★★★)Wewillbeshownaroundthecity:schools,museum,andsomeotherplaces,________othervisitorsseldomgo.A.whatB.whichC.whereD.when6.(★★★★)AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyears,hereturnedtothesmalltown________hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when(NMET1996)7.(★★★★★)CarolsaidtheworkwouldbedonebyOctober,________personallyIdoubtverymuch.A.itB.thatC.whenD.which(NMET1999)8.(★★★★★)Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,________ofcourse,madetheothersunhappy.A.whoB.whichC.thisD.what(NMET2000)●案例探究1.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome________Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.A.untilB.thatC.whenD.where(NMET2001)命题意图:考查学生对定语从句的掌握,属于五星级题目。知识依托:先行词是表示时间的词,从句中缺少状语,通常用关系副词when。错解分析:本题有一定难度,主要是由于在先行词和定语从句之间有其他的词。解题方法与技巧:首先要找准先行词,先行词hours表示的是时间,当先行词是表示时间的词时,可能有2种情况:如果从句中缺少状语,通常用关系副词when,如题;如果在从句中缺少主语或宾语,通常用关系代词that或which。答案:C2.________isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.A.ItB.AsC.ThatD.What(NMET2001)命题意图:考查学生对定语从句中关系代词as的用法。属于五星级题目。知识依托:as引导非限制性定语从句。错解分析:A项迷惑性较大。但it是形式主语,后应用that从句作真正主语。如:It’sknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.解题方法与技巧:根据题干的逗号可以判断,空缺处应填关系代词as,引导非限制性定语从句。在这种用法中,as的意思是“正像”“像”“那样”,定语从句则表达了说话人的对某事的态度和看法。答案:B●锦囊妙计1.由who,whom,whose引导的定语从句:这类定语从句中,who用作主语,whom用作宾语,whose用作定语。例如:Thisisthemanwhohelpedme.Thedoctorwhomyouarelookingforisintheroom.DoyouknowthemanwhosenameisWangYu?2.which引导的定语从句:which在从句中作主语或谓语动词和介词的宾语。例如:Thisisthebookwhichyouwant.Thebuildingwhichstandsneartheriverisourschool.Theroominwhichthereisamachineisaworkshop.3.由that引导的定语从句:that在定语从句中可以指人或物,在从句中作主语、谓语动词或介词的宾语。(但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语)例如:TheletterthatIreceivedwasfrommyfather.注意在下面几种情况下必须用that而不用

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