大学英语专业八级满分听力训练

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ECTIONAMINI-LECTURE

Inthissection,youwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,youllbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanother10minutestocompletethegap-fillingtask.Nowlistentothemini-lecture.

TypesandAcceptance

Goodafternoon,everybody.TodaywellgoonwithourdiscussionaboutElementsofCulture.Wehavetalkedabouttheelementoflanguage,whichisviewedbysociologistsasthefoundationofeveryculture.

Nowletslookatthesecondelement—norms.Whatarenorms?Normscanbedefinedastheestablishedstandardsofbehaviourmaintainedbyasociety.

Well,youknow,allsocietieshavewaysofencouragingandenforcingwhattheyviewasappropriatebehaviourwhilediscouragingandpunishingwhattheyconsidertobeimproperconducts.Forexample,respectforolderpeopleisanormfoundinChina.PutonsomecleanclothesfordinnerisanormfollowedinAmerica.Bowingdeeplytoeachotherwhenmeetingandsayinggood-byetopeopleisanormpractisedinJapan.Theseareallnorms.

Inorderforanormtobecomesignificant,itmustbewidelysharedandunderstood.Forexample,whenwegotothemovies,wetypicallyexpectthatpeoplewillbequietwhilethefilmisshowing.Becauseofthisnorm,ifamemberoftheaudiencetalksloudly,hemaybeaskedtolowerhisvoice.Andwhenwegotoschoolorgotowork,weareexpectedtobepunctual.Ifsomeoneislate,heorshemayfeeluneasyandshouldsaysorrytoothers.

Nowwellhavealookatthetypesofnorms.Sociologistsdistinguishnormsintwoways.First,normscanbeclassifiedasformalandinformal.Formalnormshavegenerallybeenwrittendownandinvolvestrictrulesforpunishmentofviolators.Lawsareanexampleofformalnorms,becauseinapoliticalsense,thelawisthebodyofrules,madebygovernmentforsociety,interpretedbythecourts,andbackedbythestate.Besides,therequirementsforacollegemajorandrulesofacardgamearealsoformalnorms.

Bycontrast,informalnormsaregenerallyunderstoodbutarenotpreciselyrecorded.Standardsofproperdressareacommonexampleofinformalnorms.Oursocietyhasnospecificpunishmentorsanctionifastudentcomestocollegedressedquitedifferentlyfromeveryoneelse.Themostlikelyresponseisthatheorshemightbemadefunofbyotherstudentsforhisorherunusualchoiceofclothing.

Second,normsarealsoclassifiedbytheirrelativeimportancetosociety.Whenclassifiedthisway,theyareknownasmoresandfolkways.Moresarenormsthatareregardedhighlynecessarytothewelfareofasociety,oftenbecausetheyembodythemostvaluableprinciplesofapeople.Eachsocietydemandsobediencetoitsmores,andviolationcanleadtoseverepenalties.Forexample,oursocietyhasstrongmoresagainstmurderandtreason.Folkwaysarenormsgoverningeverydaybehaviourwhoseviolationraisedrelativelylittleconcern.Forexample,walkingupadownescalatorinadepartmentstorechallengesourstandardsofappropriatebehaviour,butitwillnotresultinafineorajailsentence.Folkwaysplayanimportantroleinshapingthedailybehaviourofmembersofaculture.

OK,howdopeopleacceptnorms?Nowwelltalkabouttheacceptanceofnorms.First,norms,whethermoresorfolkways,arenotfollowedinallsituations.Insomecases,peopleevadeanormbecausetheyknowitisweaklyenforced.Forexample,althoughsmokinginpublicisforbidden,weoftenfindpeoplesmokinginbusesorotherpublicplaces.

Second,normsareviolatedinsomeinstancesbecauseonenormconflictswithanother.Forexample,supposeyouliveinanapartmentbuildingandonenightyouhearthescreamsofthewomannextdoor.Sheisbeingbeatenbyherhusband.Ifyoudecidedtointervenebycallingthepolice,youareviolatingthenormofmindyourownbusinessordontinterferewithotherfamilysbusiness,whileatthesametimeyouarefollowingthenormofassistingavictimofviolence.

Then,evenwhennormsdonotconflict,therearealwaysexceptionstoanynorm.Thesameaction,underdifferentcircumstances,cancauseonetobeviewedeitherasaheroorasavillain.Forexample,Eaves-droppingontelephoneconversationisnormallyconsideredillegalormean,butitcanbedonebythepolicetoobtainvalidevidenceforacriminaltrial.Evenkillinganotherhumanbeingistoleratedasaformofself-defenceandisactuallyrewardedinwarfare.

Acceptanceofnormsisalsosubjectedtochange,asthepolitical,economic,andsocialconditionsofacultureistransformed.Forexample,undertraditionalnorms,awomanwasexpectedtomarry,rearchildren,andremainathomeifherhusbandcouldsupportthefamily.However,thesenormshavebeenchanginginrecentdecades,andmoreandmorewomenarereadytoorencouragedtohaveherowncareerandsupportthefamilytogetherwithherhusband.Assupportfortraditionalnormsweakens,peoplewillfeelfreetoviolatethemmorefrequentlyandopenlyandwillbelesslikelytoreceiveseriousnegativesanctionsfordoingso.

