川农专硕研究生特供 21世纪大学新英语读写译教程4课堂ppt(含答案)Unit1

Unit1College

EducationProverbsandQuotationsTheprimarypurposeofeducationisnottoteachyoutoearnyourbread,buttomakeeverymouthfulsweeter.

[Am.]JamesAngell

教育的首要目的不在于教你挣得面包，而在于使每一口都更加香甜。

[美]詹姆斯·安吉尔

Theobjectofeducationistopreparetheyoungtoeducatethemselvesthroughouttheirlives.

[Am.]RobertMaynardHutchins

教育的目标是为了帮助年轻人准备好在今后的一生中自我教育。

[美]罗伯特·梅纳德·哈钦斯

OutlineTeachingObjectivesPart1Lead-inPart2ReadingFocus—TextAPart3IntegratedExercisesPart4ReadingFocus—TextBPart5IntranetAssignmentsTeachingObjectives1.Thereisnodoubtthatuniversityeducationhascultivatedmanysuccessfulpeopleinallfields,andcontributedalottothedevelopmentofhumancivilization.Peopleallovertheworldpaymuchattentiontoeducationandhencethefunctionofithasbeendiscussedextensively.Inthisunit,you’regoingtoreadtwotexts.

TextAdealswiththeadvantagesandalsodisadvantagesofeliteeducation.TextBexploresthepleasuresthatonefindsineducation.Intheauthor’sopinion,educationsometimescancompletelyalteryourworldview.2.Bylearningthisunitstudentswillbeabletograspthemainideaandstructureofthetexts,masterthekeylanguagepoints,newwords,grammaticalstructuresandtranslationskills.Andstudentswillalsobeabletoimprovetheiroralcommunicationskillsandreadingcompetencethroughperformingtherelevanttasks.3.WritingFocusinthisunitdealswithparagraphwriting,introducingthesizeandstructureofaparagraph.Lookatthepictureanddiscusswithyourpartneronthefollowingquestions.Lead-in1.Doyouthinkcollegeeducationisnecessaryforyoursuccess?2.Ifyouweregivenanotherchance,wouldyougoabroadforacollegeeducation?3.Areyoumakingadifferenceafterenteringtheuniversity?Whatisthedifferencebetweenyourlifeinuniversityandinhighschool?Lead-inB.ListeningPractice

Listentotheshortpassageabout“BenefitfromaCollegeEducation”.Pre-listeningTaskHowcanwebenefitfromacollegeeducation?Exchangeyourviewswithyourpartneronthetopic.Lead-inB.ListeningPracticePost-listeningtaskAnswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whichisessentialtoapromotion,experienceoracollegedegree?

2.Whatisthemostimportantknowledgeyoulearnfromacollegeeducation?Acollegedegree.________________Abetterunderstandingofotherpeopleandtheworldaroundyou.__________________________________________________________3.Whatcausestheembarrassmentofmanyadultsinbusinessmeetings?4.AccordingtothereportpublishedbytheInstituteforHigherEducationPolicy,whatcangraduatesbenefitfromacollegeeducation?5.Howcanchildrenbenefitfromtheirparents’higherschoolinglevels?Theyenjoyhigherlevelsofpersonalandprofessionalmobility,morehobbiesandleisureactivities.______________________________________________________________________________________Theywillenjoyanimprovedqualityoflifeandagoodhealth.______________________________________________________【Script】Theydon’thaveacollegedegree.______________________________

