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介词和动词短语【考情分析】介词在英语中比较活跃,然而在高考中直接考查介词的题不是很多,但是介词却是考生最容易犯错误的语法项目之一。预计2022年高考对介词的考查将不再局限于单个介词,将会更加注重对介词固定搭配中的介词的考查,精细化考查介词短语的辨析。在学习介词时,应重点掌握介词的基本用法,同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。高考英语侧重考查动词和动词短语在不同语境中的运用。同学们在学习时,最好把动词或动词短语放在具体的句中中,加以领会具体用法。还可以借助阅读,在短文中理解动词及动词短语的实际意义,因为通过具体语境可以获得更好的学习效果。【考点梳理】考点一介词一.介词的分类分类特点例词简单介词即一个介词about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,

beyond,during,in,on等等。合成介词由两个介词构成的合成词into,onto,throughout,upon,within短语介词由短语构成accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,

owingto,thanksto等等。双重介词由两个介词搭配而成fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,in

between等等。分词介词由现在分词转化而来considering(就……而论),

including,regarding,concerning等。兼类介词由形容词直接转化而来like,unlike,near,next,

opposite等等。

二.介词短语的语法功能

介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语的功能

句作定语

Theydidn’tfind

thesolution

totheproblem.作状语

Wehavebreakfast

atseven.(表时间)

Theywerelateforthemeeting

becauseoftheheavyrain.(表原因)

Whatdoyoumean

bydoingsuchathing?(表方法)

Nothingintheworldcouldlive

withoutairorwater.(表条件)作表语

WhenIpaidavisittoyouyesterday,youwerenot

athome.作宾语补足语

Ifoundtheoldbuilding

inabadcondition.

三.

表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别表示的概念介词(短语)区

别例

子时间in

on

atat在一个时间点上;in在一段时间之内;on在具体某一天或具体的上午、下午、晚上。①at8o'clock,atnoon②inthe1990s,inJanuary③onMonday,onawarmmorningsince

fromsince指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;from指从时间的某一点开始。①Wehavenotseeneachothersince1995.②Ihopetodomorningexercisesfromtoday.in,

afterin指在一段时间之后,用于一般将来时,也可以指一段时间之内=within;after表示某一具体时间点之后,用于一般过去时。①We’llbebackinthreedays.②Aheend

attheendof

bytheendofintheend作“最后”、“终于”解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词of;attheendof表示“在……末梢”,“到……尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;bytheend

of作“在……结束时”,“到……末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。①Intheendtheyreachedaplaceofsafety.②Attheendoftheroadstandsabeautifulgarden.③TheydecidedtohaveanEnglisheveningattheendofthisweek.④Bytheendoflastmonthhehadfinishedthenovel.位置betweenamong一般说来,between表示两者之间;among用于三者或三者以上之间。①Youaretositbetweenyourfatherandme.②Heisalwayshappyamonghisclassmates.注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时以及在谈事物间的差别时,要用between。①Agreementsweremadebetweenthe

differentcountries.②Thelittlevalleyliesbetweenhigh

mountains.③Theydon’tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,riceandcoin.in

on

toin表示在某范围内;on指与什么毗邻;to指在某范围之外。①ChangchunisinthenortheastofChina.②MongoliaisonthenorthofChina.③JapanistotheeastofChina.on

inon只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。①Thereisabookonthepieceofpaper.

②Thereisaninterestingarticleinthenewspaper.③Hedugaholeinthewall.in

intoin通常表示位置(静态);into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。①Wewalkedinthepark.②Wewalkedintothepark.through

acrossthrough表示从内部通过,与in有关;across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。①Waterflowsthroughthepipe.②Theoldmanwalkedacrossthe

hecorneronthecorneratthecornerinthecorner表示在角落里,in指角的内面;onthecorner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;atthecorner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。①Thelampstandsinthecorneroftheroom.②Imetwithhimatthestreetcorner.③Hesatonthecornerofthetable.除了besides

except

but

exceptforbesides指“除了……还有;except指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。but与except意思近似,表示“除了…..外”经常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything等和其他疑问词后面。exceptfor表示“除...外,撇开”。①Allwentoutexceptme.②Ineversawhimreadinganythingbutthenewspaper.③Hisdiaryisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.