Well,timeisalmostupfortodayslecture.Tosumup,normsareestablishedstandardsofbehaviourmaintainedbyasociety.Theyaredistinguishedintwoways,thatis,formalorinformalnormsaccordingtotheirformality,andmoresandfolkwaysaccordingtotheirrelativeimportancetosociety.Peopleinaculturenormallyfollowitsnorms,butacceptanceofnormsdiffersindifferentsituationsandsocialconditions.

Nexttimewellgoonwithotherelementsofculture,sanctionsandvalues.Seeyouthen.

SectionBINTERVIEW

InthissectionyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterview,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowing5questions.Nowlistentotheinterview.

InterviewerW:IfirstencounteredParkerRossmansworkintheearly1990sviahisgroundbreakingbook,TheEmergingWorldwideElectronicUniversit

y:InformationAgeGlobalHigherEducationRossman,1992.WhenIsawthathiscurrentprojectisafreelyaccessibleonlinebook-in-progressonthefutureoflifelongandhighereducation,IaskedifhewouldallowTechnologySourcereaderstolearnaboutandparticipateintheproject.Hegraciouslyconsentedtothisinterview.Parker,InoteonyourWebsitethatyouhavethreebook-lengthvolumesconcerningthefutureofhighereducation:VolumeI,TheFutureofHigherLifelongEducationandVirtualSpace;VolumeII,ResearchOnGlobalCrises,StillPrimitive;andVolumeIII,FutureLearningandTeaching.Whatstruckmeinparticularwasyournoteaskingreaderstocontactyouiftheysawerrors,oriftheycouldcontributeWebsiteURLsorintermsofinformationthatwerepertinenttothematerial.Asthesenotesindicate,youclearlyregardthistobeaworkinprogress.Certainlythisisagreatwaytodevelopthemanuscriptsrelativelyquickly.Whatdoyouexpecttoaccomplishviathistechnique?

ParkerRossmanM:Myobjectivesaretoexaminethewaysinwhichaglobalvirtualeducationsystemcancomeintoexistenceandtoraisequestionsaboutneededresearchonlearning,teaching,andovercomingtheproblemssuchashunger,badhealth,war,andrevolutionthatstandinthewayofprovidingeducationforeveryoneintheworld.Irealizethateducationforallisimpossible,butperhapsonlyinthesensethattheUnitedStates,outofnecessity,accomplishedwhatwasimpossibleaftertheattackonPearlHarbor.IassumethatH.G.Wellswasrightwhenhesaidthatcivilizationisinaracebetweeneducationanddisaster.SoIamwillingtobeaudacious—assomeoneretiredandwithnoaxetogrind—andtoinitiateaprojectthatmightatleaststimulatethoughtanddiscussion.For30yearsormoreIhavebeenstudyingtheuniversity,highereducation,andacademiainthedevelopingworld.Inthe1980sIbegantoseetheemergenceandpotentialofaglobalvirtualuniversity;thisinsightculminatedinabookthatwaswidelyreadandusedandthatledtomybeinginvitedtolectureinvariouscountries.ThenextyearPraegerpublisheditasapaperbackintheirContributionstotheStudyofEducationseries.Developingworlddelegatestothe1997UNESCOconferenceonhighereducationinPariscomplainedthatitwastooexpensiveforthem.SoIsaidthatIwouldputasequelonline,freetoanyoneintheworld.Iaskedthat,inreturn,theysendmefeedbackandsuggestedlinks.AndIhavenowaccomplishedthis.

W:Doesntyouronlinemanuscriptdealwithfarmorethanhighereducation?Yourclassificationisabitconfusingtome,becauseeachvolumelookslikeabook.WhynotsaythatyouhavethreebooksontheWeb?

M:Itmustbeonebookifitistobeholistic.Itshouldintroducealloftheneedsandproblemsthatmustbedealtwithatonceasweenteratimeoflifelongeducation.Educationforallmustincludeprogramsforpre-kindergartenchildren,forprimaryandsecondaryschoolagelearners,andforcollegestudents.Italsomustincludecontinuingeducationalprogramsthatfosterjobskills,careerplanning,andhobbiesaswellasspecialinterestprogramsforseniorcitizens.Insteadoftalkingaboutaglobaluniversity,thetimehascometoexplorepossibilitiesforaglobalvirtualeducationsystem.

W:Thenwhydoyoukeepspeakingofthefutureoftheuniversity?

M:Itisalsomyassumptionthattheuniversity,howeveritchanges,willcontinuetobethemajorresearchcenterforalleducation.Itwillbeacrucialfocusofeducationalvisionandthegatheringplaceofscholarsandeducators.Therewillcontinuetoberesidentialcampusesforthosewhocanaffordthem,andhighereducationinstitutionswillcontinuetobethespringboardforonlineeducationforall—allplaces,allages,allneeds,lifelong,intheworld.

W:Whatkindsofconstructivecriticismornegativefeedbackareyougetting?

M:Well,thelistislong.Itrytocovertoomuch.Someinformationisoutofdate.WebURLsdisappear,whichlimitsmyabilitytolinktothelatestresearchasameansofavoidingexcessivedetailinthetext.Also,differentreaderscomewithexpectationsthatare