高考英语二轮拔高复习训练：阅读理解说明文（三）

新高考英语二轮拔高班复习资料阅读理解训练题型：说明文题组训练（三）姓名：班级：学校：错题号：（2022·海南·校联考模拟预测）Apositivemindsetmeansthatyouhaveapositiveexpectationthatthingswillturnoutwellandthatyouwillsucceed.Itgivesyoumorecouragetotrythananegativemindset.“HowcanIdothat?”youmightask.Here’showtoliveapowerfullypositivelife.Rememberthatyourviewoftheworldisachoice.Thereisasmuchgoodasthereisevil.Optimismisalearnableskill.Justwritedown100thingsyou’veexperiencedinyourlifethatshowevidencethattheworldyouliveinhasmanygoodfacets.Acknowledgethatyourhappinessandyourfulfillment(满足感)onthisearthisyourresponsibility,notthatofothers.Realisethatcircumstancesdonotdetermineyourhappiness;it’syourinterpretation(理解)ofthecireumstancesandthemeaningyouattachtothemthatdetermineyourhappiness.Becarefulwhatyouallowin.Afriendofmineusedtosay,

“Youwouldn’tletyourneighborcomeintoyouryardanddumptheirrubbishthere,sodon’tletpeopledumprubbishintoyourmind.”Thisissotrue.Oursubconscious(潜意识的)mindsareverypowerful.Wecan’ttelltheimpactsomethinghasonoursubconsciousminds,butwedoneedtobemindfulonaconsciouslevel.Beproactive(积极主动的),ratherthanreactive.Otherpeopleandcircumstanceswillalwaysdemandyourtime-emailsandphonecallstoanswer,expectationsoffriendsandfamily,colleaguesandclients.Schedulesome“me”time,butalsostructureyourdaytogetyourhigh-value,high-prioritythingsdoneandthelessimportantyet“urgent”tasksdoneafterwards.Noonewillgiveyoupermissiontolivelifeonyourterms;youhavetotakechargeofanddemandofyourselfandothersaroundyou.1．Whydoestheauthorsay“yourviewoftheworldisachoice”?A．Theworldhasmanydirtythings.B．Youcan’tknowthewholeoftheworld.C．Yourunderstandingoftheworldisimportant.D．Theworldischangingallthetime.2．Whatdoestheauthortellusinparagraph3?A．Don’thaveourneighbor’srubbishinouryard.B．Negativepeoplewillbadlyinfluenceourmind.C．Oursubconsciousmindswilldisappearquickly.D．Weshouldchooseaneighborwithgreatcare.3．Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodointhelastparagraph?A．Weshouldfollowotherpeople’sdemandonus.B．Expectationsofotherpeoplearevaluabletous.C．Weshouldliveourlifewithoutdisturbingothers.D．Wemustarrangeourtimeproperlyandeffectively.4．Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．MethodsofFormingPositiveMindsB．TheGreatPowerofPositiveMindsC．TheBadEffectsOtherPeopleBringD．WaystoGetRidofBadCircumstances（2023·重庆·统考模拟预测）Acommonremarkinpiecesabout“kidsthesedaysandtheirsociallanguage”is“whendidfriendbecomeaverb?”Theansweris:sometimeinthe1400s,ifnotearlier.IntheearliestexamplesoftheverbfriendfromtheOxfordEnglishDictionary,itjustmeans“tomakefriends”.Youcouldgotoaplace,andfriendsomepeoplethere.Italsohadthemeaningofhelpingsomeoneout,beingafriendtothem,e.g.,“ReportscamethattheKingwouldfriendLauderdale,”anexamplefrom1698.Ifyoucouldfriendsomeone,itwasonlynatural,accordingtotheproductiverulesofEnglishwordformation,thatyoucouldunfriendthem,too.Thewordshowsupinthisexamplefrom1659:“Ihope,sir,thatwearenotmutually(相互的)un-friendedbytisdifferencewhichhashappenedbetweenus.”Hangouthasbeenusedasaverbforpassingthetimesinceatleastthe1659s.InthePickwickPapers(1837),CharlesDickenswrote:“Isay,oldboy,wheredoyouhangout?”Theapplicationoffunkytomusiccamearoundthe1930s,butthe“strongsmell”sensehadbeenaroundlongbeforethat.Sincethe1600s,funkwasslang(俚语)fortheunpleasantsmelloftobaccosmoke,andbyextension,anythingthatstank(臭的).Cheeses,rooms,andespeciallyship’stoiletscouldbedescribedasfunky.Theapplicationoffanboytocomicsandsciencefictionhadtowaituntilthe70s,butbeforethat,thereweresportsfans,andin1919thepaperinDecatur,Illinois,reportedthat,“itwasashocktothefanboyswhenCincinnati…beattheChicagoWhiteSox.”Thefirstcitation(引用)forfangirlisfrom1934:“Mary…dashedoutthroughtherainsoswiftlythatonlytwoofthefan-girlscaughther.”5．