动作at+名词atdinner/table在吃饭

atwork在工作

atwar交战atcards在玩牌

atwork在办公

atplay在玩耍

atrest在休息

atschool在上学

atpress正在排印atchurch在做礼拜beyond+名词beyond

belief难以置信

beyond

control无法控制

beyond

compare

无可比拟

beyond

description

难以形容beyond

expression

无法表达

beyond

suspicion

无可怀疑in+名词或in

+名词+of+名词inthearmy在当兵

inneedof需要

inaction在运转inprogress在进行

inoperation在运行中

in

use

开始使用in

sight看得见

in

store贮藏着in

course

of

construction正在兴建当中

in

(good)

repair维修良好的

in

course

of

shipment定的货正在运输途中

in

charge

of

负责

in

the

charge

of

由……负责

in

possession

of

拥有

in

the

possession

of

被……拥有on+名词onbusiness办事/出差

onholiday/vacation/leave在休假onwatch值班

onduty值勤/日onguard在值勤

onstrike在罢工onsale出售

onloan借贷onthemove在移动,搬迁,离开

onthemarch在行军ontheair在广播

on

fire在燃烧on

trial在试用

on

show/display/exhibition在展出under+名词undercontrol在被控制之中

underdiscussion在被讨论中underdevelopment在被发展中

underobservation在被观察中undertest在被测试

underconstruction在被建设中underfire在炮火中

underexamination在被检查/调查中underconsideration在被考虑中

underrepair在被修理中under

arrest被被逮捕中

under

attack在被袭击中under

medical

treatment在被治疗中

under

study在被研究中

其他againstone’sopinion反对某人的见解forone’sopinion同意某人的见解above

reproach无可指责,无可非议

above

suspicion不受怀疑above

criticism无可指责atthemercyof在……支配下;任由……摆布for

sale供出售

for

rent供出租

within

sight看得见四.容易混淆的介词固定搭配的词组类

型举

例差一冠词,大相径庭infrontof(在……前面)——inthefrontof(在……前部)

inchargeof(负责)——inthechargeof(由……负责)

outofquestion(毫无疑问)——outofthequestion(不可能)

attable(在吃饭;在吃饭时)——atthetable(在桌子旁边)有无介词,意义不同knowsb.认识某人——knowaboutsb.了解某人

shootsb.击中某人——shootatsb.向某人射击searchsb.搜身——searchforsb.搜寻某人

believesb.相信某人的话——believeinsb.信任某人的人格

benefitsb.使某人受益——benefitfromsb.从某人那里得到益处画蛇添足,误加介词servethepeople为人民服务(容易在serve后加for)

entertheroom进入房间(容易在enter后加into)followme跟在我后面(容易在follow后加behind)

marrysb.与某人结婚(容易在marry后加with)goabroad出国(容易在go后面加to)

liveupstairs住在楼上(容易在live后面加in)母语思维,误用介词becaughtintherain被雨淋着(不用by)

leaveforsomeplace动身去某地(不用to)

setanexampleto

sb.为某人树立榜样(不用for)

inthedirection朝着……方向(不用to)

doafavorforsb.帮某人一个忙(不用to)

differentfrom和……不同(不用with)

withthehelpof在……的帮助下(不用under)

