胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题与答案

胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题第一章：语言学导论Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman__________.A.contact B.communicationC.relation D.community2.Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?A.tree B.typewriterC.crash D.bang3.Thefunction

of

the

sentence

“Waterboils

at

100

degreesCentigrade.

”is__________.A.interrogativeC.informative

B.directiveD.performative4.InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikely tosay“碎碎（岁岁）平安 ”asameansof controlling theforceswhichbelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?A.Interpersonal B.EmotiveC.Performative D.Recreational

they5.Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?A.Transferability B.DualityC.Displacement D.ArbitrarinessStudythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?—Aniceday,isn ’tit?—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.A.Emotive B.PhaticC.Performative D.Interpersonal7. __________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser

sknowledge

’oftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.A.Performance B.CompetenceC.Langue D.ParoleWhenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.A.culturaltransmission B.productivityC.displacement D.duality9. __________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.A.PsycholinguisticsC.Sociolinguistics

B.AnthropologicallinguisticsD.Appliedlinguistics__________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.A.Linguistictheory B.PracticallinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics D.ComparativelinguisticsDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.16. Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.17..DeSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.18. AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare ’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.Fillintheblanks.(10%)Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis__________.Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.30. LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure ’slangueandChomsky ’s________IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)DesignfeatureDisplacementCompetenceSynchroniclinguisticsAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（南开大学， 2004）36.Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?（北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青岛海洋大学，1999）第二章：语音I.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.A.intonation B.tone C.pronunciation D.voice2.Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).A.allophone B.phone C.phoneme

D.morphemeAnaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.A.analogues B.tagmemes C.morphemes D.allophones4.Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas__________.A.glottis B.vocalcavity C.pharynx D.uvulaThediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.A.wide B.closing C.narrow D.centering6.Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophones7.Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?A.AcousticphoneticsB.ArticulatoryphoneticsC.AuditoryphoneticsD.Noneoftheabove8.Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?A.[n] B.[m] C.[b] D.[p]9.Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?A.[i:] B.[u] C.[e] D.[i]10.Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?A.Voiceless B.Voiced C.Glottalstop D.ConsonantII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.III. Fillintheblanks.(20%)Consonantsoundscanbeeither__________or__________,whileallvowelsoundsare__________.Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__________.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__________andthelips.Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe__________towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout__________.Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating__________.InEnglishthereareanumberof__________,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.__________referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.__________isthesmallestlinguisticunit.Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe__________comingfromthelungs.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)SoundassimilationSuprasegmentalfeatureComplementarydistributionDistinctivefeaturesV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.Whatisacousticphonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?（南开04）VI. Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（青岛海洋大学，1999）voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstoplowfrontvowellateralliquidvelarnasalvoicedinterdentalfricative第三章：词汇I.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.A.lexicalwords B.grammaticalwordsC.functionwords D.formwords2.Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.A.inflectionalC.bound

B.freeD.derivational3.Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.A.threeB.fourC.five

D.six4.InEnglish–iseandA.prefixes

–tionarecalled__________.B.suffixesC.infixes

D.stems5.Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.A.derivationalaffix B.inflectionalaffixC.infix D.back-formation__________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.A.affixation B.back-formationC.insertion D.addition7.ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.A.acronymy B.clipping C.initialism

D.blending8.Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________.A.blending B.clipping C.back-formation

D.acronymy9.Thestemofdisagreementsis__________A.agreement B.agree

C.disagree

D.disagreement10.Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________.A.lexemeB.phonemeC.morpheme

D.allomorphII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)An__________ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean__________ispronouncedasaword.Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith__________.Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:__________,__________and__________.Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot__________.Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto__________class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto__________class.__________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.__________isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe__________level.Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda__________.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:__________and__________.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)BlendingAllomorphClosed-classword34.MorphologicalruleV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?（厦门大学， 2003）36.WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)37.MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武汉大学， 2004）III(1)acronyma.foe(2)freemorphemeb.subconscious(3)derivationalmorphemec.UNESCO(4)inflectionalmorphemed.overwhelmed(5)prefixe.calculation第四章：句法I.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Thesentencestructureis________.A.onlylinear B.onlyhierarchicalC.complex D.bothlinearandhierarchical2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.A.large B.small C.finite

D.infinite3.The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.A.lexicalC.linguistic

B.morphologicalD.combinationalAsentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammaticalknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.A.right B.wrong C.grammatical D.ungrammaticalA__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A.coordinator B.particle C.preposition D.subordinator6.Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.A.recursive B.grammatical C.social

D.functionalPhrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwordshowpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentencesalloftheabove.8.Theheadofthephrase “thecityRomeA.thecity B.Rome C.city

”is__________.D.thecityRome9.ThephraseA.endocentric

“ontheshelflongs”tobe__________construction.B.exocentricC.subordinate

D.coordinateThesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.isa__________sentence.A.simple

B.coordinate

C.compound

D.complexII.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)A__________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.A__________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.A__________maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled__________.A__________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledan__________clause.Majorlexicalcategoriesare__________categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.__________conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.__________aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinoneway oranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnaturallanguages.Thetheoryof__________conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.IV. Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)SyntaxICanalysisHierarchicalstructureTracetheoryV.Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35. Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction? （武汉大学，2004）36. DistinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsofICanalysis. （北京二外国语大学， 2004）

“

morebeautifulflowers

”

bymeansVI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)DrawatreediagramaccordingtothePSrulestoshowthedeepstructureofthesentence:Thestudentwrotealetteryesterday.第五章：意义I.Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1.Thenamingtheoryisadvancedby________.A.Plato B.Bloomfield C.GeoffreyLeech D.Firth2.“Weshallknowawordbythecompanyitkeeps. ”Thisstatementrepresents_______.A.theconceptualistview B.contexutalismC.thenamingtheory D.behaviorismWhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Senseisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Senseisabstractanddecontextualized.Senseistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersarenotinterestedin.“CanIborrowyourbike?A.issynonymouswithC.entails

