机电专业英语第2版1Unit 1 Engineering Materials 工程材料

EngineeringMaterials

Unit1工程(gōngchéng)材料精品资料TestingBeforeClass：Whichstateofironhascommercialuse

(radio)精品资料EngineeringMaterials

NonmetallicmaterialsMetallicmaterials精品资料EngineeringMaterials

TranslationReadingMoreTranslatingSkillsText精品资料Inthedesignandmanufactureofaproduct,itisessentialthatthematerialandtheprocessbeunderstood.Materialsdifferwidelyinphysicalproperties,machinabilitycharacteristics,methodsofforming,andpossibleservicelife.Thedesignershouldconsiderthesefactsinselectinganeconomicalmaterialandaprocessthatisbestsuitedtotheproduct.Engineeringmaterialsareoftwobasictypes:metallicornonmetallic.Nonmetallicmaterialsarefurtherclassifiedasorganicorinorganicsubstances.Sincethereisaninfinitenumberofnonmetallicmaterialsaswellaspureandalloyedmetals,considerablestudyisnecessarytochoosetheappropriateone.精品资料Fewcommercialmaterialsexistaselementsinnature.Forexample,thenaturalcompoundsofmetals,suchasoxides,sulfides,orcarbonates,mustundergoasepara­tingorrefiningoperationbeforetheycanbefurtherprocessed.Onceseparated,theymusthaveanatomicstructurethatisstableatordinarytemperaturesoveraprolongedperiod.Inmetalworking,ironisthemostimportantnaturalelement.Ironhaslittlecommercialuseinitspurestate,butwhencombinedwithotherelementsintovariousalloysitbecomestheleadingengineeringmetal.Thenonferrousmetals,includingcop­per,tin,zinc,nickel,magnesium,aluminum,lead,andothersallplayanimportantpartinoureconomy;eachhasspecificpropertiesanduses.

精品资料

Manufacturingrequirestoolsandmachinesthatcanproduceeconomicallyandaccurately.Economydependsontheproperselectionofthemachineorprocessthatwillgiveasatisfactoryfinishedproduct,itsoptimumoperation,andmaximumperformanceoflaborandsupportfacilities.Theselectionisinfluencedbythequantityofitemstobeproduced.Usuallythereisonemachinebestsuitedforacertainoutput.精品资料Insmall-lotorjobshopmanufacturing,general-purposemachinessuchasthelathe,drillpress,andmillingmachinemayprovetobethebestbecausetheyareadaptable,havelowerinitialcost,requirelessmaintenance,andpossesstheflexibilitytomeetchangingconditions.However,aspecial-purposemachineshouldbeconsideredforlargequantitiesofastandardizedproduct.Amachinebuiltforonetypeofworkoroperation,suchasthegrindingofapistonorthesurfacingofacylinderhead,willdothejobwell,quickly,andatlowcostwithasemiskilledoperator.精品资料

