中石化职称英语复习题

英译汉Thereisanincreaseindamandforallkindsofconsumergoodsineverypartofourcoun-trry.译为:我国各地对各种消费品的需求量正大大增加。Wealsorealizedthegrowingneedandnecessitytoindustrializecertainsectoymnedtopur-sueit.译为我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门工业化。Theyaredeeplyconvincedoftheourrectnessofthispocicyandfirmlydeterminedtopur-sueit.译为:我们深信这一政策是正确的,并有坚定的决心继续奉行这一政策。Weseekadeep-rootedunderstandingthroughthemultiplicationofoureconomic,cultur-al,scientific,technicalandhumanties译为：我们要通过加强我们之间的经济、文化、科学、技术和人员等方面的交流来加深彼此的了解。Rocketshevefoundapplicationsforzheexplorationoftheuniverse译为:火箭已经用来探索宇宙。Ifwewereignorantofthestructureoftheatom,itwouldbeimpossibleforustostudynuclearphysics译为:如果我们不知道原子的结构,我们我们就不可能研究核子物理学。Electroniccontroltechniquescanbedesignedtotakefulladvantageofquickresponsein-herentinagasturbineproulsionsystem译为:电子控制技术可以充分地利用燃气轮机推进系统固有的反应快的优点。Histreatiseaimsatdiscussingthepropertiesofthenewlydiscoveredelements译为:他着篇论文的目的是讨论新发现元素的特征。Thesepumpsarefeaturedbytheirsimpleoperation,easrmaintenance,lowpowercon-sumptionanddurableservice译为：这些水泵的特点是操作简便,维护容易,耗电量少,经久耐用。Noonehaseverseenasingleatomormoleculeevenwiththemostpowerfulmicroscope译为：即使用倍数最高的显微镜,也没有人看到过一个单个的原子或分子。Cargoinsuranceistoprotectthetredefoumlossesthatmanydangersmaycause.译为:货物保险就是保护贸易商免受许多风险所可能造成的种种损失。Englishisthelanguageofcommerceandsecondlanguageofmanycountneswhicihfor-merlrhadFrenchorgermaninthatposition译为：英语是国际贸易中通用的语言,在许多国家已取代法语或德语成为第二语言。Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman译为：阅读使人充实,会话使人敏捷,写作使人精明。Theproblemofacquiring,trackinganddiscriminatingallthetargetsneedsthefuilcapa-bilityofthephasedarrayradar译为:解决捕获、跟踪和识别所有目标的问题,要求发挥相控阵雷达的全部能力。Theprincioalfunctionthatmaybeperformedbyvacuumtubesarerectification,amplify-cation,oscillation,modulationanddetection译为:真空管的五大主要功能是:整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。Akeyisapieceinsertedbetweenashaftandahabtopreventrelativerotation译为:键是一种装在轴和轮毂之间的零件，用以防止相对转动。Mywork,myfamily,myfriendsweremorethanenoughtofillmytime译为:我干工作,我作家务,我有朋友来往,这些占用了我的全部时间。Theformerismorecommoninadult,thelatterinchildren译为：前者在成年人中较常见,后者在儿童中较常见。Tinghtertolerancesarepossible,butwithloweryieldandgreatercost译为:使公差再小一些是可能的，但这会降低成品率，使成本增加。Thisexperiencehasbeenobtainedintherealmoffarlessstringentoperationalrequire-mentsandconditions,particularlyinregardtopowerdissipation译为:这种经验是在极不严格的工作要求和工作环境下取得的,Theexperiencehastoldusthatthislindofmaterialisofgoodquality经验告诉我们这种材料的质量很好Theproductsshouldbesampledtochecktheirqualitybeforetheyleavethefactory译为:产品在出厂之前就应该进行质量抽样检查。Theyhavefittedthemselvestothelandandtherhythmofitsseasons译为:他们已经适应了当地的水土和季节。Physicsisthestudyofheat,sound,magnetism,electricity,light,thepropertiesofmat-terandwhatitiscomposedof译为:物理学研究的是热、声、磁、电、光、物质的性质和成份Wehavesolvedtheproblemandhavearrivedatthesameconclusionastheyarrivedat译为:我们已经解决了这个问题,并且得出了和他们相同的结论。Edisonandhismenwereverymuchexcitedasthefirstelectriclightsentoutitsglow译为：当第一盏灯放光时，爱迪生和他的工作人员非常兴奋。Itistoincreasethefrictionthatthesurfacesofautomobiletyresaremadewithprojec-tions正是为了增加摩擦，才把汽车胎的表面做成有了许多突起的小块。英译汉Whenwewanttomoveabodyofgreatmass,wemustapplyagreatforce译为:要移动质量大的物体,就要用大力。Thehightemperatureandhighrotationalspeedsatwhichthegasturbineoperatespresentdifficultiesinmanufacture译为:燃气轮机工作时的高温与高转速使制造产生了一些困难。Practicallyallsubstancesexpandwhenheatedandcontractwhencooled译为:实际上一切物质都是热胀冷缩的。whatIwaslearningwaswhatdickdarmanlatersaidatben‘sgoodbyepartytwotearslater译为:我所学到的，是两年以后迪克。达曼在欢送本的告别会上所说的。