”_______ “Youhaveabike. ”B.isinconsistentwithD.presupposes___________isawayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.A.Predicationanalysis B.ComponentialanalysisC.Phonemicanalysis D.Grammaticalanalysis6.“Alive ”and “dead”are______________.A.gradableantonyms B.relationalantonymsC.complementaryantonyms D.Noneoftheabove_________dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.A.Reference B.Concept C.Semantics D.Sense___________referstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesameform.A.Polysemy B.SynonymyC.Homonymy D.Hyponymy9.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled______________.A.homonyms B.polysemies C.hyponyms D.synonyms10.Thegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedby_______.A.grammaticalrulesB.selectionalrestrictionsC.semanticrulesD.semanticfeaturesDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.Behavioristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.“Itishot.”-placeisnopredicationbecauseitcontainsnoargument.Ingrammaticalanalysis,thesentenceistakentobethebasicunit,butinsemanticanalysisofasentence,thebasicunitispredication,whichistheabstractionofthemeaningofasentence.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)__________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisno__________linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.__________meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalled__________.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalled__________.__________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.__________analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalled（青岛海洋大学，__________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.A(n)__________isalogicalparticipantinapredication,largelyidenticalwiththenominalelement(s)inasentence.Accordingtothe__________theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)Entailment32. PropositionComponentialanalysisReferenceAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.Whatarethesenserelationsbetweenthefollowinggroupsofwords?Dogs,cats,pets,parrots;trunk,branches,tree,roots

1999）36.Whatarethethreekindsofantonymy?（武汉大学，2004）VI.Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)Foreachgroupofwordsgivenbelow,statewhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesaresharedbythe(a)wordsandthe(b)words,andwhatsemanticpropertyorpropertiesdistinguishbetweentheclassesof(a)wordsand(b)words.a.bachelor,man,son,paperboy,pope,chiefbull,rooster,drake,rama.table,stone,pencil,cup,house,ship,carmilk,alcohol,rice,soupa.book,temple,mountain,road,tractorb.idea,love,charity,sincerity,bravery,fear（青岛海洋大学，1999）第七章：语言、文化和社会[注：第六章无测试题 ]Choosethebestanswer.(20%)1._______isconcernedwiththesocialsignificanceoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseindifferent speechcommunities.A.Psycholinguistics B.SociolinguisticsC.Appliedlinguistics D.Generallinguistics2.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisits__________.A.useofwordsB.useofstructuresC.accentD.morphemes__________isspeechvariationaccordingtotheparticularareawhereaspeakercomesfrom.A.Regionalvariation B.LanguagevariationC.Socialvariation D.Registervariation4._______arethemajorsourceofregionalvariationoflanguage.A.GeographicalbarriersB.Loyaltytoandconfidenceinone ’snativespeechC.PhysicaldiscomfortandpsychologicalresistancetochangeD.Socialbarriers5._________meansthatcertainauthorities,suchasthegovernmentchoose,aparticularspeechvariety,standardizeitandspreadtheuseofitacrossregionalboundaries.A.LanguageinterferenceC.Languageplanning

B.LanguagechangesD.Languagetransfer6. _________inaperson ’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.A.Regionalvariation B.ChangesinemotionsC.Variationinconnotations D.StylisticvariationA____isavarietyoflanguagethatservesasamediumofcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplefordiverselinguisticbackgrounds.A.linguafranca B.register C.Creole D.nationallanguageAlthough_______aresimplifiedlanguageswithreducedgrammaticalfeatures,theyarerule-governed,likeanyhumanlanguage.A.vernacularlanguages B.creoles C.pidgins D.sociolectsInnormalsituations,____speakerstendtousemoreprestigiousformsthantheir____counterpartswiththesamesocialbackground.A.female;male B.male;female C.old;young D.young;old10.Alinguistic_______referstoawordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythe“polite”societyfromgeneraluse.A.slang B.euphemism C.jargon D.tabooDecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)11.Languageasameansofsocialcommunicationisahomogeneoussystemwithahomogeneousgroupofspeakers.Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations.13.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,theterm “speechotbevarietyusedto

”

cannrefertostandardlanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectorpidgin.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures.Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds.Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.Bilingualismanddiglossiameanthesamething.Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.III.Fillintheblanks.(20%)Thesocialgroupisolatedforanygivenstudyiscalledthespeech__________.Speech__________referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakerorgroupofspeakers.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethana__________varietyofalanguage.Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguage__________.Socialvariationgivesriseto__________whicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc.26.__________variationinaperson ’sspeechorwritingusuallyonrangecontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.27.Aregionaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationalor__________languageofacountry.Thestandardlanguageisa__________,sociallyprestigiousdialectoflanguage.Languagevarietiesotherthanthestandardarecallednonstandard,or__________languages.Apidgintypicallylacksin__________morphemes.IV.Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)31. LinguafrancaRegionaldialect.RegisterSociolinguisticsAnswerthefollowingquestions.(20%)35.IsAmericanEnglishsuperiortoAfricanEnglish?Whyorwhynot? （中国人民大学，2003）Ifwetakeitasrulethatlanguageisintimatelyrelatedtoculture,thenhowdothekinshipwords,suchasuncleandaunt,reflecttheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese?（东北师范大学，2004）VI.Analyzethefollo