Contract-law分析教学讲解课件

ContractlawContractlawReviewConsiderationDefinitionTypesSufficiencybelegalbesufficientbeexcutoryorexcutedconsiderationnolegalobligationmadebypromiseeReviewConsiderationOutlineVitiatingfactorsBreachofcontractRemediesforbreachofcontractExceptionOutlineVitiatingfactorsJeff,arealestatebroker,sellsPSCompanysomeland.JefftoldPSCompanythatthepropertyincluded80acres,butheknowsitisonly70acres.Q:IsJeffstatementafraudulentmisrepresentation?Jeff,arealestatebroker,seApartymusthavecapacitytocontract;Thepurposeofthecontractmustbelawful;Theformofthecontractmustbelegal;Thepartiesmustintendtocreatealegalrelationship;Thepartiesmustconsent,(throughofferandacceptance).

——真意genuineconsentConsiderationElementsforValidFormationofContract

合同有效成立的要件错误Mistake欺诈fraud胁迫Duress不当影响Undueinfluence显失公平UnconscionabilityElementsforValidFormationoVitiatingfactorsMistakeFraudDuressUndueinfluenceUnconscionabilityVitiatingfactorsMistakeMistakes

Underthecommonlaw,mistakesmeananerroneousbelieforamisunderstandingaboutafactoccurringbetweenthepartiestoacontract.

Mistakeisanunintendedact,omission,orerrorthatarisesintheformation,executionorperformanceofacontractualrelationship.Withoutthemistake,thepartyorthepartieswouldnothaveenteredintoacontractontheconditions.MistakesUnilateralmistake

单边错误

Anunilateralmistakeisthatonlyonepartytoacontractismistakenwhileamistakeisknowntotheothercontractingparty.Generally,thepartymakingaunilateralmistakeisnotentitledtorescindthecontractonthebasisofmistake.Forexample,JennywritesalettertoSandyandofferstosellapuppytoher.Jennymistakenlytypesinapriceof$100insteadof$150.Sandywritesbackacceptingtheofferandenclosesthe$100.Unilateralmistake单边错误However,undercertaincircumstances,aunilateralmistakemayjustifyrescission:TheotherpartykneworshouldhaveknownofthemistakeTheerrorwasduetoamathematicalmistakeoromissionofcertainitemsinthecomputationofthecostofthecontract.Attention:nomatterinwhatconditions,themistakemustinvolvematerialfactAmaterialfactisonethatwouldcontributetoareasonableperson’sdecisiontoenterthecontractHowever,underc2.Mutualmistake

相互误解Mutualmistakeoccurswhenthepartiestoacontractarebothmistakenaboutthesamematerialfactwithintheircontract.Ifmutualmistakeisproven,therewillbenoagreementandthecontractisvoidabinitio(自始无效).Thatis,thelawconsidersthatthecontractnevertookplaceandthepartiesshouldberestoredtotheiroriginalposition.2.Mutualmistake相互误解Mistake错误Contractcanbevoidableif——法国法：关于标的物性质方面的错误关于涉及与其订立合同的双方当事人所产生的错误德国法：关于意思表示内容的错误关于意思表示形式上的错误Mistake错误Contractcanbevoid英国法：分成单方错误和双方错误，单方错误不能使合同无效如果某项错误导致双方当事人之间根本没有达成真正的协议，则可以使合同无效美国法：单方错误原则上不能要求撤销合同，双方当事人都有错误时，仅在错误涉及重大事项，才可主张合同无效或要求撤销合同英国法：ChinaContractLawArticle54:“Apartyshallhavetherighttorequestthepeople’scourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomodifyorrevokethefollowingcontract:(1)thoseconcludedasaresultofseriousmisunderstanding;重大误解的合同(thenatureofcontract;theotherparty;thequalityandassortmentofthecontractedobject;priceandexpenses.)ChinaContractLawWoodv.BoyntonFacts:Wood(P)soldagemfor$1toBoynton(D),ajeweler.Bothpartiesbelievedthestonetobetopazatthetimeofthesale.Boyntonlaterlearnedthatthestonewasadiamondworth$700.BoyntondeclinedWood’soffertobuybackthegemfor$1.10andWoodsuedforitsreturn.AttrialthecourtdirectedaverdictinfavorofBoyntonandWoodappealed.Issue:Isapartytoacontractentitledtorescissionifbothpartiesweremutuallymistakenregardingthevalueoftheitemssoldandthesellerhasnotcommittedfraud?Woodv.BoyntonFacts:Wood(P)No.Acontractmadewherethereismutualmistakeregardingthenatureandvalueoftheitemssoldcannotberescindedwithoutfraud.TheonlywayPcanrescindthesaleisbyshowingthattherewassomefraudbyDinprocuringthesale,orthatthesellermadeamistakebydeliveringanarticlethatwasnotthearticlesold.Thelatteramountstoamistakeinfactastotheidentityofthearticlesold.No.Acontractmadewherether