ThatthebritishandAmericangovernmentsremainedunperturbedwasdueingreatparttoauniqueserviceprovidedbythebritishbroadcastingcorporation译为：当时英美政府之所以能够保持镇定自若,主要是由于英国广播公司提供了一项很不寻常的服务。Outpositionhasalwaysbeenthatsuchinterventionistotallyunjustified译为:我们的一贯立场为:这种干涉是完全无理的。Idon‘tthinkthatheatallweighedtheadvantagesofchanginghisjobagainstthedisadvantages译为：我认为他根本就没有把换工作的利弊加心权衡比较。shetoldnethatshewouldoftenspendawholemorningworkinguponasinglepage译为:她对我说,她往往要花整整一个上午来修改一页稿子。weknewthatwenevercouldfindpeaceaslongasweaswerefilledwithhatred译为:我们明白了，如果我们心里总是充满了怨恨,就永远也安宁不下来。Ihadheardyouwerecoming,butwehadnoideaitwouldbethissoon译为:我们听说你要来,可是没想到你来得这样快。Thereisnoquestionthatthesovietunionwillseektogainfromtheinstability译为:毫无疑问,苏联将利用不稳定的形势捞到好处。The25-yearteachingveteransayshewasdeniedapromotionandpayraiselastyearbecausehehadn‘tpublishedasufficientnumberofresearchpapers.译为:这位有25年教龄的老师来说,由于他未能发表足够数量的科研论文,去年没有给他提职、提薪。whatAmericahaslostisthecocky,do-anythingassuranceofthe1950s译为:美国已经失去了50年代那种趾高气扬、为所欲为而毫无顾忌的劲头。Anditisnotwhetheruniversitieshaveproducedvaluableresearchandscholarship译为：问题也不在于大学是否已取得有价值的科研成果和学术成就。weshouldrememberthatthescientificdevelopmentsinonefieldarecloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentsofthesametimeinotherfields译为:我们应当记住,一个领域的科学发展与其他领域在同一时期的发展有着密切的联系。IthasbeensaidthatinAmerica,peoplethinkintermsofdecades;inEurope,theythinkintermsofgenerations;inchina,dtheythinkintermslfcenturies,译为:有人说:在美国，人们以十年为单位来考虑问题。在欧洲,人们以一代人为单位来考虑问题。而在中国,人们以世纪的眼光来考虑问题。Don'ttakeforgrantedthatitwillbeallplainsailing,译为:不要以为一切都会一帆风顺。legendhasitthatdayuwasmadeemperorbecauseofhissuccessincontrollingfloods译为:据传说,在禹是因为治水成功而当上皇帝的。Therehasneverbeenamanaroundmewhowrotesomanymemos.译为:在我周围没有一个人像他那样写过那么多的备忘录。Hewishestowriteanarticlethatwillattractpubicattentiontothematter译为：他想写一篇文章，来呼吁公众关注此事。Thesunemitalargeamountofinvisibleraysofamaturesimilartoradiowavesandlightwhichareelectromagneticwaves译为:太阳发射大量与光和无线电波性质类似的不可见的射线,这些射线就是电磁波。Themeltingpointofwhichthecarboncontentishigher,islower译为:如果铸铁的含碳量较高,其熔点就较低。Thisfactoryproducedmachinetoolstowhichprecisioninstrumentswereattached译为:这家工厂生产附有精密仪器的机床。Suchpeopleastheyarewillneverdothatsortofthing译为:像他们这样的人绝不会做那种事情。China‘sisolationfromthewestwasfinallybrokeninthe19thcentury,whenitwasinvadedfromthesea.译为：中国与西方隔绝的状态终于在19世纪被打破了,当时中国遭到了从海上来的侵略。Thewholestaffconsistedofabout250doctorsandnurses,nearlyhalfofwhomwerewomen.译为:在全体工作人员中，大约有250名是医生和护士，几乎半数是妇女。Thereasonwhyjohnfailedwashislaziness译为：约翰之所以失败是由于他懒惰。英译汉Iwouldliketoliveinaplacewheretreesaregreenalltheyearround.译为:我喜欢住在树木四季常青的地方。whenagiantradio-telescopeturnsinonthemessagessentfromarocketinspace,acom-puterguidestheturningofthetelescopeintherightdirection译为:当一架巨型电望远镜为了对准宇宙中的火箭所发回的电讯而转动时,计算机便会指引望远镜转到所需要的角度。Thedrillmayjustmisstheoilalthoughitisnear:ontheotherhand,itmaystrkeoilatafairlyhinghlevl译为：钻头可能到了离油很近的地方而没有碰到油;另一方面,也可能在相当浅的地方打出油来。Theoilusedforthispurposemustbeofthecorrectthickness:ifitistoothinitwillnotgivesufficientlubrication,andifitistoothickitwillnotreachallpartsthatmustbelubricated译为:润滑油的浓度必须适当,太稀则起不到应有的润滑修,太稠则流不到需要润滑的所有零件。Wedonotreadhistorysimplyforpleasure,butinorderthatwemaydiscoverthelawsofpoliticgrowthandchange译为：我们读历史不单纯是为了娱乐,而是为了从中发现政治发展和演变规律。ThemorecorporatestaffabroadwhocancommunicatewellinEnglishthegreateryourtradingopportunity译为:驻外公司职员能用英语熟练交流的越多,做生意的机会就越多。AsdivorceretesinAsisareontherise,moraleducationisgettingmoreandmoreimpor-tant译为:在亚洲，由于离婚率不断上升，道德教育越来越重要HeknewnothingabouttheblueprintuntilItoldhim译为:这个蓝图在我告诉他之前,他一点也不知道。