Manyspecial-purposemachinesortoolsdifferfromthestandardtypeinthattheyhavebuiltintothemsomeoftheskilloftheoperator.Asimpleboltmaybeproducedoneitheralatheoranautomaticscrewmachine.Thelatheoperatormustknownotonlyhowtomaketheboltbutmustalsobesufficientlyskilledtooperatethemachine.Ontheautomaticmachinethesequenceofoperationsandmovementsoftoolsarecontrolledbycamsandstops,andeachitemproducedisidenticalwiththepreviousone.This"transferofskill"intothemachine,orautomation,allowslessskillfuloperatorsbutdoesrequiregreaterskillinsupervisionandmaintenance.Oftenitisuneconomicaltomakeamachinecompletelyautomatic,becausethecostmaybecomeprohibitive.精品资料Theselectionofthebestmachineorprocessforagivenproductrequiresknowledgeofproductionmethods.Factorsthatmustbeconsideredarevolumeofproduction,qual­ityofthefinishedproduct,andtheadvantagesandlimitationsoftheequipmentcapableofdoingthework.Mostpartscanbeproducedbyseveralmethods,butusuallythereisonewaythatismosteconomical.精品资料machinability[mə,ʃi:nə'biləti]n.可加工性，可切削性，机械加工性characteristic[,kærəktə'ristik]adj.典型的，特有的n.特征,特性metallic[mi'tælik,me-]adj.金属的，含金属的n.金属纤维nonmetallic[,nɔnmi'tælik]adj.非金属的n.非金属物质organic[ɔ:'ɡænik]adj.有机的,组织的,器官的infinite['infinət]adj.无穷的，极大的n.无限，无穷大alloyed['ælɔid,ə'l-]adj.合金(héjīn)的；合铸的；熔合的vt.将…铸成合金(héjīn)appropriate[ə'prəuprieit,ə'prəupriət]adj.适当的,合适的vt.占用,拨出commercial[kə'mə:ʃəl]adj．商业上的，商业的n.商业广告compound['kɔmpaund,kə-]n.化合物vt.合成vi.和解adj.复合的oxide['ɔksaid]n．氧化物，氧化层，氧化合物精品资料sulfide['sʌlfaid]n．硫化物，含硫系列，硫醚carbonate['kɑ:bəneit]n．碳酸盐vt.使充满二氧化碳，使变成碳酸盐undergo[,ʌndə'ɡəu]vt.经历，经受；忍受prolonged[prəu'lɔŋd,-'lɔ:-]adj.延长的，拖延(tuōyán)的，持续很久的iron['aiən]n.铁，熨斗；烙铁adj.铁的；刚强的optimum['ɔptiməm]n．最佳效果,最适合条件adj.最适宜的influence['influəns]n.影响，势力，有影响的人或事vt.影响；改变flexibility[,fleksi'biliti]n．机动性，灵活性，适应性cam[kæm]n.凸轮，偏心轮vt.给(机器)配置偏心轮supervision[,sju:pə'viʒən]n．监督，管理；指导精品资料physicalproperties物理性质atomicstructure原子结构nonferrousmetal有色金属(yǒusèjīnshǔ)small-lot小批量finishedproduct成品general-purpose普通用途special-purpose专用的，特殊用途的standardizedproduct【工程设计】标准化产品精品资料1.Sincethereisaninfi­nitenumberofnonmetallicmaterialsaswellaspureandalloyedmetals,considerablestudyisnecessarytochoosetheappropriateone.译文：由于非金属材料与纯金属和合金的种类一样繁多(fánduō)，所以在选择合适的材料时需要做大量的研究工作。说明：句中aswellas和…一样，不但…而且；Sincethereisaninfi­nitenumberof…作原因状语从句。tochoosetheappropriateone作目的状语。considerable[kən'sidərəbl]adj.相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的1）relatedphrases：considerableorders大量订货；considerabledamage相当大损失2）Todrillthepropersizeholeinanexactlocationrequiresconsiderableskill.在准确的位置上钻一个尺寸正确的孔要求相当的技巧。3）Sheisawomanwithconsiderableculture.她是一个文化修养很高的女子。