stealsth.fromsb.偷某人的东西(不用of)readsth.tosb.给(为)……读(念)……(不用for)常考介词短语:A1.accordingto根据2.aheadof在…之前3.allover遍及4.apartfrom除了,(除…以外尚有)5.asfor至于;就…方面说来6.asfaras远至,到...程度7.asgoodas和...几乎一样8.attheendof在……结尾7.anumberof许多的10.aswellas和……一样11.alongwith一道B12.becauseof由于13.bymeansof依靠;借助于14.badlyoff急缺15.butfor要不是16.dueto由于;因…造成E17.eversince从那以后18.exceptfor(不同类中的)除此以外F19.farfrom远非;远离20.forfearof以免;以防21.forthesakeof为了,为了...的利益I22.inspiteof尽管23.infrontof在…前面24.inregardto关于;对于25.intermsof根据;以…为单位26.insteadof而不是;反而27.inneedof需要;缺少28.infavorof赞同;支持29.in(the)chargeof主管;负责30.inhonorof为庆祝;为纪念31.insearchof搜索;为了寻找32.intouchwith与…保持联络33.inaccordancewith与...一致,按照34.inadditionto除...之外(还)35.incaseof假如,防备36.inlinewith与...一致37.inplaceof代替,取代,交换38.inreturnfor作为对...报答39.instepwith与...一致/协调40.inthecourseof在...期间/过程中41.intheeventof如果...发生,万一42.inmemoryof为了纪念L43.lessthan少于,不到M44.morethan超过;不只是45.nothingbut仅仅;只不过N46.nextto紧邻;在…近旁;仅次于O47.onbehalfof代表48.otherthan不同于49.outof.出于;出自50.onthepointof即将...的时刻51.oppositeto在对面52.otherthan除了;不同于R53.regardlessof不顾54.ratherthan而不是S55.suchas比如56.shortof缺少T57.thanksto幸亏;由于U58.upto达到;多达W59.withreferenceto关于,参照60.withrespectto关于,(至于)谈到【对点训练】单项选择Group11.Sheisproudthatbothherchildrenhaveatalent________music.A.in B.of C.for D.at【答案】C2.What’swrongwithTom?Hedisagreed________whateverIsaidyesterday.A.on B.to C.with D.in【答案】C3.________thetopconcernsofthecollegeteachers,theytrytomakethenewstudentsadapt________thenewcollegelifehere.A.On;at B.Between:with C.Over;in D.Among;to【答案】D4.Astourismdevelops,peoplearebecomingincreasinglyconcerned______theenvironment.A.about B.to C.of D.than【答案】A5.______argumentsover“stupidthings”nowandthen,Alistairagreesthathavingabrotherisanadvantage.A.Unless B.Thus C.Therefore D.Despite【答案】D6.______butterfliesinmystomach,Ibreatheddeeplytointroducemyself.A.As B.On C.To D.With【答案】D7.Whenheapplied__________college,hedecidedtoworkhardathissubject.A.of B.on C.to D.about【答案】C8.Thenewtechnologywasapplied________farming.Iwanttoapply________theposition.A.on,for B.to,on C.for,to D.to,for【答案】DGroup21.Mr.Wangis__________ourclass.A.inthecharge B.inchargeof C.inthechargeof D.incharge【答案】B2.Thenarratordoubtsifthere’sanybodytherewhoisindifferentbetweenthechoices,indifferent________thechoicebetweenthesetwolives.A.infavorof B.inhonorofC.inplaceof D.inregardto【答案】D3.Theyweregivennothing________drybreadandwaterfortheireveningmeal.A.otherthan B.ratherthan C.morethan D.lessthan【答案】A4.Mygoalwastolose150poundsinoneyearandraise$50,000________amovementfounded30yearsagotoendhunger.A.infavourof B.inneedof C.inplaceof D.insearchof【答案】A5.Wehavemuchtolookforwardtointhefuture,thankstoadvancesintechnology.I’msurethatAIdoctorsare________.A.intheway B.onthespot C.intheend