Rafflesv.WichelhausFact:ThedefendanthadmadeanorderforthepurchaseofcottonforgoodsarrivingonacertainboatPeerlesssfromBombayleavinginOctober.However,adifferentboatPeerless,alsofromBombay,buthavingleftinDecember.TheplaintiffmerchantsoughttoenforcethecontractforthesaleofcottoninOctoberbutthedefendantrefusedstatingthatitwasnotthecottonthathadorderedinDecember.Q:howtodealwithit?Rafflesv.WichelhausFeaturesoffraudincontractOnepartymademisrepresentationabouttheconditionsinthecontractorsuppressedthetruthbytheinformationasymmetry不对称betweentwonationstotheotherpartywhoactuallyentersthecontractwithoutgenuineconsent.欺诈方对所订立的合同中的主要条款或关键性内容虚假陈述，或利用两国之间信息不对称而隐瞒事实真相，致使对方陷于错误认识，进而在意思表示不真实的情况下与他人签订欺诈性合同。Fraud

FeaturesoffraudincontractFeaturesoffraudincontract

Onepartyhasthecapacityinthecontractualrelation,anddoesintendtoperformthecontract,onlyitmeanstoassumeillegalinterestfromtherelationshipbyfraud.

欺诈方在与被欺诈方订立买卖合同时，本身具有一定的履约能力，(主观)也准备在订立合同之后履行合同，但同时也想从履行欺诈性合同中获取不法利益。FeaturesoffraudincontractFraudinthefactumFraudininducementFraudinthefactumFraudinthefactum(事实的错误)focusesonwhetherthepartyinquestionknewtheywerecreatingacontract.Ifthepartydidnotknowthattheywereenteringintoacontract,thereisnomeetingoftheminds,andthecontractisvoid.Fraudinthefactum(事实的错误)focFraudininducementfocusesonthemisrepresentationattemptingtogetthepartytoenterintothecontract.Fraudininducementfocuseson

Misrepresentation错误陈述Misrepresentationisafalsestatementoffactmadebyonepartytoanotherwiththeintentionofinducingtheotherpartytocontract.Inotherwords,misrepresentationmeansthatoneofthepartiestoacontractcreatedamistakenimpressionaboutanimportantfactorfactsconcerningthesubjectofthecontractinthemindsoftheotherparty.Actingonthismistakenbelief,thevictimizedpartyenteredintoacontractwhichheorshewouldnothaveenteredifheorshehadknownthefulltruth.Misrepresentation错误陈述Toestablishmisrepresentation,

thefollowingelementsshouldbeproven:

(1)anuntrueassertionofamaterialfactorfacts.(2)thevictim’sjustifiablerelianceontheassertion,(3)thelossorharmdoneonthevictimcausedbyhisorherrelianceontheassertion.Toestablishmisrepresentation3typesofmisrepresentations：Fraudulentmisrepresentation欺诈性错误陈述Negligentmisrepresentation疏忽性错误陈述Innocentmisrepresentation无辜的错误陈述3typesofmisrepresentations错误陈述故意错误陈述欺诈非故意错误陈述疏忽性错误陈述无辜的错误陈述虚假陈述的分类错误陈述故意错误陈述欺诈非故意错误陈述疏忽性错误陈述无辜的错1.fraudulentmisrepresentation