Thismaterialisnomoreelasticthanthatone这种材料并不比那种更有弹性。Manycenturieshadpassedbeforemanlearnedtomakefire译为：许多世纪以后人类才学会了生火。Hespeaksquickly,thetoneofhisvoicesoarrestingthatitsoberseveryone译为:他快快地讲着,语调十分引人注意,大家也都安静地听。Currentwellnotflowcontinually,sincethecircuitisbrokenbytheinsulatingmaterial译为：电流不再继续流动，因为电路被绝缘材料隔断了。Thewerkingplanwellbeexaminedbyaspecialcommitteefirst译为:这个工作计划将先由一个特别委员会加以审查。Ifthepressureinaclosedvesselisallowedtorisetoohigh,thevesselwillburst译为:如果听任密封容器中的压力过分升高容器就会爆炸。Mostofthequestionshavebeensettledsatisfactorily;onlyafewquestionsofsecondim-portanceremaintobediscusse（译为：大部分问题已经圆满解决了,只剩下几个次要问题有待讨论。Wowsomuchhasbeedpublishedonallkindsofsubjectsthatevenaspecialistwhodevot-edallhistimetoreadingcouldnotkeepupwithit现在就各种问题发表了许多材料,即使是专家整天看材料也跟不上。Therefore,whenwearereceivedwithsomuchhonorandsomuchkindnessinthisgreatcountry,Ibelievethatthepeople,sRepublicofchinaisdoingaverysignificantthing译为：因此，当我们在这个伟大的国家里受到这样隆重和盛情的接待时,我认为中华人民共和国这样做是有重大意义的Nowfreshwaterisbecomingscarce,butmoreandmoreisneededbecauseofincrease-ingnumberofpeopleintheworlc译为:现在淡水越来越不足,而由于世界人口日益增长,淡水的需要量却越来越大。Itisrequiredthatthemachineshouldbemaintainedatregularintervals译为:机器需要定期维修。Itshouldbepointedoutthatthisprocessisoxidation译为:应该指出这一过程是氧化。Itisgenerallyrecognizedthattheinsulationresistanceofacableisinverselyproportionaltoitslength译为：普遍认为电缆的绝缘电阻与其长度成反比。Suchapoorstatecouldnotpossiblyhavewagedagainstirsneighborwithoutbackingformothercountries译为:这样贫穷的国家如果没有他国的支持,本来根本不可能对其邻国发动战争。Nothingintheworldmovesfasterthanlight译为：世界上没有任何东西比光走得快。Allthesemetalsarenotgoodconductors译为:所的这些金属不都是良导体。Noteneryminutedifferenceisnoted译为：并不是每一点细微差别都能注意到了。Thereisnomaterialbutwilldeformmoreorlessundertheactionofforce译为:在力的作用下，各种材料或多或少都要变形。Theyworkedneitherforfamenorforpersonalgains译为：他们工作一不为名二不为利。英译汉Thespeedoflightistoogreattobemeasuredwithasimpleunit译为:光的速度太大,以至于不能用简单的单位来度量。Althoughheexplainedittoher,shewasstillcompletelyatsea译为:尽管他给她作了解释,可她仍然迷惑不解。Wewerekeptinthedarkastofutureplans译为：我们对未来的计划一无所知。Japanisthelastcountrytoinventradar,butEngland译为:发明雷达的国家决不是日本,而英国。(a)Nuchmoreimportantthantheelementitselfaresomeofitscompounds译为：比这一元素本身更重要的是它的一些化合物。Ofconsiderableinterestisthatmanyplanetsrevolveroundthesunbesidestheearth译为:相当有趣的是，除地球外,有许多行星环绕太阳旋转。Withthedevelopmentofelectricalengineering,powercanbetransmittedoveralongdistance译为：随着电气工程的发展，电力可以远距离输送。Surroundingtheearthisalayerofairofgreatthickness译为:环绕地球的是一层厚度很大的空气。Betweenatomsthereisenoughspaceforthemtomove,andmovetheydo译为:原子之间有足够的空间让原子运动,而它们有确在运动。Differentmetalsdodifferintheirconductivity译为:不同的金属一定具有不同的导电性能。Itisthepowerstationthatsuppliesthemotivepowertothewholecity译为:供给全城动和的就是发电站。ItwasNewtonwhoprovedmathematicallytheatthepathofaplanetmustbeanellipse译为:用数学证明行星的轨道是个椭圆的，就是牛顿。Itisonlythroughagreatdealofpracticethatweshallbeabletooperatethismachinetool译为：只有通过大量实践，我们才能操作这台机床。Thenotionsofenergythermodynamicsemphasizes能的概念为热力学所强调。（四）Ifthesestampsweregenuiue,theywouldbeworthalotofmoney译为:这些邮票如果是真的,可就值大钱了。Ifthisbridgehadbeenbuiltofarmouredconcrete,itsstrengthwouldhavebeenmuchgreater译为:这座桥要是当初用钢筋混凝土建造，它的强度就会大大提高。Ifanycountrywereinthesamepositionthatweaer,theywouldbemakingthesamecasewiththesamefoyceandconviction译为：假如任何国家处在我国所处的地位的话,他们也会跟我们一样坚定不移地持同样的态度。Thenationwasonitskneesand,werenothingdone,wouldsoonbeprostrate译为：国家处境不妙,如果不想一点办法,就会完蛋。Withoutheradvice,Iwouldhavefailed假如没有她的劝告，我想必已失败了。IsupposepoorMaryisallbrokenup.Iwouldbeinhercase译为：我想可怜的玛丽已伤心透了。