D.onthehorizon【答案】D6.Thelittlegirldancedaroundhermother________her.A.atthesightof B.catchsightof C.atfirstsight D.outofsight【答案】A7.Toourjoy,thehotelitselfcanhold70guestsand,______,thereareseveralself-cookingapartments.A.inparticular B.inturn C.inadvance D.inaddition【答案】D8.Thesteamboatwasfullyfurnishedwithrescueequipment.Thepassengersmightbesaved______accidents.A.inspiteof B.insearchof C.incaseof D.inplaceof【答案】C9.Thecompanyisputtingmoremoneyintothebuildingofanewfactory_______thefastgrowingdemandfortheproductsinthemarket.A.inresponseto B.inreturnfor C.incaseof D.inchargeof【答案】A10.Manyenterprisingyoungpeoplepresenttheirideas________gettinginvestmentandadvicetostarttheirownbusiness.A.atthecostof B.bymeansof C.asaresultof D.inthehopeof【答案】D11.WithMother’sDay____,Maxwantstoseizetheopportunitytoexpresshisloveforhismother.A.onthewhole B.onthecontrary C.onthehorizon D.onthecorner【答案】C12.Thecustomerpraisedthemanager,who,______praisedhisstaff.A.atrandom B.bychance C.inturn D.onoccasion【答案】C13.—Hey,Leo,doyoufancyseeingmovies?—Definitely.SomeofthemarenotbadandthefilmTheShawshankRedemption,________isexcellent.A.incommon B.intotalC.inparticular D.ingeneral【答案】C14.Studentsareencouragedtotakecontroloftheirownlearning,________justdependingontheteacher.A.ratherthan B.inspiteof C.dueto D.inturn【答案】A15.JaneandTomaregoodfriends.Sheisgivinghimpianolessons__________hishelpwithherEnglish.A.infavorof B.inexchangeforC.inhonorof D.inplaceof【答案】B16.Ihaveofferedtopaintthehouse________aweek’saccommodation.A.inrespectof B.inexchangefor C.bymeansof D.inplaceof【答案】B17.Ilikeallsortsofsports,badminton_________.A.inturn B.infact C.inpanic D.inparticular【答案】D18.Thestocklost60penceashare,________lastyearwhenitgained21pence.A.insteadof B.inreturnforC.incontrastto D.ratherthan【答案】C19.Itakethreemealsadayatthesametimeeachday,________holidays.A.regardlessof B.becauseof C.insteadof D.inchargeof【答案】A单句语法填空11.Mr.Mengsaidthatchallengesatseniorhighmightputthem________pressure.【答案】under12.Asyoungpeople,wearesupposedtoshowrespectforthosewhoaresenior________us.【答案】to13.Itwillbeashorttimebeforeweadapt________thenewenvironment.【答案】to14.PeoplesaythattheBritishalwaysplaysafe________whattheyeat.【答案】with15.Rather________cuttingoutthefoodsIenjoyed,Iaddedhealthyfoodstomymeals.【答案】than16.________(like)HainanIsland,theclimateinthenorthisusuallycoolinautumn.【答案】UnlikeThehungryandexhaustedboyscheeredup________thesightofdeliciousfood.【答案】at18.Theyfellinlove________firstsightandthengotmarried.【答案】at19.________________yourrequest,IamwritingtogiveyousometipsonhowtolearnChinesewell.【答案】At20._______hiscredit,theboygavebackthemoneyhefoundandbecamearesponsibleman.【答案】To【上海高考真题及模拟试题精选】语法填空A(2022·上海嘉定·二模)Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,

useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.WillRobotsTakeYourJobintheFuture?In2013,researchersatOxfordUniversitydidastudyonthefutureofwork.Theyconcludedthatalmostoneineverytwojobshaveahighriskof____1____(automate)bymachines.Machinelearningisthetechnologythat’sresponsibleformostofthissituation.It’sthemostpowerfulbranchofartificialintelligence.Itallowsmachinestolearnfromdataandimitatesomeofthethings____2____humanscando.Machinelearningstartedmakingitswayintoindustryintheearly1990s.Itstartedwithrelativelysimpletasks.Itstartedwiththings____3____assessingcreditriskfromloanapplications,sortingthemailbyreadinghandwrittencharactersfromzipcodes.Overthepastfewyears,we____4____(make)dramaticbreakthroughs.Machinelearningisnowcapableoffar,far____5____(complex)tasks.In2012,Kagglechallengeditscommunity____6____(build)analgorithm(算法)thatcouldgradehigh-schoolessays.Thewinningalgorithmswereabletomatchthegradesgivenbyhumanteachers.Now,____7____(give)therightdata,machinesaregoingtooutperformhumansattaskslikethis.Ateacher____8____read10,000essaysovera40-yearcareer.Amachinecanreadmillionsofessayswithinminutes.Wehavenochanceofcompetingagainstmachinesonfrequent,high-volumetasks.Buttherearethingswecandothatmachinescan’tdo.____9____machineshavemadeverylittleprogressisindealingwithnovelsituations.Theycan’thandlethingstheyhaven’tseenmanytimesbefore.Thefundamentallimitationofmachinelearningisthatitneedstolearnfromlargevolumesofpastdata.Now,humansdon’t.Wehavetheabilitytoconnectseeminglydifferentthreadstosolveproblemswe’veneverseenbefore.Machinescannotcompetewithuswhenitcomestodealingwithnovelsituations,andthis_____10_____(put)afundamentallimitonthehumantasksthatmachineswillautomate.【答案】1.beingautomated