BenefitfromaCollegeEducationPeopleattendcollegeforvariousreasons:knowledge,ajob,apromotion,moneyorevenself-confidenceandrespect.Generally,webenefitfromacollegeeducationinthefollowingways.Moreopportunity.Manyemployerswillnotpromotecandidateswhodon’thaveacollegedegree.Experience,nomatterhowgooditmightbe,oftenisn’tenough,especiallywhenothercandidatescompetingforthesamepositionhaveadegree.Acollegedegreeisaticketofentryintoamuchbiggerjobmarket.Moreknowledge.Inacollege,youwillhavetheopportunitytolearnfromotherstudentswhohavedifferentworkexperience.Youwilllearnstudymethodsthatyouwillusefortherestofyourlife,regardlessofyourcareeroption.【Script】Youwilldevelopyourabilitytowrite,speakandgraspabstractconcepts.Aboveall,youwillbenefitallyourlifefromabetterunderstandingofotherpeopleandtheworldaroundyou.Self-esteem.Manyadultssaytheyaretiredoffeelingembarrassedaboutnothavingacollegeeducationinbusinessmeetingswhenothersmentiontheirowndegrees.Acollegeeducationgivesastrongsenseofself-confidence,andself-esteemthathelpsyoufeelyouhavetheabilitytomanagechallengingsituationsandachieveyourgoals.

Personalbenefitsandbenefitsforchildren.AreportpublishedbytheInstituteforHigherEducationPolicystatesthatcollegegraduatestendtoenjoyhigherlevelsofpersonalandprofessionalmobility,morehobbiesandleisureactivities.Italsoshowsthatgraduatesprovideanimprovedqualityoflifefortheirchildren.Parentalschoolinglevelsarepositivelycorrelatedwiththehealthstatusoftheirchildren.Whateveryourreasonforattendingacollege,you’vemadeaprofitabletry.ReadingFocus-TextAFirstReadingReadthetextandthenanswerthequestionsintheleftmargin.TheDisadvantagesofanElite

EducationWilliamDeresiewicz〔Chinese〕精英教育的弊端

Itdidn’tdawn

on

methattheremightbeafewholesinmyeducationuntilIwasabout35.I’djustboughtahouse,thepipesneededfixing,andtheplumber

wasstandinginmykitchen.Therehewas,ashort,strongguywithasmallbeardandaRedSoxcapandathickBoston1accent,andIsuddenlylearnedthatIdidn’thavetheslightestideawhattosaytosomeonelikehim.Soalien

washisexperiencetome,sounguessablehisvalues,somysterioushisverylanguage,thatIcouldn’tsucceedinengaginghiminafewminutesofsmall

talk

beforehegotdowntowork.FourteenyearsofhighereducationandahandfulofIvyLeague2degrees,andthereIwas,stiff

andstupid,struckdumbbymyowndumbness.“Ivyretardation,”afriendofminecallsthis.Icouldcarry

on

conversationswithpeoplefromothercountries,inotherlanguages,butIcouldn’ttalktothemanwhowasstandinginmyownhouse.1〔Note1〕

TheBostonRedSox（波士顿红袜队）isamemberoftheMajorLeagueBaseball’sAmericanLeagueEasternDivision.Since1912,theRedSox’shomeballparkhasbeenFenwayPark.The“RedSox”namewaschosenbytheteamowner,Mr.Taylor,ayearortwobeforeFenwayParkwasbegunonthelandhisfamilyowned.Theclubiconshavefollowedfromthatdecision.〔Note2〕

