讲解-无机化合物命名II201609

第4课NomenclatureofInorganicCompounds（II）Vocabulary

polyatomicadj.多原子的sulfaten.硫酸盐v.使变为硫酸盐,硫酸酯sulfiten.亚硫酸盐,亚硫酸酯chloraten.氯酸盐molybdaten.钼酸盐molybdenatearsenaten.砷酸盐nitriten.亚硝酸盐hypochlorousn.次氯酸perchloricacidn.高氯酸bicarbonaten.重碳酸盐bisulfaten.硫酸氢盐oxalaten.草酸盐binoxalate草酸氢盐Hypo-表示“在...之下,亚,次,次于,不足,从属于”之义hypochrome减色团hypomanganate

次锰酸盐hyponitritehyponitrous连二次硝酸的hypophosphate

连二磷酸盐hypophosphite

次磷酸盐hyposulfite

次硫酸盐,硫代硫酸钠hypovanadate

次钒酸盐Per-表示“通,总，过”之义Peracidperacidity过酸性perhalide全卤化物Bi-表示“有二的,双边的”之义bisymmetry两侧对称,二轴对称bixylyl联二甲苯基bicyanate重氰酸盐,酸性氰酸盐-ic----ate-ous----itehypo---ous,hypo--iteper---ic,per---atepyro-焦bi-di-重ortho-正，原，邻；meta-偏，间；para-对，tere-对thio-Na2S2O3sodiumthiosulfatesulfo-sodiumsulfosulfateChloro-fluoro-iodo-H2SO5persulfuricacidH2SO4sulfuricacidH2SO3sulfurousacid

H2SO2hyposulfurousacidHNO4pernitricacidHNO3nitricacidHNO2nitrousacidHNO

hyponitrousacidH2S2O7pyrosulfuricacid,disulfuricacidH2Cr2O7dichromicacidpyrochromicacidHMnO4permanganicacidH2P2O7pyrophosphoricaciddiphosphoricacidH3PO4phosphoricacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidH2ShydrosulfuricacidHCNhydrocyanicacidH3AlO3aluminicacidorthoaluminicacidHAlO2

metaaluminicacidH6SO6orthosulfuricacidH5PO5orthophosphoricacidH4SiO4orthosilicicacidH2S2O3thiosulfuricacidsulfosulfuricacidNamingAcids1.非含氧酸氢某酸hydro+成酸元素词干+icacidHClhydrochloricacidHFhydrofluoricacidH2ShydrosulfuricacidHCNhydrocyanicacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（1）原酸或正酸成酸元素词干+icacidH2SO4sulfuricacidHNO3nitricacidH3PO4phosphoricacidHClO3chloricacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（2）高酸per+成酸元素词干+icacidHMnO4permanganicacidHClO4perchloricacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（3）亚酸成酸元素词干+ousacidHNO2nitrousacidH3PO3phosphorousacidHClO2chlorousacidH2SO3sulfurousacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（4）次酸hypo+成酸元素词干+ousacidH3PO2hypophosphorousacidHClOhypochlorousacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（5）焦酸pyro+成酸元素词干+icacidH4P2O7pyrophosphoricacidH2S2O7pyrosulfuricacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（6）偏酸meta+成酸元素词干+icacidHPO3metaphosphoricacidH2SiO3metasilicicacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（7）硫代酸thio+成酸元素词干+icacidH2S2O3thiosulfuricacidNamingAcids2.含氧酸（8）过氧酸peroxy+成酸元素词干+icacidH2S2O8peroxydisulfuricacidNa2O2SodiumperoxideNamingAcids高酸per+成酸元素词干+ic正酸成酸元素词干+ic亚酸成酸元素词干+ous次酸hypo+成酸元素词干+ous焦酸：pyro+成酸元素词干+ic偏酸：meta+成酸元素词干+ic硫代酸：

thio+成酸元素词干+ic

过氧酸：peroxy+成酸元素词干+ic

Table1Namesandformulasofselectedternarycompounds.