如果我处在她的地位,我也会是这样的。Ifcomputerswerenotused,ourresearchworkwouldbedifficult译为:假使没有用计算机,我们的研究工作就困难了。Howcouldhehaveoperatedthemachine-toolifhehadn‘tlearnedthetechniquesomeweeksago?译为：要是他在几个星期前没有学习技术，他怎么能操作社台机床呢?Shewishedshehadstayedathome译为：也但愿那时留在家中就好了。IsupposewhenIwasayoungmanIshouldhavedonethesamefoolthing译为:我想,如果我是一个年轻人,我大概也会干出社样的蠢事来。Laser,itscreationbeingthoughttobeoneoftoday‘swonders,isnothingmorethanalightthatdiffersfromordinarylightsonlyinthatitismanytimesmorepowerfulandsocanbeappliedinfieldsthatnoordinarylightorothersubstancehaseverbeenabletogetin译为:激光的发明被认为是当代的奇迹之一。其实激光也只不过是一种光线,与普通光线不同之处在于它的强度要大很多倍,因而能够月重任何光线或其他物质从未能进入的领域。Agoodwayoflearningtomakethesoundofanewlanguageistouserecordingswhichhavepausesaftereachsentencegivingyoutimetosaywhatyouhavelearntbeforethenextsentencecomes.译为：学习一种新的语言的发音有一种好办法,那就是利用录音,它可以在每句话后多留些间隙,以便你有时间在下一句还没出现之前练习你刚刚学过的东西。Automaticcontrolwhichisknownasautomationislimitedtosuchoperationsashavesomeconnectionwiththecontrollingoradjustmentofindividualmachinesorinstruments,thesystemsetupwithautomaticcontrolsbeing,inawidersense,alongproducinglinewhichenablesmaterialstobefedfromoneendandtheproductstobeturnedoutattheotherwiththewholeprocessbeingcontrolledautomatically译为：自动控制,通常称为自动化,不仅限于那些与控制或调整个别机器或仪器有关的操作,从更广泛的意义上来说,这种自动控制建立的系统,是一个很长的生产线,从一端投入原料,到另一端制成产品,整个过程都是自动控制的。英译汉Thosewhohavescrupulouslystudiedthenationalstatisticshaveconcludedthatthereisnothinginthemthatwouldsupportthegeneralbeliefthattherehasbeensomelesseningofeco-nomicinequalityintheUnitedStatesinrecentdecades译为:认真天空过国家统计数字中没有任何资料可以证实这个普遍的看法,即近几十年来美国的经济不平等现象有所减轻。Chinahasalwaysbeenadisciplinedandculturednation,andifitseemedtooldChinahandsthatitwasnot,itislikelythatitwasthedisturbinginfluenceofwesternmaterialismandamoralitythatcorruptedthepersonalityoftheChinesewhowereincontactwithit,andwhothusbecame,inessence,itsvictims译为：中国一直是一个守纪律有文化的国家,如果对某些中国通来说,中国看来并不是那样,那很可能是由于西方的那种物质享受不讲道德是非的风气破坏性的影响,腐蚀了那些与这种影响接触的中国人的品格,在实质上这些人是这些影响的受害者。Galileowasthefirsttoexplainbythismethodthatanyfallingobject,whetheritweighslittleormuch,gainsspeedatthesamerateweileitfalls,andanyballthrown,whateveritssizeandspeed,hasthesamepullfromtheearthbringingitdown译为：伽里略首先用这种方法来解释下述现象:即任何下落的物体,不管它是轻还是重,当它下降的时候,都以同样的加速度落下;人们抛出的任何球体,不管它体积的大小和运动速度如何,都受到同样的地球引力使它下坠。Owingtothefasttoelectricitycanbetransmittedfromwhereitisgeneratedtowhereitisneededbymeansofpowerlinesandtransformers,largepowerstationscanbebuiltinremoteplacesfarfromindustrialcentersorlargecitics,asisoftenthecasewithhydroelectricgeneratingstationsthatareinseparablefromwatersources译为：由于借助动力线和变压器，电可以从发电厂送往用电的地方，因此,大型发电厂可以建立在远离大工业中心和大城市的遥远的地方,不能离开水源的水力发电厂通常就是这样。Thereareseveralreasonswhyhenolongerappearstobethemagiciantheworldpresshadmadehimouttobe,anillusionwhichhefailedtodiscouragebecause,ashewouldadmithimseIf,hehasatendencytowardmegalomania译为:国际新闻界曾经把他渲染成魔术师一般的人物,他也没有阻止人们制造这种错误印象,因为他自己也承认有一种自大狂的倾向。现在他不再像是这样的人了。这里面有几个原因。WhilethehigherIMF(InternationalMonetaryFund)estimatesmaybebetteryardsticksofeconomicprogress,theyhavealsoarousedThirdworldconcernthatsomehard-presseddevel-opingnationsmaysuddenlybeseenastoowell-offtoreceiveneededworldbankloans译为：国际货币基金组织的较高估计可能是经济增长较快的衡量标准,但也引起了第三世界的担心,一些财政拮据的发展中国家也许会突然被认为很富裕,以致不能获取所需要的世界银行贷款。Thereisjustthesamekindofdifferencebetweenthementaloperationofamanofsci-enceandthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisberweentheoperationsandthemethodsofabakerorbutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadifficultandcomplexanalysisbymeansofhisbalanceandfinelygraduatedweights科学家与普通人的思维活动的区别，无非是面包师或屠夫操作与化学家的操作的区别;前者是普通的秤来货物,后者则用天平和分得很细的砝码来进行艰难而复杂的分析。