2.that

3.like

4.havemade

5.morecomplex

6.tobuild

7.given

8.may/might

9.Where

10.puts【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍未来机器人会取代你的工作吗。1.考查动名词。句意:他们得出的结论是,几乎每两份工作中就有一份具有被机器自动化的高风险。根据句意可知,“almostoneineverytwojobs”与“automate”是被动关系,需要被动语态。of后接动名词形式,所以填动名词的被动语态。故填beingautomated。2.考查定语从句。句意:它允许机器从数据中学习并模仿人类可以做的一些事情。someofthethings为先行词,作定语从句的宾语,关系代词为that。故填that。3.考查介词。句意:它从像评估贷款申请的信用风险开始,通过阅读邮政编码中的手写字符来分类邮件。根据句意可知,需填介词like。故填like。4.考查动词时态。句意:在过去几年中,我们取得了巨大的突破。根据时间状语Overthepastfewyears可知,此处用现在完成时。故填havemade。5.考查形容词比较级。句意:机器学习现在能够完成极其复杂的任务。根据上文的far以及句意可知,此处应用形容词的比较级。故填morecomplex。6.考查非谓语。句意:2012年,Kaggle给当地学校出了个难题,设计一个算法来评判高中作文。分析句子可知,此处应用不定式tobuild作目的状语。故填tobuild。7.考查非谓语。句意:现在,如果被给与正确的数据,机器将在这样的任务中胜过人类。本句为非谓语动词,与machines在逻辑上是被动关系。所以用过去分词。故填given。8.考查情态动词。句意:一名教师在40年的职业生涯中可能阅读10000篇论文。根据后文“Amachinecanreadmillionsofessayswithinminutes.”(一台机器可以在几分钟内阅读数百万篇文章。)可知,此处是在做一种推断,且没有具体事实支撑,故可能性相对较小。故填may或者might。9.考查副词。句意:机器在处理新情况方面进展甚微。分析句子可知,设空处引导主语从句,且缺少表示地点的连接词where,故用副词where引导主语从句。故填Where。10.考查动词时态。句意:在处理新情况时,机器无法与我们竞争,这对机器将自动化的人工任务造成了根本限制。分析句子可知,上文的“cannot”和“comes”都是一般现在时,此处也需一般现在时,且主语为this,故此处填puts。故填puts。B(2022·上海·格致中学模拟预测)Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.TheNewZealandgovernmenthasbannedthesaleofexistinghomestoforeignbuyers,sayingNewZealandersweresickofbeing“tenantsinourownland”.AssociateministeroffinanceDavidParkersaidthebanwouldmeanhousingwouldbecome____11____(affordable)forlocals,andsupplywouldincrease.“WethinkthemarketforNewZealandhomesandfarmsshouldbesetbyNewZealandbuyers____12____overseasbuyers,”saidParkerinaninterviewwiththeGuardian.“ThatistobenefitNewZealanderswhohavetheirshouldertothewheeloftheNewZealandeconomy,paytaxhere,havefamilieshere.Wedon’tthinkthey____13____beoutbid(出价高于)bywealthierpeople____14____overseas.”OnlyaquarterofadultsinNewZealandowntheirownhome,____15____(compare)withhalfin1991,andinthelastfiveyearshomelessfigureshaveincreased,____16____someNewZealandersforcedtoliveincars,garagesandunderbridges.AreportbytheEconomistin2017foundNewZealandhadthemostunaffordablehousepricesintheworld,withpricesinAuckland____17____(climb)75%inthelastfouryears,____18____themarkethascooledinrecentmonths.NewZealandhasbecomeadestinationforChinese,AustralianandAsianbuyersand____19____(gain)areputationasabolthole(refuge)fortheworld’swealthy,whoviewitasasafehavenfromapotentialnuclearconflict,theriseofterrorismandcivilunrest,orsimplyasaplacetogetawayfromitall._____20_____thelatestfiguresfromstatisticsNewZealand,3.3%ofhomessoldinthelastquarterweretoforeigners,withthebulkofthebuyersChinese,followedbyAustralians.TaxresidentsoftheUK,USandHongKongwerealsoamongthebiggestbuyersofproperty.【答案】11.moreaffordable