Fraudulentmisrepresentationisafalsestatementoffactmadewithoutbeliefinitstrutheitherrecklessly,knowinglyorwithoutcaringwhetheritistrueorfalsewiththeintentionthatitshouldbeactedonoritisinfactactedupon.1.fraudulentmisrepresentatio1.therepresentormadeafalsestatement2.therepresentorknewthestatementwasfalse,orwasrecklesslyindifferentaboutitstruthfulness.3.therepresentorintendedthatthestatementwouldpersuadetheotherpartytoenterthecontract.4.theinnocentpartyreliedwhollyorpartlyonthestatement.5.theinnocentpartysufferedlossasaresultofthefalserepresentation.1.therepresentormadeafalseAnactionforfraudulentmisrepresentationallowsforaremedyofdamagesandrescission(撤销).Onecanalsosueforfraudulentmisrepresentationinatortaction.AnactionforfraudulentmisreEastvMaurer[1991]被告Maurer拥有两家经营的很好的发廊，在1979年，他同意将其中的一家（位于ExeterRoad）出售给原告East。原告被引诱买下这一发廊部分原因是因为被告的陈述表明他希望将来去国外工作而也不愿在另一家工作。但事实上，这个在此地区享有声誉的被告仍然在另一家发廊全日经营。结果是原告的生意日渐衰落并且没有获得任何利润。而在1989年时原告被迫将这一发廊卖掉，而价钱比他们原来买时少很多。原告因此起诉被告违约并且存在欺诈性错误陈述。Question:whowonthiscase?EastvMaurer[1991]被告Maurer拥有两法官判决原告的行为是非常合理。法官判决原告的损失为33328镑，加上利息，总额为55205镑；还给予了原告在三年零三个月中的利润损失，数目为15000镑。最后，法官还给予原告1000镑作为原告意图经营发廊却遭受了失望和不便的赔偿。法官判决原告的行为是非常合理。Gordonv.SelicoMrGordonandMrsTeixeira,contractedinNovember1978topurchasea99yearleaseofaflatownedbythedefendant,SelicoLtd.Theflatwasinpoorcondition,aswastheblockthatcontainedit,withsomeevidenceofdryrot.PriortothefirstinspectionbytheplaintiffsinaboutNovember1978,theseconddefendantshadinstructedsomepainterstoconcealpatchesofdryrotfromview,bypaintingthem.TheplaintiffsobtainedadetailedsurveyoftheflatinFebruary1979,whichconcludedthatnodryrothadbeenfound(althoughonlyonefloorboardhadbeenlifted,anditcouldnotbeguaranteedthatitdidnotexistelsewhereintheflat).TheplaintiffsmovedintotheirflatonJanuary1,1980,andsubsequentlydiscoveredextensivedryrotinthefrontbedroom,bathroom,andlavatory.Gordonv.SelicoDerryvPeek(1889)ThePlymouth,DevonportandDistrictTramwayscompany'sprospectusstatedthatthecompanyhadpermissiontousesteamtrams,ratherthanhorsepoweredones.Infact,itdidnotbecausetherighttousesteampowerwassubjecttotheBoardofTrade'sconsent.Thecompanyapplied,andhonestlybelievedthattheywouldgetitbecausepermissionwasamereformality.Infact,aftertheprospectuswasissued,theydidnotgetpermission.Shareholders,representedbySirHenryPeek,whohadpurchasedtheirstakesinthecompanyonthefaithofthestatement'struthsuedwhenthecompany'sbusinessendedupinliquidation.Question:Whatisthejudgment?DerryvPeek(1889)ThePlymouthLordHerschellfoundthatthiswasnotdeceitsincethedirectorshonestlybelievedintheirstatementsatthetimeandthoughtsteampowerpermissionwasamereformality正式手续.Theymadeacarelessstatementbuttheyhonestlybelievedinitstruth.LordHerschellfoundthatthis2.NegligentmisrepresentationThisoccurswheretherepresentorinnocentlybutcarelesslymakesafalsestatementonwhichtheotherpartyreasonablyreliesonandsuffersalossasaresult.Tobringasuccessfulactionfornegligentmisrepresentation,theplaintiffmustprovethefollowing:

2.Negligentmisrepresentation1.therepresentormakesafalsestatementinnocentlybutcarelessly;2.theotherpartyreasonablyreliesonandsuffersaloss.1.therepresentormakesafalThistypeofmisrepresentationisrelativelynewandwasintroducedtoallowdamagesinsituationswhereneitheracollateralcontract(附属契约)norfraudisfound.ItwasfirstseeninthecaseofHedleyByrnevHeller[1964]A.C.465wherethecourtfoundthatastatementmadenegligentlythatwasrelieduponcanbeactionable可提起诉讼的intort侵权行为法.ThistypeofmisrepresentationHedleyByrnewereafirmofadvertisingagents.Acustomer,EasipowerLtd,putinalargeorder.HedleyByrnewantedtochecktheirfinancialposition,andcreditworthiness,andsubsequentlyaskedtheirbank,NationalProvincialBank,togetareportfromEasipower’sbank,Heller&PartnersLtd.,whorepliedinaletterthatEasipowerwas"consideredgoodforitsordinarybusinessengagements".

Theletterwassentforfree.EasipowerwentintoliquidationandHedleyByrnelost£17,000oncontracts.HedleyByrnesuedHeller&Partnersfornegligence,claimingthattheinformationwasgivennegligentlyandwasmisleading.Heller&Partnersarguedtherewasnodutyofcareowedregardingthestatements"withoutresponsibilityonthepartofthisbank”,whichsaidthatinanycaseliabilitywasexcluded.HedleyByrnewereafi3.InnocentMisrepresentationoccurswhentherepresentorhadreasonablegroundsforbelievingthathisorherfalsestatementwastrue.

It’sdifferentfromfraudulentmisrepresentationinthattherepresentordidn’tknowthatthestatementwasfalseandtheonlyremedyforthisisthatthecontractbecomesvoidableifthereisaninnocentmisrepresentation.1.therepresentordidnotknowthestatementwasfalseandwasnotrecklesslyindifferentaboutitstruthfulness2.thereisnoneedtoprovethatdamagesresulted.3.InnocentMisrepresentationDuress（胁迫）

Inmoderntimes,duressoccurswhenapersonisinducedtoenterintoacontractbyathreatofphysical,emotionaloreconomicharm.(1)physicalcompulsion(2)threatofphysical,emotionaloreconomicharmDuress（胁迫） Torescindacontractonthebasisofduress,onemustbeabletoestablishbothofthefollowing:

(1)thecontractwasinducedbyanimproperthreat(e.g.thethreattocommitacrimeortofileasuit);(2)thevictimhadnoalternativebuttoenterintoacontract.

Incaseofduress,thecontractisconsideredvoidableattheoptionofthevictimizedperson.TorescindacontractonthebUndueinfluence不当影响

Undercommonlaw,undueinfluenceoccurswhereapersonusesapositionofinfluencetopersuadeanothertoenterintoacontractthatprovidesthestrongerpersonwithadirectorindirectbenefit.Undueinfluence不当影响

Toestablishundueinfluence,theplaintiffmustshowthat:s/hewassusceptibletooverreaching.Thedefendanthasanopportunityforexercisingundueinfluence.Thedefendantwasinclinedtoexerciseundueinfluence.Theremustbeanunnaturalorsuspicioustransaction.Toestablishundueinfluenunconscionability/grossunfairness

（显失公平）

Ifoneofthepartiestoacontractisinneedofspecialprotectionthroughpovertyorignorance,orwhereunfairadvantageistakenofherorhim,thecontractcanbesetasideonthebasisofunconscionabilityorgrossunfairness（显失公平）.

unconscionability/grossunfaiUndercommonlaw,acontractmaybevoidableonthegroundsofunconscionableconductifplaintiffcanprovethat:(1)theirdisabilitymakesthemtheweakerparty;(2)thestrongerpartytookunfairadvantageofthisdisability;(3)thispreventedthemfrommakinganindependentdecisionaboutthecontract.Undercommonlaw,acontractm《中华人民共和国合同法》第五十二条有下列情形之一的，合同无效：（一）一方以欺诈、胁迫的手段订立合同，损害国家利益；（二）恶意串通，损害国家、集体或者第三人利益；（三）以合法形式掩盖非法目的；（四）损害社会公共利益；（五）违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定。《中华人民共和国合同法》BreachandremediesAbreachofcontractisafailuretofulfillthedutiesunderthecontractterms.Acontractcanbebreachedinseveralways:1.onepartydoesnotperformashe/shepromised;2.Onepartydoessomethingthatmakesitimpossiblefortheotherpartytoperformthedutiesunderthecontract3.Onepartymakesitclearthathe/shedoesnotintendtoperformthecontractduties.BreachandremediesAbreachoForms

