呼吸内科常用英语全

询问病史12casehistoryYouneedtogetadetailedhistoryincludingthetimingandacuityofonset,exacerbatingandalleviatingfactorsandenvironmenttriggerstohelpyouconfirmadiagnosisordiscardotherdiseases/developadifferentialdiagnosis.Askyourpatientwhetherthereisahistoryoftobaccouse,orothertoxicandenvironmentalexposuresandhisoccupationalhistory.General/biographical[,bai?u'gr?fik,-k?l]data传记，marital婚姻status,nativity出生，occupation,informant提供消息的人,timeofadmissionandrecord,chiefcomplaint,historyofpresentillness,previoushealthstatus(well,ordinaryorbad),anyinfectiousdiseases,allergichistory,historyoftraumaorsurgery,smoking(abouthowmanyyears,averagehowmanypiecesperday,ceasedforhowmanyyears),alcoholintake(occasionalorfrequent),spouse[spaus]配's偶healthstatus,menorrhea[,men?'ri:?]月经(menarche[me'na:ki:,m?-]初潮age,cyclelastingforhowmanydays,menstrualcycle,lastmenstruationperiodorageofmenopause,anymenstrual['menstru?l]月经周期painorirregularcycle),childbearingorpregnancy(times,naturallabor,abortions流产，premature[,prem?'tju?,,pri:-]delivery早产,stillbirths死产,difficultlabor,familyhistory(anycongenital先天性diseases,fatherandmother:stillalive,illness,orcauseofdeath,siblings兄弟姐妹andchildren)常用的症状symptomsfeverCough咳嗽Sputum(dry,purulent['pju?rjul?nt]脓性的，copious['k?upi?s]greensputum大量绿色痰，tenacious[ti'nei??s,t?-]yellowsputum黄粘痰，frothywhitesputum白色泡沫痰，rustysputum铁锈色痰wheezingDyspneaduringexertion[ig'z?:??n]oratrest呼吸困难Orthopnea[?:'0?pni?肺坐呼吸Paroxysmal[,p?r?k'sizm?l]nocturnal[n?k't?:n?l]dyspnea夜间阵发性呼吸困难Shortnessofbreath(SOB)Chesttightness胸部紧迫感Exerciseintolerancepleuriticchestpain胸膜型胸痛Pharyngalgia[f?rin'g?ld?i?];pharyngodynia[,f?ri?'g?dini?]咽痛Hemoptysis咯血Bucking呛咳Sneeze喷嚏snore打鼾malaise[m?'leiz]不舒月艮myalgia[mai'?ld?i?]肌痛insomnia[in's?mni?]失眠hoarseness声嘶dysphonia[dis'f?uni?]发声困难常见的体征physicalsignsclubbedfingers杵状指：increasedlongitudinal[,l?nd?i'tju:din?l]andtransverse横向curvature['k?:v?t??]弯曲,lossofconcave['k?nkeiv]凹面的nailfoldangle,bogginessofnailbedandincreasedsofttissuebulkofdistalphalanx['f?l??ks,'fei-]趾骨，指骨,drumstick-likenicotinestainingcyanosis[,sai?'n?usis]发绡:bluediscolourationofmucosalmembranesandskin,causedwhenmeancapillaryconcentrationofdeoxyhemoglobin[di:,?ksi'hem?u,gl?ubin医氧血红蛋白morethan5g/dl,O2saturationlessthan85%,PaO2lessthan8KPaperipheral[p?'rif?r?l]夕卜围的，次要的cyanosis:coldblueperipheries,e.g.nailbedsduetocoldexposurescentralcyanosis:warmperipheries,bluetongueorlipshandflap:duetoCO2retention潴留asterixis扑翼样震颤papilloedema视乳头水肿chemosis球结膜水肿enlargedsupraclavicula锁骨上的r[kl?'vikjul?]andaxillary[?k'sil?ri]腋窝lymphnodesincreasedrespiratoryratetachycardia心动过速pulsusparadoxus:>10mmHgJoninspiration(seeninsevereasthma)barrelchesthyperexpanded,decreasedexpansionkyphosis[kai'f?usis]驼背，脊柱后凸Inspection:tachypnea[,t?kip'ni:?]