TheIvyLeague（常春藤八大盟校）isanathleticconferencecomprisingeightprivateinstitutionsofhighereducationintheNortheasternUnitedStates.Thetermismostcommonlyusedtorefertothoseeightschoolsconsideredasagroup.〔LanguagePoint〕“Soalienwashisexperiencetome...beforehegotdowntowork.”Theinvertedsentencecausestheinvertedwordtoreceivemoreemphasis.Partialinversionnormallytakesplacewhenasentenceisintroducedbythecorrelative“so”.e.g.Sodangerousweretheskiers.Soquicklydidtheworkmanfinishthejob.Thetermalsohasconnotationsofacademicexcellence,selectivityinadmissions,andsocialelitism.TheeightinstitutionsareBrownUniversity,ColumbiaUniversity,CornellUniversity,DartmouthCollege,HarvardUniversity,PrincetonUniversity,theUniversityofPennsylvania,andYaleUniversity.〔Chinese〕直到35岁，我才逐渐意识到我所受的教育可能会有一些漏洞。那一年，我刚买了一栋房子，需要安装管道，而管道工正站在我家厨房里。这是一个精壮的小个子男人，蓄着山羊胡，头戴一顶红袜棒球队的帽子，操一口浓重的波士顿口音。可我突然意识到对于像他这样的人要说些什么我毫无头绪。对于我来说，他的经历跟我是如此大相径庭，他的价值观是如此难以捉摸，他的言语是如此神秘莫测，我根本没有办法在他开始工作之前花上几分钟跟他闲话家常。虽然我拥有14年的高等教育和一叠常春藤盟校的证书，可是我只能站在那里呆若木鸡，由于自己哑口无言而目瞪口呆。我的一个朋友把这种现象称作“常春藤迟钝”。我可以用好几门外语跟其他国家的人进行交谈，但是我却不能和一个站在我家里的管道工说上话。IsuddenlylearnedthatIdidn’thavetheslightestideawhattosaytosomeonelikehim.Whatdidtheauthorlearnwhentheplumberwasstandingbesidehiminthekitchen?2It’snotsurprisingthatittookmesolongtodiscovertheextentofmymiseducation,becausethelastthinganeliteeducationwillteachyouisitsowninadequacy.Theadvantagesofaneliteeducationareindeedundeniable.Youlearntothink,atleastincertainways,andyoumakethecontactsneededtolaunch

yourself

into

aliferichinallofsociety’smostcherishedrewards.Toconsiderthatwhilesomeopportunitiesarebeingcreated,othersarebeingcancelledandthatwhilesomeabilitiesarebeingdeveloped,othersarebeingcrippled

is,withinthiscontext,notonlyoutrageous,butunimaginable.3〔Note3〕

Toconsiderthatwhilesomeopportunitiesarebeingcreated,othersarebeingcancelledandthatwhilesomeabilitiesarebeingdeveloped,othersarebeingcrippledis,withinthiscontext,notonlyoutrageous,butunimaginable:Itisextremelyhardtobelieve,andevenannoyingthatwhilestudentsintheelitecollegeshaveaccesstoabundantknowledgeandupper-classpeople,itisattheexpenseofsomeotherabilities,forexample,theabilitytocommunicatewiththeworkingclass.〔LanguagePoint〕“It’snotsurprisingthatittookmesolongtodiscovertheextentofmymiseducation.”Anticipatory“it”commonlyoccursinsentenceswithanominalclauseassubjectorobject.Thesubject/objectclauseisusuallyshiftedtotheendofthesentence.Theextraposedsubject/objectmaybeafiniteclauseoranon-finiteclause.e.g.Itisnecessaryforustogetthereintime.

Theyfinditboringstayingatthehotel.〔Chinese〕我花费了这么长时间才发现我所受的教育是如此错误，这点并不奇怪。因为精英教育最不愿教会你的就是它自身的缺陷。精英教育的优势是不能否认的。你学会思考，至少在某些方面；你所接触的人、事、物能够让你平步青云，拥有这个社会最珍贵的资源。试想一下，这样的教育环境在创造一些机会的同时却剥夺了另一些机会，在培养一定能力的同时却削弱了其他能力，这不仅仅难以容忍，而且匪夷所思。Theadvantagesofaneliteeducationareindeedundeniable.Youlearntothink,atleastincertainways,andyoumakethecontactsneededtolaunchyourselfintoaliferichinallofsociety’smostcherishedrewards.Thefirstdisadvantageofaneliteeducation,asIlearnedinmykitchenthatday,isthatitmakesyouincapableoftalkingtopeopleWhoaren’tlikeyou.Theseconddisadvantage,implicitinwhatI’vebeensaying,isthataneliteeducationinculcatesafalsesenseofself-worth.Thethirddisadvantage(inPara6).Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofaneliteeducation?