ofbreachofcontract1)civillawsystem（Germany）Superveningimpossibility(给付不能)Delayinperformance(给付延迟)Formsofbreachofcontract2)CommonlawUK：Breachofcondition(违反条件)Breachofwarranty(违反担保)Anticipatorybreachofcontract(预期违约)Impossibilityofperformance(履行不可能)2)CommonlawCISG:FundamentalbreachofcontractNon-fundamentalbreachofcontractCISG:RemediesforBreachofContractTheobjectiveofremedies:toputtheinjuredpersoninthesamepositionasifthecontracthasbeenperformed.RemediesforBreachofContracRemediesforBreachofContract

Damages1.nominaldamages(象征性赔偿)

pensatorydamages(补偿性赔偿)compensationforthelossorinjurysufferedbythenon-breachingparty,bringingthatpartybacktothepositionwheres/hewouldhavebeeninhadthecontractbeenproperlyperformed.RemediesforBreachofContraRemediesforBreachofContract3.Punitivedamages(惩罚性赔偿)damagesawardedtopunishthebreachingparty’sconductaswellastodeterothersfromsuchconductinthefuture4.liquidateddamages(违约金)aspecifiedamountofmoneydamagesagreeduponinthecontracttobeawardedtothenon-breachingpartyforbreachofcontractRemediesforBreachofContraRemediesforBreachofContractSpecificperformance

(实际履行)Specificperformanceinthecommonlawisanordergivenbythecourtrequiringperformanceofapositivecontractualobligation.Specificperformancemaybeavailableincaseswheremoneydamagesareinadequateforcompensatingthelossofthenon-breachingpartyorwhenthecontractisforsaleofrealproperty.Butunderthefollowingcircumstances,specificperformanceisnotavailableRemediesforBreachofContracRemediesforBreachofContractRescission(互相解除合同义务)Injunction(禁令)RemediesforBreachofContracExceptionChangesofcircumstances(情势变更)Frustrationofcontract（合同落空）ForceMajeure（不可抗力）ExceptionChangesofcircumstaHw1.Reviewwhatwehavelearnttoday2.Findthedifferencesbetweenconditionandwarranty3.PreviewChapter8Hw1.ReviewwhatwehavelearContractlawContractlawReviewConsiderationDefinitionTypesSufficiencybelegalbesufficientbeexcutoryorexcutedconsiderationnolegalobligationmadebypromiseeReviewConsiderationOutlineVitiatingfactorsBreachofcontractRemediesforbreachofcontractExceptionOutlineVitiatingfactorsJeff,arealestatebroker,sellsPSCompanysomeland.JefftoldPSCompanythatthepropertyincluded80acres,butheknowsitisonly70acres.Q:IsJeffstatementafraudulentmisrepresentation?Jeff,arealestatebroker,seApartymusthavecapacitytocontract;Thepurposeofthecontractmustbelawful;Theformofthecontractmustbelegal;Thepartiesmustintendtocreatealegalrelationship;Thepartiesmustconsent,(throughofferandacceptance).

——真意genuineconsentConsiderationElementsforValidFormationofContract

合同有效成立的要件错误Mistake欺诈fraud胁迫Duress不当影响Undueinfluence显失公平UnconscionabilityElementsforValidFormationoVitiatingfactorsMistakeFraudDuressUndueinfluenceUnconscionabilityVitiatingfactorsMistakeMistakes

Underthecommonlaw,mistakesmeananerroneousbelieforamisunderstandingaboutafactoccurringbetweenthepartiestoacontract.