呼吸急促accessorymusclesofrespiration[,resp?'rei??n]:sternocleidomastoid['st?:n?u,klaid?'m?st?id]胸锁孚L突肌muscle,armsupport,alaeflaringwideornarrowintercostal[,int?'k?st?l]肋间的spacetactile触觉的vocal声音的fremitus震颤触觉语颤subcutaneouscrepitus皮下捻发感Percussion:resonance清音dullness浊音flatness实音hyperresonance过清音tympany/timp2ni/鼓音lowerborders:scapular['sk?pjul?]肩胛的lineXleft/rightintercostal[,int?'k?st?l]肋间的spacerangeofmobility[m?u'bil?ti]移动Auscultation[,?:sk?l'tei??n]:听诊vocalresonance语音共振ronchi:wheeze,stridor['straid?]喘鸣，crackles['kr?kl]发出细碎的爆裂声，Velcro-likesoundesmoistrales:coarse粗的,medium中等的,fine好的,crepitus捻发音pleuralfrictionrubscompleteabsenceofbreathsoundsankleedemaweightloss,cachexia[k?'keksi?]恶病质，cachectic[k?'kektik]恶病质的decreasedfoodappetite,lossofappetite,anorexia[,?n?'reksi?]食欲减退常做的检查examinationsorlaboratoryfindings(totake,undergo,perform,receiveorhave)temperaturecharts体温图(takeone'sbodytemperature)sputumpot痰盂Blood/urine/stoolroutine,occult['?k?lt/bloodtest潜隐血试验BloodbiochemistrySputum/bloodcultureanddrugsensitivitytestsputumcytology[sai't?l?d?i]细胞学Pulseoximeter[?k'simit?]脉氧计：continuousmonitoringofbloodoxygensaturationArterialbloodgasanalysis(ABG):arterialbloodsampling,radial/femoral['fem?r?l]股骨的arterypuncture穿刺PaCO2:partialpressureofcarbondioxideinarterialbloodhypercarbiaPaO2:partialpressureofoxygeninarterialbloodhypoxemia[,haip?k'si:mi?]血氧不足respiratoryfailure:type1:decreasedO2supply,PaO2V60mmHg(millimetersofmercury['m?:kjuri]汞)duetodiffusionfailureorV/Qdismatch(ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)pulmonaryedema,pneumonia,infarction,fibrosis,orpulmonaryembolism,pulmonaryhypertension,shunttype2:decreasedCO2removal,PaCO2>50mmHg(millimetersofmercury)duetoalveolarventilationfailureobstructive:COPD,asthma,bronchiectasisrestrictive:neuromuscular[,nju?r?u'm?skjul?]神经肌肉(sedatives['s?d?tiv]镇静剂myasthenia[,mai?s'0i:ni?肌无力)，structural['str?kt??r?l]结构的(ankylosingspondylitis[,??ki'l?uzi?,sp?ndi'laitis]强直性脊柱炎),pleuraldiseases,obesityChestX-ray/radiograph:reticulo-nodularshadowing(reticular[ri'tikjul?]网状的，linear['lini?]线状的，militarynodules粟粒样结节)coinlesions硬币样cavities空腔：amphoric['?mf?rik]空翁音的(breathinglikeblowingoverabottletop)opacification[?u,p?sifi'kei??n]浑浊：consolidation(airspaceinfiltrate):confluent['k?nflu?nt]支流的，汇合的shadowingandairbronchogramf支气管造影collapse:lobar(upper,middle/lingual,lower)segmentalatelactasis肺不张pleuraleffusionmediastinal[,mi:di?s'tain?l]纵隔mass:thyroid,thymoma[0ai'm?um?]胸腺瘤,teratoma[,ter?'t?um?]畸胎瘤，TBlymphnodes,terriblediagnosesincludinglymphoma[lim'f?um?]