Thefirstdisadvantageofaneliteeducation,asIlearnedinmykitchenthatday,isthatitmakesyouincapableoftalkingtopeoplewhoaren’tlikeyou.Eliteschoolspridethemselvesontheirdiversity,butthatdiversityisalmostentirelyamatterofethnicity

andrace.With

respect

to

class,theseschoolsarelargely—indeedincreasingly—homogeneous.4Visitanyelitecampusinourgreatnationandyoucanfeelexcitedatthesightoftheheartwarmingspectacle

ofthechildrenofwhitebusinesspeopleandprofessionalsstudyingandplayingalongsidethechildrenofblack,Asian,andLatinobusinesspeopleandprofessionals.Atthesametime,becausetheseschoolstendtocultivateliberal

attitudes,theyleavetheirstudentsintheparadoxical

positionofwantingtoadvocateonbehalfoftheworkingclasswhilebeingunabletoholdasimpleconversationwithanyoneinit.3〔Note4〕

Withrespecttoclass,theseschoolsarelargely—indeedincreasingly—homogenous:Onthecampusesofeliteschoolsthedifferencebetweenclassesisbeginningtodisappear,becausethevastmajorityofthestudentsbelongtobusinessorprofessionalfamilies.〔Chinese〕精英教育的第一个弊端，就像那天我在厨房里意识到的，就是它使你不能跟你不一样的人对话。精英学校通常都以他们的多样性而自豪，但是那种多样性几乎完全是民族和种族的多样性。至于阶级问题，那些学校基本上——的确是越来越——相似。参观我们这个伟大国家的任何一所精英学校的校园，你会兴奋地看到非常温馨的景象，白人中的商业人士和专业人士的孩子，和黑人、亚洲人、拉丁人中的商业人士和专业人士的孩子，在一起学习和玩耍。同时，由于这些学校倾向于培养自由主义思想，结果就是置学生们于自相矛盾的窘境，一方面主张代表工人阶级的利益，而另一方面却不能跟他们中的任何一个人进行简单的对话。Visitanyelitecampusinourgreatnationandyoucanfeelexcitedatthesightoftheheartwarmingspectacleofthechildrenofwhitebusinesspeopleandprofessionalsstudyingandplayingalongsidethechildrenofblack,Asian,andLatinobusinesspeopleandprofessionals.Whydoestheauthorsaythateliteschoolsarehomogeneouswithrespecttoclass?

Butitisn’tjustamatterofclass.Myeducationtaughtmetobelievethatpeoplewhodidn’tgotoanIvyLeagueorequivalent

schoolweren’tworthtalkingto,regardlessoftheirclass.Iwasgiventheunmistakablemessagethatsuchpeoplewerebeneathme.Wewere“thebestandthebrightest,”astheseplaceslovetosay,andeveryoneelsewas,well,somethingelse:lessgood,lessbright.4〔Chinese〕但这并不仅仅就是阶级的问题。我所接受的教育教导我相信那些没有上过常春藤盟校或者其他同等程度学校的人，不管他们属于什么阶级，都是不值得交谈的。我所接收到的信息明白无误地告诉我那些人是低我一等的。正如精英学校经常爱挂在嘴边的话，我们是“最优秀的和最出色的”，而其他不管什么人都是那些：不优秀的和不出色的。〔LanguagePoint〕“lessgood,lessbright”.Sometimesthestructureofthecomparativedegreeconsistsofthepositiveformoftheadjectiveoradverb,plusthemodifiermore(orless/fewer)beforethem.Althoughthecomparativedegreeof“good”is“worse”,“lessgood”isusedhereasarhetoricalmeans.