Mistakeisanunintendedact,omission,orerrorthatarisesintheformation,executionorperformanceofacontractualrelationship.Withoutthemistake,thepartyorthepartieswouldnothaveenteredintoacontractontheconditions.MistakesUnilateralmistake

单边错误

Anunilateralmistakeisthatonlyonepartytoacontractismistakenwhileamistakeisknowntotheothercontractingparty.Generally,thepartymakingaunilateralmistakeisnotentitledtorescindthecontractonthebasisofmistake.Forexample,JennywritesalettertoSandyandofferstosellapuppytoher.Jennymistakenlytypesinapriceof$100insteadof$150.Sandywritesbackacceptingtheofferandenclosesthe$100.Unilateralmistake单边错误However,undercertaincircumstances,aunilateralmistakemayjustifyrescission:TheotherpartykneworshouldhaveknownofthemistakeTheerrorwasduetoamathematicalmistakeoromissionofcertainitemsinthecomputationofthecostofthecontract.Attention:nomatterinwhatconditions,themistakemustinvolvematerialfactAmaterialfactisonethatwouldcontributetoareasonableperson’sdecisiontoenterthecontractHowever,underc2.Mutualmistake

相互误解Mutualmistakeoccurswhenthepartiestoacontractarebothmistakenaboutthesamematerialfactwithintheircontract.Ifmutualmistakeisproven,therewillbenoagreementandthecontractisvoidabinitio(自始无效).Thatis,thelawconsidersthatthecontractnevertookplaceandthepartiesshouldberestoredtotheiroriginalposition.2.Mutualmistake相互误解Mistake错误Contractcanbevoidableif——法国法：关于标的物性质方面的错误关于涉及与其订立合同的双方当事人所产生的错误德国法：关于意思表示内容的错误关于意思表示形式上的错误Mistake错误Contractcanbevoid英国法：分成单方错误和双方错误，单方错误不能使合同无效如果某项错误导致双方当事人之间根本没有达成真正的协议，则可以使合同无效美国法：单方错误原则上不能要求撤销合同，双方当事人都有错误时，仅在错误涉及重大事项，才可主张合同无效或要求撤销合同英国法：ChinaContractLawArticle54:“Apartyshallhavetherighttorequestthepeople’scourtoranarbitrationinstitutiontomodifyorrevokethefollowingcontract:(1)thoseconcludedasaresultofseriousmisunderstanding;重大误解的合同(thenatureofcontract;theotherparty;thequalityandassortmentofthecontractedobject;priceandexpenses.)ChinaContractLawWoodv.BoyntonFacts:Wood(P)soldagemfor$1toBoynton(D),ajeweler.Bothpartiesbelievedthestonetobetopazatthetimeofthesale.Boyntonlaterlearnedthatthestonewasadiamondworth$700.BoyntondeclinedWood’soffertobuybackthegemfor$1.10andWoodsuedforitsreturn.AttrialthecourtdirectedaverdictinfavorofBoyntonandWoodappealed.Issue:Isapartytoacontractentitledtorescissionifbothpartiesweremutuallymistakenregardingthevalueoftheitemssoldandthesellerhasnotcommittedfraud?Woodv.BoyntonFacts:Wood(P)No.Acontractmadewherethereismutualmistakeregardingthenatureandvalueoftheitemssoldcannotberescindedwithoutfraud.TheonlywayPcanrescindthesaleisbyshowingthattherewassomefraudbyDinprocuringthesale,orthatthesellermadeamistakebydeliveringanarticlethatwasnotthearticlesold.Thelatteramountstoamistakeinfactastotheidentityofthearticlesold.No.Acontractmadewherether

Rafflesv.WichelhausFact:ThedefendanthadmadeanorderforthepurchaseofcottonforgoodsarrivingonacertainboatPeerlesssfromBombayleavinginOctober.However,adifferentboatPeerless,alsofromBombay,buthavingleftinDecember.TheplaintiffmerchantsoughttoenforcethecontractforthesaleofcottoninOctoberbutthedefendantrefusedstatingthatitwasnotthecottonthathadorderedinDecember.Q:howtodealwithit?Rafflesv.WichelhausFeaturesoffraudincontractOnepartymademisrepresentationabouttheconditionsinthecontractorsuppressedthetruthbytheinformationasymmetry不对称betweentwonationstotheotherpartywhoactuallyentersthecontractwithoutgenuineconsent.欺诈方对所订立的合同中的主要条款或关键性内容虚假陈述，或利用两国之间信息不对称而隐瞒事实真相，致使对方陷于错误认识，进而在意思表示不真实的情况下与他人签订欺诈性合同。Fraud

FeaturesoffraudincontractFeaturesoffraudincontract

Onepartyhasthecapacityinthecontractualrelation,anddoesintendtoperformthecontract,onlyitmeanstoassumeillegalinterestfromtherelationshipbyfraud.