Whendidtheword“unfriend”turnup?A．In1837. B．In1698.C．In1659. D．In1400.6．Whichonecanbedescribedasfunky?A．Afreshapple.B．AcupofCoca-Cola.C．Abottleofpurifiedwater.D．Ahomelessdog.7．Wheredidtheword“fanboy”firstappear?A．Insports. B．Incomics. C．Insciencefiction. D．Inmovies.8．Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．TheOriginofOEDB．WordsThatAreMuchOlderthanTheySeemC．HowWordsAreChangedD．TheApplicationofStrangeWords（2022·江苏南通·江苏省如东高级中学校考模拟预测）Heat,coldandtoucharecrucialforexperiencingtheworldaroundusandforourownsurvival.Buthowourbodiesactuallydoithadbeenoneofthegreatmysteries(神秘)ofbiology.ScientistswhodiscoveredhowourbodiesfeelthewarmthofthesunorthehugofalovedonehavewontheNobelPrize.DavidJuliusandArdemPatapoutian,fromtheUS,sharethe2021prizeinMedicineorPhysiologyfortheirworkonsensingtouchandtemperature.Theyexploredhowourbodiesconvertphysicalsensationsintoelectricalmessagesinthenervoussystem.Theirfindingscouldleadtonewwaysoftreatingpain.ThomasPerlman,fromtheNobelPrizeCommittee,said:“Itwasaveryimportantandprofounddiscovery.”ProfDavidJulius’sbreakthrough,attheUniversityofCalfornia,SanFrancisco,camefrominvestigatingtheburningpainwefeelfromeatingahotchillipepper(辣椒).Heexperimentedwiththesourceofachilli’sheatanddiscoveredthespecifictypeofreceptor(感觉器官)thatrespondedtoit.Furthertestsshowedthereceptorwasrespondingtoheatandkickedinat“painful“temperatures.Thisiswhathappens,forexample，ifyouyou’reyourhandonacupofcoffee.Thisledtoasensesofothertemperaturesensorsbeingdiscovered.ProfJuliusandProfArdemPalapoutianfoundonethatcoulddetectcold.Meanwhile,ProfPatapoutian,workingattheScripsResearchinstitute,wasalsoanalyzingcellsinadish.Thoseexperimentsledtothediscoveryofadifferenttypeofreceptorthatawasactivated(激活)inresponsetomechanicalforceortouch.Whenyouwalkalongabeachandfeelthesandunderyourfeet-itisthesereceptorsthataresendingsignalstothebrain.Thefirstheatsensorisalsoinvolved’inlastingpainandhowourbodyregulatesitscoretemperature.Thetouchreceptorhasmultipleroles,fromurinatingtobloodpressure.ThePrizeCommitteesaidtheirworkhad“allowedustounderstandhowheat,coldandmechanicalforcecaninitiatethenerveimpulses(刺激)thatallowustoperceiveandadapttotheworldaroundus.9．WhatmadeDavidandArdemwintheNobelPrize?A．Mysteriousexperiences B．Biologicaldiscoveries.C．Explorationofsunheat. D．Survivalinhightemperature.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“convert”inParagraph2mean?A．Translate. B．Persuade.C．Change. D．Lead.11．Whichcontributedtothediscoveryofdifferenttemperaturesensors?A．Burninghandsonacoffeecup. B．Thechillipepperexperiment.C．Raisingpainfultemperatures. D．Theanalysisofcellsinadish.12．Whatcouldthediscoverybeappliedto?A．Testingbloodpressure. B．Promotingbeachtourism.C．Perceivingcoffeecolor. D．Treatingsomediseases.（2023·河北衡水·河北衡水中学校考模拟预测）“Alotofthetimewhenclimatechangeisdiscussedinmainstreammedia,peopleareasking‘canhumansovercomethis?’,or‘whattechnologycansolvethis?’