Theseconddisadvantage,implicit

inwhatI’vebeensaying,isthataneliteeducationinculcates

afalsesenseofself-worth.Gettingtoanelitecollege,beingatanelitecollege,andgoingonfromanelitecollege

—allinvolvenumericalrankings:SAT5,GPA6,GRE7.Youlearntothinkofyourselfin

terms

of

thosenumbers.Theycometosignifynotonlyyourfate,butyouridentity;notonlyyouridentity,butyourvalue.It’sbeensaid

thatwhatthosetestsreallymeasureisyourabilitytotaketests,buteven

iftheymeasuresomethingreal,itisonlyasmallpartofthereal.Theproblembeginswhenstudentsareencouragedtoforgetthistruth,whenacademic

excellencebecomesexcellenceinsomeabsolutesense,when“betteratX”becomessimply“better.”85〔Note5〕

SAT:TheSATReasoningTest(formerlyScholasticAptitudeTestandScholasticAssessmentTest)isastandardizedtestforcollegeadmissionsintheUnitedStates.TheSATisowned,published,anddevelopedbytheCollegeBoard,anon-profitorganizationintheUnitedStates,andwasoncedeveloped,published,andscoredbytheEducationalTestingService(ETS).ETSnowadministerstheexam.TheCollegeBoardclaimsthatthetestcandeterminewhetherornotapersonisreadyforcollege.ThecurrentSATReasoningTesttakesthreehoursandforty-fiveminutes.SincetheSAT’sintroductionin1901,itsnameandscoringhavechangedseveraltimes.In2005,thetestwasrenamedtothe“SATReasoningTest”withpossiblescoresfrom600to2,400combiningtestresultsfromthree800-pointsections(math,criticalreading,andwriting),alongwithothersubsectionsscoredseparately.〔Note6〕

GPA:GradesintheUnitedStatesaregenerallyassignedbyaletter:A(highestgrade,excellent),B(aboveaverage),C(average),D(usuallytheminimumpassinggrade),andF(fail).Additionally,mostschoolswillcalculateastudent’sgradepointaverage(GPA)byassigningeachlettergradeanumberandusingamathematicalformulatocomeupwithanumericalrepresentationofastudent’swork.Generally,AmericanschoolsequateanAwithanumericalvalueof4.0.ThepercentageneededinanygivencourseworkneededtoachieveacertaingradeandtheassignmentofGPApointvaluesvariesfromoneschooltoanother.〔Note7〕GRE:TheGraduateRecordExaminationisacommercially-runstandardizedtestthatisanadmissionrequirementformanygraduateschools,intheUnitedStates,andinotherEnglish-speakingcountries.CreatedandadministeredbyEducationalTestingService(orETS)in1949,theexammeasuresverbalreasoning,quantitativereasoning,criticalthinkingandanalyticalwritingskillsthathavebeenacquiredoveralongperiodoftimeandthatarenotrelatedtoanyspecificfieldofstudy.IntheUnitedStates,Canada,andmanyothercountries,theGREGeneralTestisofferedasacomputer-basedexamadministeredbyselectqualifiedtestingcenters;however,paper-basedexamsareofferedinareasoftheworldwherecomputer-basedtestingisnotavailable.〔Note8〕

Theproblembeginswhenstudentsareencouragedtoforgetthistruth,whenacademicexcellencebecomesexcellenceinsomeabsolutesense,when“betteratX”becomessimply“better”:Elitecollegesteachtheirstudentsthatthemostimportantthingintheworldistheiracademicgrades.However,excellentbehaviouratschooldoesnotmeanall-aroundexcellence.Studentsatelitecollegesareonlygoodatcertainsubjects,insteadofallsubjectsofeveryfield.〔LanguagePoint〕“It’sbeensaidthat...”Herethephraseisequivalentto“Itis/wassaidthat...”,means“peopleclaimthat...”.e.g.It’ssaidthattheboyisagenius.