精品资料2.Forexample,thenaturalcompoundsofmetals,suchasoxides,sulfides,orcarbonates,mustundergoasepara­tingorrefiningoperationbeforetheycanbefurtherprocessed.译文：自然金属化合物如氧化物、硫化物和碳酸盐在能够进行深加工前必须经过(jīngguò)分离或提纯。说明：句中suchas例如，before引导时间状语从句。compound['kɔmpaund,kə-]n.化合物vt.合成vi.和解adj.复合的1）Hecompoundedwater,sandandsoilandformedbricks.他将水、沙和土掺和一起做成砖。2）Itisthemostpervasivecompoundonearth.它是地球上最普遍的化合物。undergo[,ʌndə'ɡəu]vt.经历，经受；忍受1）Thecityhasundergonemanychangesduringthelasttenyears.这个城市在过去十年中经历了很多变化。2）Theideamustundergothetestofexperiment.观念必须经得起实验的检验。精品资料3.Economydependsontheproperselectionofthemachineorprocessthatwillgiveasatisfactoryfinishedproduct,itsoptimumoperation,andmaximumperformanceoflaborandsupportfacilities.译文：要达到经济性要求，就要选择合适的设备和工序，这样可以得到理想的产品，还要有最佳的操作、高效的人工执行和设备支持。说明：句中dependson取决于，依赖于；thatwillgiveasatisfactory…作结果状语从句；itsoptimumoperation,andmaximum…作dependson的并列介词宾语。process['prəuses,'prɔ-]vt.处理；加工；n.过程，进行，方法，步骤；作用；程序；vi.列队前进；adj.经过特殊加工（或处理）的1)relatedphrases：DesignProcess设计程序；irreversibleprocess不可逆过程；前处理preprocess。2）Processdataandreportresults.处理数据(shùjù)和报告结果。3）Bigcutterdiameter,highcuttingspeed,goodprocessquality.刀具直径大，切割速度高，加工面质量好。精品资料4.Theselectionisinfluencedbythequantityofitemstobeproduced.译文：选择受生产(shēngchǎn)批量的影响。说明：句中tobeproduced作items的后置定语。influence['influəns]n.影响；势力；有影响的人或事vt.影响；改变1)relatedphrases：influencebasin影响范围；Influencesurface影响面；shadeinfluence阴影效2）Bothdrinkingandsmokinghavegreatinfluenceonourhealth.喝酒和抽烟对我们的健康都有很大的影响。3）Youngpeoplearequicklyinfluencedbynewideas.年轻人很快地受到新思想的影响。精品资料5.Ontheautomaticmachinethesequenceofoperationsandmovementsoftoolsarecontrolledbycamsandstops,andeachitemproducedisidenticalwiththepreviousone.译文(yìwén)：在自动机床上，工具的操作和运动是由凸轮和制动器来控制的，并且每一零件的生产过程都与前一个过程相同。说明：句中sequenceofoperation操作顺序，作业程序；beidenticalwith与…相同/一致。1）Thenumberonthecardshouldbeidenticalwiththeoneonthechequebook.卡上的号码应该和支票簿上的相同。2）Thefanasshowedinthisdesigndrawingonlyindicatesitsinstallationposition.Whenthefanismounted,directionofairflowofthefanshouldbeidenticalwiththatrequiredinthisdrawing.本设计图中所示的风机仅表其安装位置，风机安装时，应注意风机的气流方向与本图所要求的方向一致。精品资料6.This"transferofskill"intothemachine,orautomation,allowslessskillfuloperatorsbutdoesrequiregreaterskillinsupervisionandmaintenance.译文：机器或自动化生产中的这种“技能迁移”对操作者的技能熟练程度要求有所降低，但在监督管理和维护(wéihù)方面要求更高。说明：transfer[træns'fə:]n.转让；转移vi.转让；转移；转学vt.转让；使转移；传递；调任1)relatedphrases：datatransfer数据传送；transferincome转让收入2）Technologytransfertothemainland.把技术转移到大陆。3）Share,browse,access,transfer,organize,rename,copyormoveanyfilesandfoldersbetweenmobilephoneandcomputer!在手机和电脑之间共享，浏览，访问，传输，组织，重命名，复制和移动任何文件和文件夹！精品资料I.Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetextwiththewordsgivenbelow.Makechangesifnecessary.1.Thedesignershouldconsiderthese