欺诈方在与被欺诈方订立买卖合同时，本身具有一定的履约能力，(主观)也准备在订立合同之后履行合同，但同时也想从履行欺诈性合同中获取不法利益。FeaturesoffraudincontractFraudinthefactumFraudininducementFraudinthefactumFraudinthefactum(事实的错误)focusesonwhetherthepartyinquestionknewtheywerecreatingacontract.Ifthepartydidnotknowthattheywereenteringintoacontract,thereisnomeetingoftheminds,andthecontractisvoid.Fraudinthefactum(事实的错误)focFraudininducementfocusesonthemisrepresentationattemptingtogetthepartytoenterintothecontract.Fraudininducementfocuseson

Misrepresentation错误陈述Misrepresentationisafalsestatementoffactmadebyonepartytoanotherwiththeintentionofinducingtheotherpartytocontract.Inotherwords,misrepresentationmeansthatoneofthepartiestoacontractcreatedamistakenimpressionaboutanimportantfactorfactsconcerningthesubjectofthecontractinthemindsoftheotherparty.Actingonthismistakenbelief,thevictimizedpartyenteredintoacontractwhichheorshewouldnothaveenteredifheorshehadknownthefulltruth.Misrepresentation错误陈述Toestablishmisrepresentation,

thefollowingelementsshouldbeproven:

(1)anuntrueassertionofamaterialfactorfacts.(2)thevictim’sjustifiablerelianceontheassertion,(3)thelossorharmdoneonthevictimcausedbyhisorherrelianceontheassertion.Toestablishmisrepresentation3typesofmisrepresentations：Fraudulentmisrepresentation欺诈性错误陈述Negligentmisrepresentation疏忽性错误陈述Innocentmisrepresentation无辜的错误陈述3typesofmisrepresentations错误陈述故意错误陈述欺诈非故意错误陈述疏忽性错误陈述无辜的错误陈述虚假陈述的分类错误陈述故意错误陈述欺诈非故意错误陈述疏忽性错误陈述无辜的错1.fraudulentmisrepresentation

Fraudulentmisrepresentationisafalsestatementoffactmadewithoutbeliefinitstrutheitherrecklessly,knowinglyorwithoutcaringwhetheritistrueorfalsewiththeintentionthatitshouldbeactedonoritisinfactactedupon.1.fraudulentmisrepresentatio1.therepresentormadeafalsestatement2.therepresentorknewthestatementwasfalse,orwasrecklesslyindifferentaboutitstruthfulness.3.therepresentorintendedthatthestatementwouldpersuadetheotherpartytoenterthecontract.4.theinnocentpartyreliedwhollyorpartlyonthestatement.5.theinnocentpartysufferedlossasaresultofthefalserepresentation.1.therepresentormadeafalseAnactionforfraudulentmisrepresentationallowsforaremedyofdamagesandrescission(撤销).Onecanalsosueforfraudulentmisrepresentationinatortaction.AnactionforfraudulentmisreEastvMaurer[1991]被告Maurer拥有两家经营的很好的发廊，在1979年，他同意将其中的一家（位于ExeterRoad）出售给原告East。原告被引诱买下这一发廊部分原因是因为被告的陈述表明他希望将来去国外工作而也不愿在另一家工作。但事实上，这个在此地区享有声誉的被告仍然在另一家发廊全日经营。结果是原告的生意日渐衰落并且没有获得任何利润。而在1989年时原告被迫将这一发廊卖掉，而价钱比他们原来买时少很多。原告因此起诉被告违约并且存在欺诈性错误陈述。Question:whowonthiscase?EastvMaurer[1991]被告Maurer拥有两法官判决原告的行为是非常合理。法官判决原告的损失为33328镑，加上利息，总额为55205镑；还给予了原告在三年零三个月中的利润损失，数目为15000镑。最后，法官还给予原告1000镑作为原告意图经营发廊却遭受了失望和不便的赔偿。法官判决原告的行为是非常合理。Gordonv.SelicoMrGordonandMrsTeixeira,contractedinNovember1978topurchasea99yearleaseofaflatownedbythedefendant,SelicoLtd.Theflatwasinpoorcondition,aswastheblockthatcontainedit,withsomeevidenceofdryrot.Priortothefirstinspectionbythe