It’sbeensaidthatthesingerwillholdaconcertintheOlympic

Stadium.〔Chinese〕精英教育的第二个弊端，隐含在我刚刚所说的里面，就是精英教育反复灌输的是一种错误的自负。进入精英大学，置身于精英大学，从精英大学毕业——所有这些都牵涉到一系列考试排名：SAT，GPA，GRE。你学会用这些数字来考量你自己。它们不仅仅代表你的命运，还代表你的身份；不仅仅代表你的身份，还代表你的价值。据说那些考试真正衡量的只是你进行考试的能力。然而即使这些考试衡量的东西是真实的，它也仅仅是真实生活中的一部分。当学校鼓动学生们忘记这个真理，当学业上的出色变成了某种绝对的出色，当“在某项上出类拔萃”变成了纯粹的“出类拔萃”，问题就出现了。

Thethirddisadvantageisthatwheneliteuniversitiesboastthattheyteachtheirstudentshowtothink,theymeanthattheyteachthemtheanalytic

andrhetorical

skillsnecessaryforsuccessinlawormedicineorscienceorbusiness.Butahumanistic

educationis

supposed

to

meansomethingmorethanthat,asuniversitiesstilldimly

feel.Sowhenstudentsgettocollege,theyhearacoupleofspeechestellingthemtoaskthebigquestions,andwhentheygraduate,theyhearacouplemorespeechestellingthemtoaskthebigquestions.Andinbetween,theyspendfouryearstakingcoursesthattrainthemtoaskthelittlequestions—specializedcourses,taughtbyspecializedprofessors,aimedatspecializedstudents.Althoughthenotionofbreadthisimplicitintheveryideaofaliberalartseducation,theadmissionprocessincreasinglyselectsforkidswhohavealreadybeguntothinkofthemselvesinspecializedterms—thejuniorjournalist,thebudding

astronomer,thelanguageprodigy.6〔LanguagePoint〕Butahumanisticeducationissupposedtomeansomethingmorethanthat,asuniversitiesstilldimlyfeel.Inthissentence,“as”functionsasaconjunction,introducinganattributiveclause,whichmeans“afactwhich...”.e.g.Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.Heisateacher,asisclearfromhismanner.〔Chinese〕精英教育的第三个弊端在于当精英学校吹嘘他们教导学生怎样思考，他们的意思是他们教授学生分析和辩论的技巧，这些技巧对于在法律、医学、科学或商业领域取得成功都是十分必要的。但是人文主义教育应该不仅限于此，然而这些大学却仍然没有清楚地意识到这一点。所以当学生们进入大学，他们听到的是一些长篇大论告诉他们要问一些重大的问题，而当他们毕业，他们听到的是更多的长篇大论告诉他们要问一些重大的问题。至于在大学期间，他们花费了4年时间所上的课程都在教育他们问一些细小的问题——专业的课程，由专业的教授教导，针对专业的学生。尽管在文科教育的观念中广度的概念并不清晰，但入学甄选却越来越多地选择那些已经开始用专业术语来定位自己的孩子——未来的记者，初露头角的宇航员，语言奇才等等。

Theymeanthattheyteachthemtheanalyticandrhetoricalskillsnecessary

forsuccessinlawormedicineorscienceorbusiness.Butahumanisticeducationissupposedtomeansomethingmorethanthat.Whatdoeliteuniversitiesmeanwhentheyboastthattheyteachstudentshowtothink?

I’vebeenstruck,duringmytimeatYale,alsobyhowsimilareveryonelooks.Themosteliteschoolshavebecomeplacesofanarrowandsuffocating

normalcy.Everyonefeelspressuretomaintainthekindofappearance—andaffect—thatgowithachievement.9Oneconsequenceisthatthosewhocan’tgetwiththeprogram(andtheytendtobestudentsfrompoorerbackgrounds)oftenpolarize

intheoppositedirection,flyingoffintoextremesofdisaffection

andself-destruction.Butanotherconsequencehastodowiththelargemajoritywhocangetwiththeprogram.7〔Note9〕

Everyonefeelspressuretomaintainthekindofappearance—andaffect—thatgowithachievement:Studentsatelitecollegesendureheavypressureinwearingqualifiedclothessupposedtobewornbysuccessfulpeople,andinadoptingamodeofthoughtapttosucceed.〔LanguagePoint〕“flyingoffintoextremesofdisaffectionandself-destruction”.Itisanadverbialclauseofresultwithoutconjunctionalwords.Adverbclausesofresultstatewhathashappenedorwhatmayhappenasaresultoftheactionmentionedinthemainclause.e.g.Herhusbanddiedlastyear,leavingherwith5children.