翻译综合练习Doctorsalsosayeatinglessfatwillreducetheamoutofdangerouscholesterolintheblood.thischolesterolcansticktothewallofbloodpassages,blockingtheflowofblood.Ineatarteriesthatcarrybloodtotheheartmuscle,suchblockagescauseaheartattack.Instead.eatmorefoodslowinfat.Thisincludeslow-fatmilkanddairyproducts,leanmeats,poultrywithouttheskin,andfishandshellfish,Expertsalsosaycookingfoodsinoliveoilandfishoilwillhelplowercholesterol,Andtheysayitisbesttosteam,bake,roastorbroilfoods,nottofry.Theyalsosayeatingdriedpeasandbeansandbeanshelpslowertheamountoffatintheblood.医生们还说少吃多脂肪食品将减少血液中有碍人体健康的胆固醇含量,这种胆固醇可以紧贴在血管壁上从而堵塞血流。在负责把血液送入心脏肌肉的动脉血管中,这种堵塞会导致心脏病。所以,更好的方法是,吃低脂肪牛奶、乳制品、瘦肉、去皮的禽肉、鱼类和水生贝类。专家们还说用橄榄油和鱼油烹饪将有助于降低胆固醇,专家们建议最好采用清蒸、烘或焙的方法烹饪食品,而不是用油炸。他们还认为吃干豌豆和豆类会帮助降低血液中的脂肪含量。Healthexpertsalsosayweshouldeatmoyefruitandvegetables,andfoodshighinfiberssuchaswholegrainbreadsandcerealsandbrownrice.Somefibershelplowerlevelsofdangerouscholesterol.Thiswouldhelpreducethedangerofheartdisease.Mostexpertsagreethatfiberal-socanprotectagainstcancer.Theyarenotsurehowfiberdoesthis.somebelieveithelpsthebodytoquicklyremovefatthatmaycausecancertodevelop健康专家们认为,我们应该多吃水果和蔬菜以及那些纤维含量高的食品,如粗面面包和各类谷类或糙米。有些纤维会帮助降低有害的胆固醇,这有且于减少得心脏病的危险。大多数专家认为纤维也可以预防癌症,他们还不大肯定纤维如何能做到这点,但专家认为,纤维可以帮助身体快速消除可能导致癌症的脂肪。Doctorssaythatemotionalproblemsalsocancausegrowthdisorders.Achildmaysuddenlystopgrowingbecauseofstress,formbeingsickorperhapsfromreactiontoafamilyproblem.suchagrowthdisorderistemporary.Thechildwillstartgrowingagainassuddenlyashestopped,justassoonasthecauseofstressisremoved医生说，情绪方面的问题也会妨碍生长发育。一个孩子可能会由于疾病或由于家庭问题的影响,产生压力,从而突然停止生长。这种生长发育的障碍是暂时性的,一但紧张的原因消失,这种孩子就会象突然停止生长一样,重新开始生长。Doctorsalsonotethatmostgrowthhormoneisproducedduringsleep.Thismeansthatachildwithserioussleepingproblemsmaynotgrownormally.However,normalgrowthwouldre-turnoncethesleepingproblemissolved医生们还注意到,大多数生长激素是在睡眠时产生的。这就是说,在睡眠方面存在严重问题的儿童可能无法正常生长发育。不过,一旦睡眠问题得到解决,正常的生长发育就可得以恢复。Doctorssaythatsomegrowthdisordersareapparentatbirth.Othersmaynotbenoticedforyearsuntilthechildfallsbehindnormalgrowthrates,Sogrowthexpertsurgeparentstomeasureachildatleastonceeveryyear,Childrengrowatdifferentrates,ofcourse,Mostgirlsgrowfasterthanboys,andtheystopgrowingsooner.Butgenerallyachildgrowsfivecentimetersormoreeachyear,Theysaypar-entsshouldtalktoadoctorifachildsyearlygrowthfallsbelowfivecentimeters医生们说,有些生长发育方面的问题一生下来就很明显，另外一些问题可能过了若干年,等到儿童落后于正常的生长速度以后才会发现。因此,生长发育问题专家主张家长至少每年要给孩子测量一次身高。当然,儿童们生长的速度各不相同,大多数女孩比男孩生长发育的快,并更早地停止发育。一般来说,儿童每年长5cm或5cm以上,如果一个孩子张个子不足5cm,家长就应该找医生谈一谈。Themostimportantpsychologicaldiscoveryofthiscenturyisthediscoveryofthe—self-im-age.11Whetherwerealizeitornot.eachofuscarriesaboutwithusamentalblueprintorpictureofoueselves,Itmaybevagueandill-definedtoourconsciousgaze.Infact,itmaynotbecon-sciouslyrecognizableatall.Bpletedowntothelastdetail.Thisself-imageisourownconceptionofthe—sortofpersonIam,llIthasbeenbuiltupfromourownbeliefsaboutourselves,Butmostofthesebelietsaboutourselveshaveunconsciouslybeenformedfromourpastexperiences,oursuccessesandfailures,ourhumiliations.ourtriumphs.andthewayptherpro-plehavereactedtous,especiallyinearlychildhood,ftomallthesewementallyconstructa—self||(orapictureofself)Onceanideaorabeliefaboutourselvesgoesintothispictureitbecomes—truell,asfaraswepersonallyareconcerned,wedonotquestionitsvalidity,butpro-ceedtoactuponitjustasifitweretrue本世纪最重要的心理学发现就是“自我意象”。