inselectinganeconomicalmaterialandaprocessthatisbestsuitedtotheproduct.

2.

materialsarefurtherclassifiedasorganicorinorganicsubstances.

metallic,alloy,special-purpose,pure,fact,general-purpose,result,nonmetallic,standardfactsNonmetallic精品资料3.Ironhaslittlecommercialuseinits

state,butwhencombinedwithotherelementsintovarious

itbecomestheleadingengineeringmetal.4.Many

machinesortoolsdifferfromthe

typeinthattheyhavebuiltintothemsomeoftheskilloftheoperator.purealloysspecial-purposestandard精品资料II.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish．1.材料在物理性能、机加工性能、成形方法以及使用寿命等方面(fāngmiàn)有很大不同。Materialsdifferwidelyinphysicalproperties,machinabilitycharacteristics,methodsofforming,andservicelife.2．天然金属(jīnshǔ)化合物如氧化物、硫化物和碳酸盐在能够进行深加工前必须经过分离或提纯。Thenaturalcompoundsofmetals,suchasoxides,sulfides,orcarbonates,mustundergoasepara­tingorrefiningoperationbeforetheycanbefurtherprocessed.精品资料3．在自动机床上，工具的操作顺序和运动是由凸轮和制动器来控制的，并且每一零件的生产过程(guòchéng)都与前一个过程(guòchéng)相同。Ontheautomaticmachinethesequenceofoperationsandmovementsoftoolsarecontrolledbycamsandstops,andeachitemproducedisidenticalwiththepreviousone.精品资料翻译是一种再创造，即译者根据原作(yuánzuò)者的思想，用另一种语言表达出来。这就是要求译者必须确切理解和掌握原作(yuánzuò)的内容与含意，在确切理解的基础上，很好地运用译文语言把原文内涵通顺流畅地再现给读者。一、翻译的标准科技英语的翻译标准可概括为“忠实、通顺”四个字。忠实，首先指忠实于原文内容，译者必须把原作(yuánzuò)的内容完整而准确的表达出来，不得任意发挥或增删；忠实还指保持原作(yuánzuò)风格，尽量表现其本来面目。通顺，即指译文语言必须通俗易懂，符合规范。忠实与通顺是相辅相成的，缺一不可。忠实而不通顺，读者会看不懂；通顺而不忠实，脱离原作(yuánzuò)的内容与风格，通顺就失去了意义。科技英语翻译的标准(biāozhǔn)与方法精品资料例如：1.Theelectricresistanceismeasuredinohms.误译：电的反抗是用欧姆测量的。正译：电阻的测量单位是欧姆。2.Allmetalsdonotconductelectricityequallywell.误译：全部金属不导电得相等好。正译：并非所有的金属都同样好地导电。3.Themomentthecircuitiscompleted,acurrentwillstartflowingthecoil.正译：电路(diànlù)一旦接通，电流开始流向线圈。精品资料4.Somespecialalloysteelsshouldbeusedforsuchpartsbecausethealloyingelementsmakethemtougher,stronger,orharderthancarbonsteels.正译：对这类零件可采用某些特殊的合金钢，因为合金元素能提高钢的韧性、强度、硬度。从以上例句可以清楚的看到，不能任意删改，并不是(bùshi)逐词死译；汉语译文规范化，并非是离开原文随意发挥。此外，还应注意通用术语的译法。比如，例1中的“电阻”已成为固定词组，不能用别的译法。精品资料二、翻译的方法翻译的方法一般来说有直译（literaltranslation）和意译（freetranslation）。直译，即指“既忠实于原文内容，又忠实于原文的形式”的翻译。意译，就是指忠实于原文的内容，但不拘泥于原文的形式。翻译时，我们应灵活运用上述(shàngshù)两种方法，能直译的就直译，需要意译的就意译。因为对同一个句子来说，有时并非只能用一种方法，所以我们可以交替使用或同时并用以上两种方法。精品资料请看下面的句子:1.MilkyWay银河（意译）（不可直译为：牛奶路）2.bull’seye靶心（意译）（不可直译为：牛眼睛）3.Newuseshavebeenfoundforoldmetals,andnewalloyshavebeenmadetosatisfynewdemands.老的金属有了新用途，新的金属被冶炼出来，以满足新的需要（本句前半部分用了意译法，后半部分用了直译法）。4.Theabilitytoprogramthesedeviceswillmakeastudentaninvaluableassettothegrowingelectronicindustry.对这些器件编程的能力(nénglì)将使学生成为日益增长的电子工业领域中的无价人才（这里asset原意为资产，我们根据上下文意译成“人才”）。精品资料三、翻译中的专业性特点科学技术本身的性质要求科技英语与专业内容相互配合，相互一致，这就决定了专业英语与普通英语有很大的差异。专业英语以其独特的语体，明确表达作者在其专业方面的见解，其表达方式直截了当，用词简练。即使同一个词，在不同学科的专业英语中，其涵义也是不同的。例如：1.Thecomputertookoveranimmenserangeoftasksfromworkersmusclesandbrains.误译：计算机代替了工人大量(dàliàng)的肌肉和大脑。正译：计算机取代了工人大量(dàliàng)的体力和脑力劳动。（这里musclesandbrains引申为“体力和脑力劳动”。）精品资料2.Inanycaseworkdoesn’tincludetime,butpowerdoes.正译：在任何情况(qíngkuàng)下，功不包括时间，但功率包括时间。（这里work，power在物理专业分别译为“功”、“功率”。）3．Likechargesrepeleachotherwhileoppositechargesattracted.正译：同性电荷相排斥，异性电荷相吸引。（charge含义有“负载、充电、充气、电荷”，按专业知识理解为“电荷”。）从以上例句可知，专业英语专业性强，逻辑性强，翻译要力求准确、精练、正式。这不仅要求我们能熟练地运用汉语表达方式，还要求具有较高的专业水平。精品资料FerrousandNon-ferrousMaterials超硬合金材料黑色金属(hēisèjīngshǔ)材料陶瓷材料高速钢刀具(dāojù)材料金刚石材料精品资料

FerrousandNon-ferrousMaterials

Metalsarefoundeverywhereinourlife.Theyareclassifiedintotwocategories,“ferrous”and“non-ferrous”metals.Ferrousmeansrelatingto,orcontainingironandnon-ferrousmeanshavingnoiron.Thesetwokindsofmetalscanbeusedtomanufactureanequallylargerangeofitems.精品资料NameAlloyofPropertiesUsesMildsteelCarbon0.1%-0.3%Iron99.9%-99.7%Tough.Hightensilestrength.Canbecase-hardened.RustsveryeasilyMostcommonmetalusedinschoolworkshops.Usedingeneralmetalproductsandengineering.HighcarbonsteelCarbon0.6%-1.4%Iron99.4%-98.6%Tough.CanbehardenedandtemperedCuttingtoolssuchasdrills.StainlesssteelIron,nickelandchromiumTough,resistanttorustingandstainingCutlery,medicalinstruments.CastironCarbon2%-6%Iron98%-94%Strongbutbrittle.Comprehensivestrengthveryhigh.Castings,manholecovers,engines.WroughtironAlmost100%ironFibrous,tough,ductile,resistanttorusting.Ornamentalgatesandrailings,notinmuchusetoday.Table1-1Someferrousmetalsandproperties