Theyopenedfire,killingoneofourpatrolmen.〔Chinese〕在耶鲁大学上学期间，我曾经感到非常震惊，每个人看起来是如此相似。大多数的精英学校已经变成了充斥着狭隘的、令人窒息的常态的地方。每个人都承受着压力来维持这种跟成就相符合的外表——和思维模式。这种状况的一个后果就是那些不能符合这种规定的人（通常是家庭经济条件不佳的学生），经常会分化成针锋相对的阵营，进入怨天尤人和自暴自弃的另一个极端。但是另一个后果却跟大多数能够符合这种规定的学生有关。Everyonefeelspressuretomaintainthekindofappearance—andaffect—thatgowithachievement.Whydostudentsineliteschoolslooksimilar?

Itaughtaclassseveralyearsagoontheliteratureoffriendship.OnedaywewerediscussingVirginiaWoolf’s10novelTheWaves,whichfollowsagroupoffriendsfromchildhoodtomiddleage.Inhighschool,oneofthemfallsinlovewithanotherboy.Hethinks,“TowhomcanIexposetheurgency

ofmyownpassion?...11Thereisnobody—hereamongthesegreyarches,andmoaning

pigeons,andcheerfulgamesandtraditionandemulation,allsoskillfullyorganizedtopreventfeelingalone.”Aprettygooddescriptionofanelitecollegecampus,includingthepartaboutneverbeingallowedtofeelalone.Whatdoesitmeantogotoschoolataplacewhereyou’reneveralone?Well,oneofthemsaid,Idofeeluncomfortablesittinginmyroombymyself.8EvenwhenIhavetowriteapaper,Idoitatafriend’s.Thatsameday,asithappened,anotherstudentgaveapresentationonEmerson’s12essayonfriendship.Emersonsays,hereported,thatoneofthepurposesoffriendshipistoequipyouforsolitude.13AsIwasaskingmystudentswhattheythoughtthatmeant,oneoftheminterruptedtosay,waitasecond,why-doyouneedsolitudeinthefirstplace?Whatcanyoudobyyourselfthatyoucan’tdowithafriend?〔Note10〕

VirginiaWoolf（弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫，1882-1941）

wasanEnglishnovelist,essayist,diarist,epistler,publisher,feminist,andwriterofshortstories,regardedasoneoftheforemostmodernistliteraryfiguresofthetwentiethcentury.Duringtheinterwarperiod,WoolfwasasignificantfigureinLondonliterarysocietyandamemberoftheBloomsburyGroup.HermostfamousworksincludethenovelsMrs.Dalloway(1925),TotheLighthouse(1927)andOrlando(1928),andthebook-lengthessayARoomofOne’sOwn(1929).TheWaves（《海浪》）firstpublishedin1931,isVirginiaWoolf’smostexperimentalnovel.Itconsistsofmonologuesspokenbythebook’ssixcharacters：Bernard,Susan,Rhoda,Neville,Jinny,andLouis.AlsoimportantisPercival,theseventhcharacter,thoughreadersneverhearhimspeakthroughhisownvoice.Themonologuesthatspanthecharacters’livesarebrokenupbyninebriefthird-personinterludesdetailingacoastalsceneatvaryingstagesinadayfromsunrisetosunset.〔Note11〕

TowhomcanIexposetheurgencyofmyownpassion?:InVirginiaWoolf’snovel,theboyfellinlovewithanotherboy.However,homosexualwasforbiddenatthattime,sotheboyfeltbewilderedtotellsomeonehispassionallove.〔Note12〕

RalphWaldoEmerson（拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生，1803-1882）wasanAmericanessayist,philosopher,andpoet,bestrememberedforleadingtheTranscendentalistmovementofthemid19thcentury.HisteachingsdirectlyinfluencedthegrowingNewThoughtmovementofthemid1800s.Hewasseenasachampionofindividualismandaprescientcriticofthecountervailingpressuresofsociety.〔Note13〕