不管我们意识到与否,我们每个人的脑子里都有一副自我“蓝图”或自我画像。在我们有意识的凝视之下,它也许是模糊不清的,事实上,我们也许根本无法不意识地去认识它,但它确实是存在的,每一个细节都完整完缺。这一自我意像就是“我是怎样一种人”的自我概念人。它建立在我们的自我信念之上。但是,这些自我信念大部分是根据我们过去的经历,我们的成功和失败,我们的羞辱,我们的胜利以及他人对我们的反应,特别是根据童年时期的种种经历在不知不觉中形成的。根据所有这些以往的经历,我们便在自己的脑子里形成了一个“自我”（或一幅自我画像）。就我们个人而言,一旦关于我们自己的某种想法或信念进入这幅画像,它就变成了“真实的”。我们从不怀疑它是否可信,而是根据它去行动,就好像它是真的一样。Advertisinghasbecomeaveryspecializedactivityinmoderntimes,Inthebusinessworldoftoday,supplyisusuallygreaterthandemand.Thereisgreatcompetitionbetweendifferentman-ufacturersofthesamekindofproducttopersuadecustomerstobuytheirownparticularbrand.Theyalwayshavetoremindtheconsumerofthenameandthequalitiesoftheirproduct,Theydothisbyadvertising.Themanufactureradvertisesinthenewspapersandonposters,Hesome-timespaysforsongsabouthisproductincommercialradioprograms.Heorganizescompetitions,withprizesforwinners,Heoftenadvertisesonlocalcinemas.Manufacturersoftenspendlargesumsofmoneyonadvertisements,Webuyaparticularproductbecausewethinkthatitisthebest,Weusuallythinksobecauseoftheadvertisementsthatsayso.Somepeopleneverpausetoaskthemselvesiftheadvertisementsaretellingthetruth.广告宣传已成为了现代高度专业化的活动了。在今天的商业世界中,供过于求是普遍现象。为了说服顾客购买有自己商标的产品,大规模的竞争就在同类商品的工厂主之间展开了。他们得经常设法向消费者提醒他们产品的名字和优等质量,这就要靠广告了。他们在报纸上登广告,在海报上做宣传,他们有时出钱在广播节目中播出产品宣传歌。他们组织各种竞赛活动。给获胜者赠送奖品,他们经常在当地电影院的银幕上打出宣传广告。为了这些广告,工厂的老板们要花掉大量的金钱。我们购买某个商品时,总认为它是最好的货色,我们有这种看法,因为广告就是这么说的,有些人从来未冷静地问问自己:这些广告是否说了真话?!Byandlarge,businesscanmakeprofitsonlybyproducinggoodsandservicesthatpeoplewanttobuyautos,houses,drycleaning,dogfood.Iftheseisnoconsumerwhoiswillingandabletobuy,thebusinessmanisoutofluck.Maybethegovernmentwilltemporarilycometohisrescuewithasubsidy,ormaybehecankeepgoingbyusinguphisinvestedcapital.Butoverthelongpull,itisthecustomerswhoarewillingandabletobuywhodirectproductioninaprivateenterpriseeconomy.Sinceconsumerdemandlargelydirectsproductioninaprivate-enterprisesystem,itisimportanttodefine—demendllaccuratelyattheoutset.—Demand!isthescheduleofamountsofanyproductthatbuyerswillpurchaseatdifferentpricesduringthestatedtimeperiod.Thisdefinitiontakessomeexplaining,sinceitobviouslyisn‘twhatthewordmeansineveryconversation一般来说,企业获取利润,只能靠生产和提供人们愿意购买的产品和服务,如汽车,房屋,干洗,狗食。如果没有愿意买而且买得起的消费者,企业主就倒霉了。也许政府会提供津贴来暂时帮他一把,或者他耗用自己的投资而得以维持下去。但从长远来看,正是那些愿意买而且买得起的顾客支配着私营企业的生产。既然私营企业体制中生产大都由消费需求来支配,那么一开始就给需求下一个精确的定义便是很重要的了。需求就是在一定时期内购买者想要按不同的价格购买的任何产品的数量一览表。这个定义需要解释一下。因为它显然不是这个词用于日常谈话时指的意思。Infuturetradethekeydevelopmenttowatchistherelationshipbetweentheindustrializedandthedevelopingnations.Thirdworldcountriesexporttheirmineraldepositsandtropicalagri-culturalproducts,whichdringthendesiredforeignexchange.Tourismhasalsobeengreatlyre-sponsiblefortherepiddeveopmentofsomedevelopingnations.ManyThirdworldnationswithhighunemploymentandlowwageshaveseenanemigrationofworkerstothedevelopednations.westernEuropehasreceivedmillionsofsuchworkersfromMediterraneancountries.Thedevel-opingnationsprofitwhentheseworkersbringtheirsavingsandtheiracquiredtechnicalskillsbackhome.manydevelopingnationsbenefitwhenwesternnationsestablishmanufacturingintheircountriestotakeadvantageofcheaplabor.在将来的世界贸易中，要注意观察的重要发展是工业化国家与发展中国家之间的关系。第三世界国家出口矿物和热带农作物，以换取所需的外汇。旅游业对有些发展中国家的迅速发展也起了很大作用。在很多失业多，工资低的第三世界国家出现了工人移居发达国家的现象。西欧就接受了来自中海国家的这种工人数以百万计。当这些工人把他们的积蓄和学到的技能带回本国时，这些发展中国家就受益了，西方国家在发展中国家利用廉价劳动力开办工厂，这些发展中国家也从中得到好处。