精品资料NameColourAlloyofPropertiesUsesCopperReddishbrownNotanalloyDuctile,canbebeatenintoshape.Conductselectricityandheat.Electricalwiring,tubing,kettles,bowls,pipes.BrassYellowMixtureofcopperandzinc.65%-35%mostcommonratioHard.Castsandmachineswell.Surfacetarnishes.Conductselectricity.Partsforelectricalfittings,ornaments.AluminumLightgreyAluminum95%Copper4%Manganese1%Ductile,soft,malleable,machineswell.Verylight.Windowframes,aircraft,kitchenware.SilverWhitishgreyMainlysilverbutalloyedwithcoppertogivesterlingsilverDuctile,malleable,solders,resistscorrosion.Jewellry,solders,ornaments.LeadBluishgrayNotanalloySoft,heavy,ductile,losesitssharpunderpressureSolders,Pipes,Batteries，Roofing.Table1-2Somenon-ferrousmetalsandproperties精品资料ferrous['ferəs]adj.[化学]亚铁的；铁的，含铁的category['kætiɡəri]n.种类，分类；范畴case-hardenedadj.表面硬化的；定型的；无情的temper['tempə]n.脾气；（钢等）回火；性情；倾向v.调和；使回火stain[stein]vt.沾污；给……着色vi.污染；被沾污n.污点；瑕疵cutlery['kQtləri]n.餐具；刀剑制造业；刀叉(dāochā)餐具chromium['krəumjəm]n.[化学]铬（24号元素，符号Cr）brittle['britl]adj.易碎的，脆弱的；易生气的casting['kɑ:stiŋ]n.投掷；铸造；铸件v.投掷；铸造；投向；扔掉manhole['mænhəul]n.人孔；检修孔；检查井wrought[rɔ:t]adj.锻造的；加工的；精细的tubing['tju:biŋ]n.管子；装管v.把……装管；使成管状精品资料zinc[ziŋk]vt.镀锌于……；用锌处理n.锌ornament['ɔ:nəmənt]n.装饰；装饰物；教堂用品vt.装饰，修饰fibrous['faibrəs]adj.纤维的，纤维性的；纤维状的ductile['dʌktail,-til]adj.易教导的；易延展的；柔软malleable['mæliəbl]adj.可锻的；有延展性的；易适应的；可塑的aluminium[,ælju'minjəm]adj.铝的n.铝manganese['mæŋɡə,ni:s,,mæŋɡə'ni:z]n.[化]锰tarnish['tɑ:niʃ]n.污点；无光泽vt.vi.玷污；使……失去光泽whitish['hwaitiʃ]adj.带白色的；发白的sterling['stə:liŋ]adj.英币的；纯正的；纯银制的n.英国货币；标准(biāozhǔn)纯银solder['sɔldə]vi.焊接vt.焊接；使联接在一起n.焊料；接合物bluish['blu:iʃ]adj.带蓝色的；有点蓝的精品资料I.ScanthetablesagaintofindthefollowingfactsandtranslatethemintoChinese.

1.aferrousmetalusedtomakecuttingtools2.anon-ferrousmetalusedtomakepartsforelectricalfittings3.aferrousmetalusedtomakecutleryandmedicalinstruments铁质金属(jīnshǔ)用于制造切削刀具非铁质金属(jīnshǔ)用于制作电气设备的零件铁质金属用于制造刀叉餐具和医疗器械

精品资料I.ScanthetablesagaintofindthefollowingfactsandtranslatethemintoChinese.

4.anon-ferrousmetalusedtomakeelectricalwiring.5.ametalusedtomakemanholecovers6.anon-ferrousmetalusedtomakeaircraft非铁质金属用于制作(zhìzuò)电线金属(jīnshǔ)用于制造检查井盖非铁质金属用于制作飞机

精品资料II．Studythefollowingsentenceaboutaluminumandaddextrainformationtoit.．Aluminumisusedtomakeaircraft,enginecomponentsandmanyitemsforthekitchen..

Aluminum,whichislight,soft,andductile,isusedtomakeaircraft,enginecomponents—forexample,cylinderheads—andmanyitemsforthekitchen,suchaspotsandbasins.

精品资料铁质材料和非铁质材料金属在生活中随处可见。金属划为两大类：黑色金属(含铁金属)和有色金属(不含铁金属)。这两类金属的应用广泛(guǎngfàn)程度基本相同。精品资料名称成分性能用途