Emersonsays,hereported,thatoneofthepurposesoffriendshipistoequipyouforsolitude:Inastudent’sreport,hequotedwhatEmersonsaidabouttherelationshipbetweenfriendshipandsolitude,thatis,friendshipmadesomeonepreparedfortastingsolitude.〔LanguagePoint〕“Whatdoesitmeantogotoschoolataplacewhereyou’reneveralone?”Placeclausesdefinethelocationoftheobjectofthemainclause.Placeconjunctionsincludewhere,inwhichandwherever.Theyaregenerallyplacedfollowingamainclauseinordertodefinethelocationoftheobjectofthemainclause.e.g.IwillneverforgetSeattlewhereIspentsomanywonderful

summers.〔Chinese〕几年前我在给一个班级讲授有关友谊的文学作品。一天，我们正在讨论弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫的小说《海浪》。这本书讲述了一群朋友从童年到中年的经历。在高中时期，其中的一个男孩与另一个男孩坠入情网，书中这样写道：“我能向谁吐露我心中急欲迸发的激情呢？……没有人——这里那些灰暗的拱门和咕咕叫的鸽子，那些让人欢欣鼓舞的比赛，传统和竞争，所有这些都是为了让人不感到孤独而精心组织的。”这一段非常形象地描述了精英学校的校园，包括从来不容许你感到孤独那部分。如果去学校就是去一个你从来不会感到孤单的地方，这到底意味着什么呢？我的一个学生说，一个人待在房间里我会感到不舒服。即使当我写论文的时候，我也会在朋友那里写。同一天，碰巧有另一个学生做了一份关于爱默生的陈述报告，主题是爱默生以友谊为题的散文。他在报告中写道，艾默生说友谊的目的之一就是使你准备好体会孤独。

Sotheretheywere:oneyoungpersonwhohadlostthecapacityforsolitudeandanotherwhocouldn’tseethepointofit.Nowthatstudentsareinconstantelectroniccontact,theyneverhavetroublefindingeachother.14Butit’snotasiftheirsociability

isenablingthemtodevelopdeepfriendships.“TowhomcanIexposetheurgencyofmyownpassion?”:mystudentwasinherfriend’sroomwritingapaper,nothavingaheart-to-heart.Sheprobablydidn’thavethetime;indeed,otherstudentstoldmetheyfoundtheirpeerstoobusyforintimacy.当我问学生们他们认为这意味着什么，其中一个人打断我说，等一等，首先你为什么会需要孤独呢？有什么事只有你一个人能做，却不能和你的朋友一起做吗？9〔Note14〕

Nowthatstudentsareinconstantelectroniccontact,theyneverhavetroublefindingeachother:Nowadays,studentscommonlycontacteachotherthroughmobilephone,E-mail,orthroughtheInternet,soitiseasyforthemtokeepintouchwitheachother.〔LanguagePoint〕“Butit’snotasiftheirsociabilityisenablingthemtodevelopdeepfriendships.”Here“asif”isequivalentto“that”,itintroducesapredicativeclause,sometimestheindicativemoodisemployedinthesentenceintroducedby“asif”.e.g.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.

Itlooksasiftheyareinaterriblehurry.〔Chinese〕他们就是这样：一个失去了孤独的能力的年轻人和另一个不能理解孤独的意义的人。如今学生们都会经常用电子方式联系，所以他们从来不用担心联络不上对方。可又不是他们的社交能力就能使他们培养出深厚的友情。“我能向谁吐露我心中急欲迸发的激情呢？”：我的学生在她朋友的房间里写论文，而非真诚地谈心。她可能没有时间；实际上，其他学生告诉我他们发现同伴们没有空闲来培养亲密的感情。Nowthatstudentsareinconstantelectroniccontact,theyneverhavetroublefindingeachother.Howwouldthestuden