Internationalmonetarycooperationwillhaveasignificantimpactonfuturetrade.IftheIMFcountriesaernotabletoagreeuporanewinternationalmonetaryorderintheyearstocome，internationaltrademaybecometooriskyforsomecompaniestogetinvolvedin.IftheIMFisunabletocreatesufficientinternationalliquidityreservesinthefuture，theremaynotbeenoughliquiditytosustaingrowthintrade.国际货币合作对未来的贸易将会产生重大的影响，在今后的年月里，如果国际货币基金组织各国不能就新的世界货币秩序达成协议，从事国际贸易的风险就有可能变得很大而使一些公司裹足不前。如果国际货币基金组织今后不能建立起足够的国际清偿能力储备，就不会有足够的清偿能力来支撑住贸易的增长。JustasDarwindiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentoforganicnature，somarxdiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentofhumanhistory;thesimplefact，hithertoconcealedbyanovergrowthofideology，thatmankindmustfirstofalleat，drink，haveshelterandclothing，beforeitcanpursuepolitics，science，art，religion，etc，thatthereforetheproductionoftheimmediatematerialmeansofsubsistenceandconsequentlythedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentattainedbyagivenpeopleorduringagivenepochformthefoundationuponwhichthestareinstitutions,thelegalconceptions,art,andeventheideasonreligion,ofthepeopleconcernedhavebeenevolved,andinthelightofwhichtheymust,therefore,beexplained,insteadofviceversa,ashadhithertobeedthecase.正像达尔文发现有机界规律一样,马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律,即以前芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实:人们首先必须吃,喝,住,穿,然后才能从事政治,科学,艺术,宗教等活动。所以,直接的物质的生活资料的生产,因而一个民族或一个时代的一定的以济发展阶段,便阶段,便构成为基础。人们的国家制度,法律观点,艺术以至宗教观念就是从这个基础上发展起来的,因而也必须由这个基础来解释,而不是像过去那样反道而行之。Butthatisnotall.Marxalsodiscoveredthespeciallawofmotiongoveringthepresent-daycapitalistmodeofproductionandthebourgeoissocietythatthismodeofproductionhascreated.Thediscoveryofsurpusvaluesuddenlythrewlightontheproblem,intryingtosolvewhichallpreviousinvestigations,ofbothbourgeoiseconomistsandsocialistcritics,hadbeengropinginthedark.不仅如此,马克思还发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。资产阶级经济学家和社会主义批评家一直在黑暗中摸索探测,企图加以解决的问题,由于剩余价值的发现,一下子变得一清二楚了。Scienceisthebodyofknowledgeaboutnaturethatrepresentsthecollectiveefforts,insights,findings,andwisdomofthehumanrace.Scienceisnotsomethingnewbuthaditsbeginningsbeforerecordedhistorywhenhumansfirstdiscoveredreoccurringrelationshipsaroundthem.Throughcarefulobservationsoftheserelationships,.Theybegantoknownatureand,becauseofnature‘sdependability,foundtheycouldmakepredictionstoenablesomecontrolovertheirsurroundings.科学是关于自然的知识总体,它代表了人类的共同努力,洞察力,研究成果和智慧,科学并不是什么新的东西,在有文字记载的历史以前,当人们最发现了在他们周围反复出现得各种关系时,就有了科学的开端。通过对这些关系的仔细观察,人们开始了解了自然,而由于自然的可靠性,人们还发现他们能够作出预测,从而有可能在某种程度上控制他们的周围环境。Sciencemadeitsgreatestheadwayinthesixteenthcenturywhenpeoplebeganaskinganswerablequestionsaboutnature-whentheybeganreplacingsuperstitionbyasystematicsearchfororderwhenexperimentinadditiontologicwasusedtotestideas.Wherepeopleoncetriedtoinfluencenaturaleventswithmagicandsupernaturalforces,theynowhadsciencetoguidethem.Advancewasslow,however,becauseofthepowerfuloppositiontoscientificmethodsandideas.科学在十六世纪取得了最伟大的进展,因为这时人们开始提出了有关自然的可以回答的问题,开始对秩序的系统研究代替了迷信。而且除了运用逻辑外,还运用实验来检验各种观点。以前人们曾试图用巫术和超自然的力量来影响自然事件,而现在有了科学来指导他们,然而由于对科学方法和科学思想的强有力的反对,进展是缓慢的。