淋巴瘤andaneurysm动脉瘤ChestCTscan(computedtomography)HeadMRI(magneticresonanceimaging)PET-CTofthewholebody(positron-emissiontomography)['p?zitr?n]正电子Abdominalultrasound['?ltr?saund]超声skinpricktest皮肤点刺试验(dustmites尘蛾，pollen花粉，cockroach嶂螂)tuberculinskintest(purifiedproteinderivative[di'riv?tiv]纯蛋白衍生物(oftuberculin)test,PPDtest)Pulmonaryfunctiontest:Spirometry[spai'r?mitri]呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法obstructivelungdiseases:airflowlimitationFEV1/FVCFVCRVandTLCKCO<0.7JTJrestrictivelungdiseases:decreasedlungcomplianceandsmalllungvolumesintraparenchymal>0.75JJJJextraparenchymalvariableJJJnormalFEV1:forcedexpiratory[iks'pai?r?t?ri/volumein1secondFVC:forcevitalcapacityTLC:totallungcapacityRV:residualvolumeKCO:transferfactor(diffusionrate)PEFR:peakexpiratoryflowrateflow-volumeloop(inspirationandexpiration[,ekspi'rei??n])bronchoprovocation/challengetest[,pr?v?'kei??n]支气管激发试验：histamine['hist?mmin]组胺ormethacholine乙酰甲胆碱-inhalation[,inh?'lei??n]bronchodilatation[,dail?'tei??n]支气管舒张试验：salbutamol沙丁胺醇[s?l'bju:t?m?(:)l]fiberopticbronchoscopy[br??'k?sk?pi]:biopsy['bai,?psi]活组织检查bronchialbrushsamplesforpathologicalexamation,bronchialwashings)bronchoalveolarlavage(BAL)protectedspecimenbrush(PStransthoracic[,tr?ns0?'r?sik!|胸廓的percutaneousneedleaspiration[,?sp?'rei??n]吸引术percutanousneedlebiopsyunderCTguidance(forperipheraltumours)video-assistedthoracoscopic-guided[0?'r?k?sk?up]胸腔镜lungbiopsyopenlungbiopsypleuralbiopsybiopsyofenlargedlymphnodesD-Dimerselectrocardiogram(ECG)心电图echocardiogram超声心动图V/Qisotope['ais?ut?up]同位素scan(ventilation/perfusionscanning)spiral螺旋CT/MRA(MagneticResonanceAngiography[,?nd?i'?gr?巾皿管造影术)pulmonaryangiographyDoppler['d?pl?]多普勒USSthigh[。a族腿andpelvis['pelvis]骨盆(USS:ultrasoundscanning)cardiacmonitorPSG(polysommography)常见的病名diseasesacuteupperrespiratorytractinfection急性上呼吸道感染commoncold普通感冒influenza流感[,influ'enz?]pharynigitis咽炎pharyngalgia[f?rin'g?ld?i?]咽痛acutebroncho-bronchitis急性气管-支气管炎pneumonia肺炎communityacquiredpneumonia(CAP)社区获得性肺炎hospitalacquiredpneumonia(HAP)医院获得性肺炎nosocomicalpneumonia(NP)医院内肺炎bronchiectasis支气管扩张chornicbronchitis慢性支气管炎pulmonaryemphysema肺气肿chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease(acuteexacerbating)AECOPDCOPD急性发作bronchialasthma支气管哮喘allergicrhinitis[rai'naitis]过敏性鼻炎respiratoryfailure呼吸衰竭lungabscess肺脓肿pulmonarytuberculosis肺结核病lungcancer:肺癌primarybronchogeniccarcinoma原发性支气管肺癌squamous['skweim?s]cellcarcinoma鳞癌adenocarcinoma腺癌['?d?n?u,ka:si'n?um?]bronchoalveolarcellcarcinoma支气管肺泡细胞癌smallcelllungcarcinoma(SCLC)小细胞肺癌pulmonarymetastasis肺转移瘤[m?'t?st?sis]pulmonaryembolism(PE)肺栓塞pulmonarythromboembolism(PTE)肺血栓栓塞症[,0r?mb?u'emb?liz?m]pulmonaryinfarction肺梗死deepvenousthrombosis,DVT深静脉血栓形成empyema脓胸[,empai'i:m?]pneumothorax气胸pyopneumothorax脓气胸['pai?u,nju:m?u'0?:r?ks]chronicsuppurativedisease慢性化脓性疾病['s?pju?r?tiv,-reitiv]congenitalcyanoticdisease先天性紫绡性心脏病[,sai?'n?tik]corpulmonale肺源性心脏病['k?:,pum?'n?li]pulmonaryhypertension肺动脉高压pulmonaryencephalopathy肺性脑病[en,sef?'l?p?0i]rightheartfailure;right-sidedheartfailure右心衰竭pulmonaryvasculardiseases肺血管疾病interstitiallungdisease,ILD弥漫性间质性肺疾病idiopathicpulmonaryfibrosis,IPF特发性肺纤维化[,idi?'p?0ik]cryptogenic[,kript?u'd?enik]隐源性的fibrosingalveolitis,CFA隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎connectivetissuerelatedlungdiseases结缔组织相关性肺疾病systemiclupus['lju:p?s]狼疮erythematosus,SLE系统性红斑狼疮rheumatoidarthritis,RA类风湿性关节炎systemicsclerosis,SSc系统性硬化scleroderma硬皮病sjoren'ssyndrome知综合征polymyositis多发性肌炎dermatomyositis皮肌炎sarcoidosis结节病[,sa:k?id?usis]Pulmonaryalveolarproteinosis[,pr?utii'n?usis],PAP肺泡蛋白沉积症Idiopathicpulmonaryhemosiderosis['hi:m?u,sid?'r?usis,,hem-]特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病Langerhanscellgranulomatosis朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病['gr?nju,l?um?'t?usis]Eosinophilicgranuloma嗜酸性肉芽肿[,i:?sin?'filik]HistiocytosisX组织细胞增多症XWegenergranulomatosisWegener肉芽肿extrinsicallergicalveolitis外源性过敏性肺泡炎pneumoconiosis尘肺['nju:m?,k?uni'?usis]drug-inducedlungdisease药物性肺病aspergillosis[?,sp?:d?i'l?usis]曲菌病：allergicbronchopulmonaryaspergillosis(ABPA)pleuraldisease胸膜疾病broncho-pleuralfistula支气管胸膜痿['fistjul?]oralcandidiasis口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮[,k?ndi'dai?sis]osteoporoticbonechange骨质疏松样改变glaucoma青光眼cataract白内障acutelunginjury,ALI急性肺损伤acuterespiratorydistresssyndrome,ARDS急性呼吸窘迫综合征urticaria尊麻疹eczema湿疹hypertension高血压diabetes糖尿病常用的药物drugsoragentsbeadministered,treatsb.withempirical经验性的,prophylactic[,pr?fi'l?ktik,,pr?u-]预防性，remedial[ri'mi:di?l]治疗性Expectorant祛痰药[eks'pekt?r?nt]Mucolytics粘液溶解剂[,mju:k?u'litik]bronchodilator支气管扩张剂[,br??k?udai'leit?]B2-agonists['?g?nist大奋齐U:short-acting:salbutamol沙丁胺醇[s?l'bju:t?m?(:)l]long-acting:salmeterol沙美特罗muscarinic[,m?sk?'rinik]毒蕈碱本^的antagonists[?n't?g?nist]对抗齐U:ipratropiumbromide['br?umaid]异丙托澳胺aminophylline氨茶碱[?,mi:n?u'fili:n]steroids['sti?r?id]类固醇inhaled:budesonide布地奈德，beclomethasone[,bekl?u'me0?s?uni]氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松systemic:prednisolone['pred'nis?l?un]强的松po(peros).,hydrocortisone[,haidr?u'k?:tiz?un]氢化可的松iv.mastcellstabilizers:cromoglycatesodium色甘酸钠leukotriene[,lju:k?u'trai?n]白三烯receptorantagonists:montelukast孟鲁司特respiratorystimulants:lobelinenikethamide[ni'ke0?maid-mid]尼可刹米cardiactonic强心齐ijdiuretics禾U尿齐U[,daiju?'retik]albumin白蛋白['?lbjumin]antitussiveagents镇咳药[,?nti't?siv]ammoniumchloride氯化镂[?'m?unj?m]镂['kl?:raid]氯化物ambroxol氨澳索(mucosolvan沐舒坦)Pantoloc潘妥洛克常用的治疗措施loworhighflowoxygen:nasalcannulae['k?njuli:]鼻导管,Venturi[ven'tju?ri]文里氏face-masknebulizer['nebjulaiz?]