12.insteadof

13.should

14.from

15.compared

16.with

17.climbing

18.although

19.hasgained

20.Accordingto【导语】本文为一篇说明文,主要讲述了新西兰颁布禁令,为了本国当地人的利益,禁止将现房卖给外国人。11.考查形容词。句意:财政部副部长说道,这一禁令将意味着住房对于当地人,会变得更加容易负担,房子的供应量也会增加。此处become为系动词,后跟形容词做表语,且根据后文的supplywouldincrease可知,此处意为“能够更负担得起”,故填moreaffordable。12.考查介词。句意:我们认为,新西兰的房屋和农场应该有新西兰本地购买者所拥有,而不是海外购买者。根据句意可知,此处意为“而不是”,故应用介词insteadof,故填insteadof。13.考查情态动词。句意:我们认为,他们不应该被来自海外的有钱人出高价而比下去。根据句意可知,此处意为“新西兰当地人不应该被海外有钱人所比下去,而无法买到房子”,故应用情态动词should,表示“应该”,故填should。14.考查介词。句意:我们认为,他们不应该被来自海外的有钱人出高价而比下去。此处意为“来自海外的有钱人”,表达为fromoverseas,故填from。15.考查非谓语动词。句意:与1991年一半的成年人在新西兰拥有房子,现在只有四分之一的人,并且在过去的五年里,无家可归的人数在增加,一些新西兰人被迫住在车里,停车场和桥下。此处compare做状语,“一半的人买房子”和“四分之一的人买房子”,这两个是拿来被比较,故应用过去分词,故填compared。16.考查介词。与1991年一半的成年人在新西兰拥有房子,现在只有四分之一的人,并且在过去的五年里,无家可归的人数在增加,一些新西兰人被迫住在车里,停车场和桥下。根据空后的宾语someNewZealanders和宾补forced可知,此处为with的复合结构,故填with。17.考查非谓语动词。句意:由经济学家2017年做的一项报道表明,在全世界,新西兰的房价是最高的,在过去的四年里,尽管市场不太景气,奥克兰的房价增长了75%。此处为with的复合结构,宾语prices与宾补climb之间为主动关系,故应用现在分词,故填climbing。18.考查连词。句意:由经济学家2017年做的一项报道表明,在全世界,新西兰的房价是最高的,在过去的四年里,尽管市场不太景气,奥克兰的房价增长了75%。根据句意可知,此处意为“尽管市场不太景气,但是奥克兰的房价也增长了不少”,故应用although引导让步状语从句,故填although。19.考查时态。句意:新西兰已经成为了中国、澳大利亚和亚洲购买者的目的地,而且以及获得了世界上有钱人的避难所的称号。此处and连接前后两个动词become和gain,根据前文的hasbecome可知,此处应用现在完成时,故填hasgained。20.考查介词。句意:根据来自新西兰最新的数据显示,上个季度,3.3%的房子是卖给外国人的,继澳大利亚之后,大部分是中国人。根据句意可知,此处意为“根据数据显示”,表达为accordingto,故填Accordingto。阅读理解(2023·上海中学模拟预测)Asartificial-intelligenceproductssteadilyimproveatpretendingtobehuman—anAIproducedvoicethatbooksrestaurantreservationsbyphone,forexample,orachatrobotthatanswersconsumers’questionsonline—peoplewillincreasinglybeputintheunsettlingsituationofnotknowingwhethertheyaretalkingtoamachine.Butthetruthmaymakesuchproductslesseffective:recentresearchfindsatrade-offbetweentransparency(透明度)andcooperationinhuman-computerinteractions.Thestudyusedasimplegameinwhichpairedplayersmakeaseriesofdecisionstocooperatewithorbetraytheirpartner.Inthelongrun,itpaysforbothtokeepcooperating—butthereisalwaysthetemptationtobetrayandearnextrapointsshortterm,atthepartner’sexpense.TheresearchersusedanAlalgorithm(算法)that,whenposingasaperson,implementedastrategythatwasbetterthanpeopleareatgettinghumanpartnerstocooperate.Butpreviousworksuggestedpeopletendtodisbelievemachines,sothescientistswonderedwhatwouldhappeniftherobotrevealeditselfassuch.Theteamhopedpeopleplayingwithaknownrobotwouldrecognizeitsabilitytocooperate(withoutbeingapushover)andwouldeventuallygetpasttheirdisbelief.“Sadly,wefailedatthisgoal,”saysTalalRahwan,acomputerscientistatNewYorkUniversityinAbuDhabiandaseniorauthoronthepaper,publishedlastNovemberinNatureMachineIntelligence.“Nomatterwhatthealgorithmdid,peoplejuststucktotheirprejudice.”Arobotplayingopenlyasarobotwaslesslikelytogetcooperationthananotherhuman,eventhoughitsstrategywasclearlymorebeneficialtobothplayers.(Ineachmode,therobotplayed50roundsagainstatleast150individuals.)Inanadditionalexperiment,playersweretold,“Datasuggestthatpeoplearebetteroffiftheytreattherobotasifitwereahuman.”Ithadnoeffect.VirginiaDignum,wholeadstheSocialandEthicalArtificialIntelligencegroupatUmeaUniversityinSwedenandwasnotinvolvedinthestudy,praisestheresearchersforexploringthetransparency-efficacytrade-off,butshewouldliketoseeittestedbeyondthepaper’sparticularsetup.Theauthorssaythatinthepublicfield,peopleshouldbeaskedforagreementtobedeceivedaboutarobot’sidentity.Itcannotbeonaninteraction-byinteractionbasis,orelsethe“deception”obviouslywillnotwork.Butblanketpermissionforoccasionaldeception,evenifitcanbeobtained,stillraisesethicalquandaries(道德困境).Dignumsayshumansshouldhavetheoptiontoknowaftertheyhaveinteractedwitharobot-butifsheiscallingcustomerservicewithasimplequestion,sheadds,“Ijustwanttogetmyanswer.”5.Theword“trade-off”isclosestinmeaningto__________.A.balancing B.combining C.distinction D.agreement6.Accordingtothepassage,whatattitudedopeoplegenerallytaketowardsrobots?A.Highlypositive. B.Casual. C.Stronglyopposed. D.Distrustful.7.Whatcanbeinferredabouttheresearchfindingsfromthepassage?A.Theyfailtosupporttheresearchers’assumption.B.Theywilldrawpeople’sattentiontorobots’problems.C.Theyaredifferentfromthepreviousresearchfindings.D.Theycanexplainwhypeopletreatarobotlikeahuman.8.Accordingtothepassage,whatisVirginiaDignummostlikelytoagreewith?A.TalalRahwan’sresearchfindingscan’tapplytothereal-worldsituations.B.Blanketpermissionforinteractingwitharobotdoesmoreharmthangood.C.Peopleneedn’tbetoldthattheyareinteractingwitharobotonalloccasions.D.Therelationshipbetweentransparencyandefficacyhasbeenfullyexplored.【答案】5.A