Thegreatestofalltheaccomplishmentsoftwentieth-centurysciencehasbeenthediscoveryofhumanignorance.Welive,asneverbefore,inpuzzlementaboutnature,theuniverse,andourselvesmostofall.Itisanewexperienceforthespecies.Acenturyago,aftertheturbulencecausedbyDarwinandWallacehadsubsidedandthecentralideaofnaturalselectionhadbeengraspedandaccepted,wethoughtwekneweverythingessntialaboutevolution.Intheeigh-teenthcenturytherewerenohugepuzzles;humanreasonwasallyouneededinordertofigureouttheuniverse.Andformostoftheearliercenturies,thechurchprovidedboththequestionsandtheanswers,neatlypackaged.Now,forthefirsttimeinhumanhistory,wearecatchingglimpsesofourincomprehension.Wecanstillmakeupstoriestoexplaintheworld,aswealwayshave,butnowthestorieshavetobeconfirmedandreconfirmedbyexperiment.Thisisthescien-tificmethod,andoncestartedonthislinewecannotturnback.Weareobligedtogrowupinskepticism,requiringproofsforeveryassertionaboutnature,andthereisnowaroutexcepttomoveaheadandplugaway,hopingforcomprehensioninthefuturebutlivinginaconditionofintellectualinstabilityforthelongtime.二十一世纪科学领域迄今取得的最大成就是发现人类蒙昧无知。我们对自然、宇宙、尤其对我们自身,从来没有象现在这样感到困惑不解。这是人类一种新的感受。一百年前,在达尔文和华来士引起的轰动平静下来,人们理解并接受了自然选择的基本观点之后,我们以为对进化论的实质问题全都一清二楚了。十八世纪不存在重大的难解之迷。当时欲知宇宙奥秘,只需借助人的理性就行了。在此以前的若干世纪里,多数时候由教会提出问题同时提出答案,近乎包办一切。如今,在人类历史上我们第一次觉察到了自己的无知。我们可以一如既往依旧想出种种说法来解释世界,但现在这些说法必须通过实验加以证实、再证实。这是科学方法。一旦开始按照这种方法去做,我们就不能走回头路了。我们只能始终带着怀疑的目光,对关于自然的每一个论断都要求拿出证据来。除了行动起来,埋头探索,没有其他办法。我们希望将来能够找到答案,但在此之前的这段漫长岁月里,我们只好处于一种谨慎非谨慎、一知半解的状态。Transistorscanbemadewithothermaterials.Theyarelesscostly,andproducelessheat.Buttheyalsopermitlesselectricitytopassthrough.Theseothertransistorsaremadewithwhatiscalledamorphoussilicon.Thismaterialisnotaspureassiliconcrystals.Ithastinyspacesbetweentheatomsthatlimittheflowofelectricalcurrent.半导体管也可以用其他的材料制成,产热少,不过可以通过的电流少。这种半导体管是由所谓的非晶体硅制造的。这种材料没有硅晶体那样纯,原子之间的空隙也小,因而限制了电流的流动。TheAmericancompanyEnergyConversionDevicesofDetroitsaiditfoundwaystotreatamorphousmaterialsphysicallyandchemically.Thesetreatmentssharplyreducethenum-berofdefectsthatblocktheflowofcurrent.Thecompanysaiditthenwasabletoproduceamorphoustransistorsthatcarryone-hundredtimesmoreelectricalcurrentthanwaspossiblebefore.这家美国公司-底特律能源转换设备公司说,他们找到了用物理和化学方法处理非晶体材料的办法,这些处理方法大大减少了材料中阻挡电流流动的诸多缺陷。这家公司说,他们因此能够制造出非晶体半导体管,其传输的电流为过去所能传输的电流的100倍。Companyscientistssaytheiramorphoustransistorsarejustasfastassiliconcrystaltransis-tors.Buttheycostmuchlesstomake.Theyproducemuchlessheat.Andthinlayers,orfilmsofamorphoussiliconcanbemadeinanysize.Thismeansitcanbeusedtomakeelectricalcircuitsorsystemaslargeasneeded公司的科研人员说,他们的非晶体半导体管与硅晶体半导体管电流速度一样快,但是造价却低的很多,产生的热量也大为减少。同时,非晶体硅薄片或薄膜可以制成任何尺寸,这意味着它可用于无论多大的电路或系统。Expertssaystheynowknowthatoffortstosavespecieswillbeuselessunlesseffortsaremadetosolvesomehumanproblemsthathelpcausethedestructionofwildlifeandwildplaces.Theysaywildlifeisdisappearingpartlybecauseexpandinghumanpopulationsneedmoreland,foodandmaterialstolive.专家们说,他们现在知道,除非我们在解决造成野生生物和野生地区毁灭的一些人类问题上作出努力,否则保护生物物种的努力将是白费力气。他们说野生生物正在逐渐消失,部分原因是不断增加的人口为了生存需要更多的土地、食品和其他物质。Thisiswhysomenowplanstosaveendangeredspeciesandtheirnaturalareasincludeeco-nomicdevelopmentplansaswellasideasforprotectingtheenvironment.Scientistsandotherex-pertsfeelhumanneedsmustbemetifwildlifeandwildplacesaretobesaved这就是为什么一些挽救濒于灭绝的生物物种和它们的天然生长地区的新计划要包括保护环境的计划和经济发展的计划。科学家们和其他方面的专家认为要挽救野生生物和野生地区,人类的需求必须得到满足。Oneofthesenowplansisthe—WorldConserationStrategy^.AnotheristheAmerican-StrategyfortheConservationofBiologicalDiversityinDevelopingCountries.11Bothcallforprogramsthatprovidedirecteconomicgains.Theplansurgemorestudiesofthewaysmanyplansandanimalscanbeusedtoprovidefood,clothingandhousing.Andtheycallforeducatinggovernmentsandcitizensaboutpolicesthatprovidefordevelopment,whileprotectingtheenvironmentforpresentandfuturepopulations其中一项新的计划是“世界保护战略”。另一项是美国的“在发展中国家保护生物的多样性战略”。这两项计划都要求提供直接的经济效益。两项计划到在主张要多研究利用多种动植物供给人们衣、食、住的方法,它们要求在为人类的现在和将来保护环