.It’shightimewerecognizedthatanimalsalsohavetoadapttovariouschanges.Weknowsomeanimalschangetheirskincolorstoescapefromnaturalenemiesorduetoenvironmentpollution,”saysRyding.“Theclimatechangethatwehavecreatedisputtingalotofpressureonthem,andsomespeciestrytoadaptbyshapeshifting(变形).”Strongshapeshiftinghasparticularlybeenreportedinbirds.SeveralspeciesofAustralianparrothaveshown,onaverage,a4%—10%increaseinbeak(鸟喙)sizesince1871,andthisispositivelylinkedwiththesummertemperatureeachyear.NorthAmericandark-eyedjuncos,atypeofsmallsongbird,hadalinkbetweenincreasedbeaksizeandshort-termtemperatureextremesincoldenvironments.Therehavealsobeenreportedchangesinmammalianspecies.Researchershavereportedtaillengthincreasesinwoodmiceandlegsizeincreasesinmaskedshrews(鼩鼱).“Theincreasesinsomebodypartssizeweseesofararequitesmall—lessthan10%—sothechangesareunlikelytobeimmediatelynoticeable,”saysRyding.“However,somebodypartssuchasearsarepredictedtoincrease.”RydingintendstoinvestigateshapeshiftinginAustralianbirdsfirsthandby3Dscanningmuseumbirdspecimensfromthepast100years.Itwillgiveherteamabetterunderstandingofwhichbirdsarechangingtheirbodypartsandwhy.“Shapeshiftingdoesnotmeanthatanimalsarecopingwithclimatechangeandthatallis‘fine’,”saysRyding.“Itjustmeanstheyareadaptingtosurviveit—butwe’renotsurewhattheotherecologicalconsequencesofthesechangesare,orindeedthatallspeciesarecapableofchangingandsurviving.”13．Whatmaycauseanimals’shapeshiftingaccordingtoRyding?A．Humanhunting. B．Climatechange.C．Naturalenemies. D．Pollutedsurroundings.14．Whatmethoddoestheauthormainlyusetodevelopparagraph2?A．Givingexamples. B．Cause-effectanalysis.C．Makingcomparison. D．Processanalysis.15．WhatcanweknowfromRyding’swordsinthelastparagraph?A．Animalscanwelladapttochangesandsurvive.B．Influenceofanimals’shapeshiftingisuncertain.C．RdyingwillresearchintobirdmuseumsinAustralia.D．Alladaptationsofanimalstoclimatechangearebeneficial.16．Inwhichsectionofanewspapercanwefindthetext?A．Technology. B．Healthcare. C．Environment. D．Education.（2022·福建三明·三明一中校考模拟预测）In2009,biologistCharlesAndersonputforwardanassumptionthatglobeskimmerdragonflies(蜻蜓)ontheMaldiveshadflowninfromwhatheassumedwasIndia.Whentheyflewoffagain,itwastowardsEastAfrica.12yearslater,agroupofresearchersdecidedtoinvestigatehisclaim.Globeskimmerdragonfliesaretoosmalltobefittedwithelectronicdevices.Instead,theresearchersexamineditsphysicalaspectsandcalculatedhowlongaglobeskimmerdragonflycouldstayintheairusingtheenergythatcanbestoredinitsbody.Inaddition,theresearchersusedwindmodelstodetermineiftherearewindsthatfacilitatethemigrationinbothdirections.“OurstudyshowsthatthismigrationfromIndiatoEastAfricaisactuallypossible.However,theglobeskimmerdragonflycan’tmanageitusingonlythefatinitsbody.Italsorequiresfavorablewindsandthesearepresentduringcertainperiodsoftheyear,”saysJohannaHedlund,abiologyresearcheratLundUniversity.Accordingtothemigrationexperimentsusingwindmodels,about15percentofthedragonfliescouldmanagethemigrationfromIndiatoAfricainthespring.Intheautumn,40percentcouldmakethesamejourneyintheoppositedirection.JohannaHedlundandhercolleaguesconsideritimpressivethatdragonfliescandothisatall.EvenmoreimpressiveisthefactthattheglobeskimmerdragonflymigrationacrosstheIndianOceanisthelongestintheanimalkingdominrelationtoananimal’ssize.Otheranimalsalsorelyonfavorablewindconditionswhentheymigrate.Twoexamples