6.D

7.A

8.C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了随着人工智能产品在扮演人类角色方面不断进步,人们越来越担心对面正和自己交流是否是机器人,因为人们有自己的偏见,不信任机器人,即使实验证明机器人是有好的合作能力的。5.词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“TheresearchersusedanAlalgorithm(算法)that,whenposingasaperson,implementedastrategythatwasbetterthanpeopleareatgettinghumanpartnerstocooperate.Butpreviousworksuggestedpeopletendtodisbelievemachines,sothescientistswonderedwhatwouldhappeniftherobotrevealeditselfassuch.(研究人员使用了一种人工智能算法,当假扮成一个人的时候,实施了一种比人类更善于让人类伙伴合作的策略。但是之前的研究表明人们倾向于不相信机器,所以科学家们想知道如果机器人真的这样暴露出来会发生什么)”可知提到了人们不相信机器,即使机器人的策略比人类本身的策略更容易让合作伙伴合作;根据文章第三段““Nomatterwhatthealgorithmdid,peoplejuststucktotheirprejudice.”Arobotplayingopenlyasarobotwaslesslikelytogetcooperationthananotherhuman,eventhoughitsstrategywasclearlymorebeneficialtobothplayers.(“不管算法做了什么,人们只是坚持自己的偏见。”一个公开扮演机器人的机器人比人类更不可能获得合作,尽管它的策略显然对双方都更有利)”可知无论怎样做,人们就是不相信机器人,如果被告知是机器人的话,他们更不会选择机器人合作了,综上所述,推知“Butthetruthmaymakesuchproductslesseffective:recentresearchfindsatrade-offbetweentransparency(透明度)andcooperationinhuman-computerinteractions.(但事实可能会降低这类产品的效率:最近的研究发现,在人机交流中,透明度和合作之间存在权衡)”表述的是人们在与机器交流中,应该存在透明度和合作之间的平衡,否则,一旦人们知道对面是机器人在和他们交流,他们根本不会相信机器人,那必然会导致机器人的效率低了,所以在透明度和合作之间要有平衡,故推知“trade-off”意思的“平衡”;故选A项。6.推理判断题。根据文第二段“Butpreviousworksuggestedpeopletendtodisbelievemachines,sothescientistswonderedwhatwouldhappeniftherobotrevealeditselfassuch.(但是之前的研究表明人们倾向于不相信机器,所以科学家们想知道如果机器人真的这样暴露出来会发生什么)”和文章第三段“Theteamhopedpeopleplayingwithaknownrobotwouldrecognizeitsabilitytocooperate(withoutbeingapushover)andwouldeventuallygetpasttheirdisbelief.“Sadly,wefailedatthisgoal,”(研究小组希望人们在与一个已知的机器人玩时能够认识到它的合作能力(而不是一个容易被打败的机器人),并最终克服他们的怀疑。“遗憾的是,我们失败了”)”可知研究表明人类不相信机器人,而科学家希望人类能认识到机器人的合作能力而最终战胜对它们的怀疑,但是失败了,推知人类对机器人的态度就是抱有怀疑的;故选D项。7.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Butpreviousworksuggestedpeopletendtodisbelievemachines,sothescientistswonderedwhatwouldhappeniftherobotrevealeditselfassuch.(但是之前的研究表明人们倾向于不相信机器,所以科学家们想知道如果机器人真的这样暴露出来会发生什么)”可知研究表明人类不相信机器,而科学家们想知道如果机器人真的暴露出来,会生什么;根据文章第三段““Nomatterwhatthealgorithmdid,peoplejuststucktotheirprejudice.”Arobotplayingopenlyasarobotwaslesslikelytogetcooperationthananotherhuman,eventhoughitsstrategywasclearlymorebeneficialtobothplayers.(“不管算法做了什么,人们只是坚持自己的偏见。”一个公开扮演机器人的机器人比人类更不可能获得合作,尽管它的策略显然对双方都更有利。”)”可知不管怎样做,人们就是不相信机器人,如果人们被告知是机器人,更不可能去跟它们合作。由此推知,实验结果不支持科学家们的假设,故选A项。8.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“praisestheresearchersforexploringthetransparency-efficacytrade-off,butshewouldliketoseeittestedbeyondthepaper’sparticularsetup.(赞扬了研究人员探索透明度与效率之间的平衡,,但她希望看到它在论文的特殊设置之外进行测试)”可知Dignum对于此项研究是赞同的,而且希望去除实验特殊设置;根据文章最后一段“Theauthorssaythatinthepublicfield,peopleshouldbeaskedforagreementtobedeceivedaboutarobot’sidentity.Itcannotbeonaninteraction-byinteractionbasis,orelsethe“deception”obviouslywillnotwork.Butblanketpermissionforoccasionaldeception,evenifitcanbeobtained,stillraisesethicalquandaries(道德困境).Dignumsayshumansshouldhavetheoptiontoknowaftertheyhaveinteractedwitharobot-butifsheiscallingcustomerservicewithasimplequestion,sheadds,“Ijustwanttogetmyanswer.”(作者说,在公共领域,应该要求人们同意被欺骗的机器人的身份。它不能建立在互动的基础上,否则“欺骗”显然不会起作用。但是,即使能够获得对偶尔欺骗行为的全面许可,仍然会引发道德上的两难困境。Dignum说,人类在与机器人交流之后应该有权知道答案,但是如果她打电话给客服只是为了问一个简单的问题,她补充说,“我只是想得到我的答案)”可知此项研究论文的作者认为不应该事先告知人们机器人的身份,而Dignum对于这个研究是赞扬的,即对论文的作者的观点是不排斥的,并且认为可以去除实验中的设置来验证这个现象,而且Dignum认为人们在与机器交流后应该有权知道答案,而没有提及事先告知人们机器人的身份,故推知Dignum认同人们不需要被告知他们在任何场合都在与机器人互动这样的观点;故选C项。六选四(2020·上海宝山·二模)As2019drawstoaclose,itcanbehelpfultothinkaboutfinishingwhatyouhavestarted.Withthatinmind,herearesomethoughtsonfinishingprojectsandseasonswell.FinishingprojectsOnesteptofinishingaprojectcomesnearthebeginning:definewhatitmeansfortheprojecttobefinished.Thiscouldmeangettinganarticlepublished,submittingareporttoyourbossorteacher,orcreatingdesignsforaproduct.___17___.Inorder

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