FormulaNameFormulaNameNa2SO3

SodiumsulfitePbCrO4

Lead(II)chromateNa2SO4SodiumsulfateH2SO4

HydrogensulfateK2CO3

PotassiumcarbonateCu2SO4

Copper(I)sulfateorcuproussulfateAl2(SO4)3

AluminumsulfateCuSO4

Copper(II)sulfateorcupricsulfateKClO3

PotassiumchlorateLi3AsO4

LithiumarsenateFeSO4Iron(II)sulfateorferroussulfateNaNO2Sodiumnitrite

Fe2(SO4)3

Iron(III)sulfateorferricsulfateZnMoO4

ZincmolybdateZincmolybdenateFormulaCommonStockNaClO4SodiumperchlorateNaClO3SodiumchlorateNaClO2SodiumchloriteNaClOSodiumhypochloriteK2Cr2O7PotassiumdichromateFe2(SO4)3FerricsulfateIron(Ⅲ)sulfateCu3(AsO4)2CupricarsenateCopper(Ⅱ)arsenateCr(OAc)3ChromicacetateChromium(Ⅲ)acetate含氧酸盐（某酸某）NamesofSomeOxy-Salts规律：阳离子+阴离子Base（碱）FormulaStockCommonCa(OH)2CalciumhydroxideNaOHSodiumhydroxideSn(OH)2tin(Ⅱ)hydroxidestannoushydroxideSn(OH)4tin(Ⅳ)hydroxidestannichydroxideFe(OH)2iron(Ⅱ)hydroxideferroushydroxideFe(OH)3iron(Ⅲ)hydroxideferrichydroxideNamesofSomeBases规律：阳离子+氢氧根Bi(OH)2NO3(bismuthdihydroxynitrate)Al2(OH)4CO3（aluminiumcarbonatebasic）1.saltplusbasic（盐+碱）。2.（阳离子+希腊前缀+hydroxy+希腊前缀+阴离子）BasicSalt（碱式盐）3.（阳离子+希腊前缀+阴离子+希腊前缀+阴离子）Ca(OH)2CO3(calciumdihydroxidecarbonate)Cu2(OH)2CO3cuprichydroxidecarbonate(SbO)2SO4stibiumoxidesulfateBi2O2(CO3)bismuthdioxide

carbonateBiOClbismuthoxychlorideWOBr4tungstenoxytetrabromideWO2Br2tungstendioxydibromide

HfOCl2hafniumoxydichloride复盐：KAl(SO4)2potassiumaluminiumsulfateKFe(SO4)2

potassiumferricsulfate(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2ammoniumferroussulfateMgNH4PO4MagnesiumammoniumphosphateNaKSO4Sodiumpotassiumsulfate复盐水合与无水：

KAl(SO4)2·12H2Opotassiumaluminiumsulfate12-water(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2Oammoniumferroussulfate6-waterAlCl3·6H2OaluminiumchloridehexahydrateAlCl3aluminiumchlorideanhydrate

Ternarycompound Ternarycompoundscontainthreeelementsandconsistofanelectropositivegroup,whichiseitherametalorhydrogen,andapolyatomicnegativeion.Wewillconsiderthenamingofcompoundsinwhichoneofthethreeelementsisoxygen.Ingeneral,innamingternarycompoundsthepositivegroupisgivenfirst,followedbythenameofthenegativeion.Rulesfornamingthepositivegroupsareidenticaltothoseusedinnamingbinarycompounds.Thenegativegroupusuallycontainstwoelements:oxygenandametaloranonmetal.Tonamethepolyatomicnegativeion,addtheendingsiteoratetothestemoftheelementotherthanoxygen.Thus,SO42-iscalledsulfate,andSO32-iscalledsulfite.Notethatoxygenisnotspecificallyincludedinthename,butisunderstoodtobepresentwhentheendingsiteandateareused.Thesuffixesiteandaterepresentdifferentoxidationstatesoftheelementotherthanoxygeninthepolyatomicion.Theiteendingrepresentsthelowerandtheate

thehigher

oxidationstate.Whenanelementhasonlyoneoxidationstate,suchasCincarbonate,theateendingisused.ExamplesofternarycompoundsandtheirnamesaregiveninTable8.5.Ternaryoxy-acids.Inorganicternarycompoundscontaininghydrogen,oxygen,andoneotherelementarecalledoxy-acids.Theelementotherthanhydrogenoroxygenintheseacidsisusuallyanonmetal,butinsomecasesitcanbeametal.Theous-icsystemisusedinnamingternaryacids.Thesuffixesousandicareusedtoindicatedifferentoxidationstatesoftheelementotherthanhydrogenandoxygen.Theousendingagainindicatestheloweroxidationstateandtheicendingindicatesthehigheroxidationstate.Tonametheseacids,weplacetheendingicorousafterthestemoftheelementotherthanhydrogenandoxygen,andaddthewordacid.Ifanelementhasonlyoneusualoxidationstate,theicendingisused.Hydrogeninaternaryoxy-acidisnotspecificallydesignatedintheacidnamebutitspresenceisimpliedbytheuseofthewordacid.Examples:H2SO3Sulfur/ousacid(Sis+4)H2SO4Sulfur/icacid(Sis+6)

Onceagain,theacidnameisassociatedwiththewatersolutionofthepurecompound.Inthepurestate,theusualternarynamemaybeused.Thus,H2SO4iscalledbothhydrogensulfateandsulfuricacid. Incaseswheretherearemorethantwooxy-acidsinaseries,theous-icnamesarefurthermodifiedwiththeprefixesperandhypo.Perisplacedbeforethestemoftheelementotherthanhydrogenandoxygenwhentheelementhasahigheroxidationnumberthanintheicacid.Hypoisusedasaprefixbeforethestemwhentheelementhasaloweroxidationnumberthanintheousacid.Theuseofperandhypoisillustratedintheoxy-acidsofchlorine.FormulaNameOxidationnumberofchlorineHClOHypochlorousacid+lHClO2Chlorousacid+3HClO3

Chloricacid+5HClO4Perchloricacid+7Examplesofotherternaryoxy-acidsandtheirnamesareshowninTable2.Table2Namesandformulasofselectedternaryoxy-acids.FormulaAcidnameFormulaAcidnameH2SO3SulfurousacidHNO3NitricacidH2SO4SulfuricacidHBrO3BromicacidH3PO2HypophosphorousacidHIO3IodicacidH3PO3PhosphorousacidH3BO3BoricacidH3PO4PhosphoricacidH2C2O4OxalicacidHNO2NitrousacidHC2H3O2AceticacidSalts Whenthehydrogenofanacidisreplacedbyametalionoranammonium(NH4+)ion,thecompoundformedisclassifiedasasalt.Therefore,wecanhaveaseriesofmetalchlorides,bromides,sulfides,sulfates,sulfites,nitrates,phosphates,borates,andsoon.SometernaryacidsandsaltsaregiveninTable3.Table3Comparisonofacidandsaltnamesinternaryoxy-compounds.AcidSaltNameofsaltH2SO4sulfuricacidNa2SO4CuSO4CaSO4Fe2(SO4)3SodiumsulfateCopper(II)sulfateorCupricsulfateCalciumsulfateIron(III)sulfateorFerricsulfateHNO3NitricacidHg(NO3)2Fe(NO3)2Mercury(II)nitrateormercuricnitrateIron(II)nitrateorferrousnitrateAcidSaltNameofsaltH3PO3PhosphorousacidK3PO3CrPO3Pb3(PO3)2PotassiumphosphiteChromium(III)phosphite

Lead(II)phosphiteH3PO4PhosphoricacidLi3PO4AlPO4Ba3(PO4)2LithiumPhosphateAluminumphosphateBariumphosphateHBrO3Bromic

acidNaBrO3Cd(BrO3)2Mg(BrO3)2SodiumbromateCadmiumbromateMagnesiumbromateSaltswithmorethanonepositiveion Saltsmaybeformedfromacidsthatcontaintwoormoreacidhydrogenatomsbyreplacingonlyoneofthehydrogenatomswithametalorbyreplacingbothhydrogenatomswithdifferentmetals.Eachpositivegroupisnamedfirstandthentheappropriatesaltendingisadded.AcidSaltNameofsaltH2CO3NaHCO3SodiumbicarbonateorSodiumhydrogencarbonateH2SNaHSSodiumhydrogensulfideorsodiumbisulfideH3PO4MgNH4PO4MagnesiumammoniumphosphateH2SO4NaKSO4