喷雾器：finerparticlesize(3to20um)allowstracheobronchialdepositionmetereddoseinhaler(MDI)定量雾化吸入器continuouspositiveairwaypressure(CPAP)-tight-fittingmask(non-invasive)intermittentpositive-pressureventilation(IPPV)non-invasivepositive-pressureventilation(NIPPV)mechanicalventilation:non-invasiveorinvasive(viaintubation[,intju:'bei??n]插管，tracheostomy[,tr?ki'?st?mi,,trei-]气管造口术，tracheotomy[,tr?ki'?t?mi,,trei-]气管切开术)synchronizedintermittentmandatoryventilation,SIMV同步间歇指令通气pressuresupportventilation,PSV压力支持通气thoracocentesis胸腔穿刺术[,0?:r?k?sen'esis]chestdrain/drainage弓I流术chemotherapy化疗radiationtherapy放疗pneumonectomy肺切除术[,nju:m?u'nekt?mi]lobectomyoflung,pulmonarylobectomy肺叶切除术[l?u'bekt?mi]叶切除术thoracotomy开胸术，胸廓切开术[,0?:r?'k?t?mi]pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术pleurectomy胸膜切除术pleuraladhesion胸膜粘连术thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术inferiorvenacavafilter下月空静脉过滤器常见的疾病chornicbronchitis:procuctivecough,mostdaysof3monthsoftheyear,foratleast2consecutiveyears,coughwithwhiteorpurulentsputumbronchiectasis:cystic['sistik]囊性的/varicose['v?rik?us]曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样hemoptysisphysiotherapy:chestwallpercussionwirhhead-downpostural['p?st??r?l]drainagelongtermoxygeninhalation:topreventcorpulmonalemedical:bronchodilators,mucolytics,rotatingcoursesofantibioticssurgical:resection,arteryembolizationforhemoptysislungabscessusuallyonrightside,asrightbronchusisshorterandmorevertical;inthesupine['sju:pain]仰卧patient,abscessdevelopsinapicallowerlobeorposterialupperlobe.pneumothoraxaccumulationofairinpleuralspace,withsecondarypartialcollapseofsubpleural胸膜下的bleb[bleb]大疱rupture['r?pt??]破裂lactrogenic:positivepressureventilation,bronchoscopy[br??'k?sk?pi]支气管镜检查,esp.biopsytypes:closed,open,tensionmediastinaldeviation:tracheaandapex['eipeks]尖端shiftcontralaterally对立的旁边CXR:translucency[tr?nz'lju:s?nsi]半透明+collapse倒塌：visiblerim边缘betweenlungandchestwall>2cm(centimeter)=>50%lungvolumelossaspiration[,?sp?'rei??n]吸弓I术，intercostaldrainrefractoryorrecurrent周期性的：pleurodesis胸膜固定术,pleurectomy[plu'rekt?mi]胸膜切除术，bulla['bul?]大疱stapling装订orlasering激光pleuraleffusionchestpainandprogressivelyworseningofshortnessofbreathTransudate[,tr?nsju'deit]漏出液：redistributionofStarlingforcesacrossmicrocirculation,diuretics[,daiju?'retik]禾1尿齐ijcanresultinrapidresolution,protein<30g/L(gram/litre['li:t?])orpleura:serum['si?r?m]血清protein<1/2orpleura:serumLDH<2/3;oftenseenincardiacfailure,hypoalbuminemia[,haip?u?l,bju:m?'ni:mi?]低蛋白血症,embolism,superiororinferiorvenacavaobstruction,hypothyroidism.[,haip?u'0air?idiz?m]状腺功能低下Exudate['eksjudeit]渗出液：capillarypermeability[,p?:mi?'biliti]渗透increasesorlymphdrainagedecreasesoftenseenininfection,neoplasia[,ni:?u'pleizi?,-?i?]瘤形成,surgeryortrauma.CXR:meniscus[mi'nisk?s]弯液面-shaped,risestowardsaxilla[?k'sil?]腋温Appearance:clear,straw淡黄色的-coloured:suggeststransduateturbid['t?:bid]浑浊的，green:indicatesexudates(pu§p?s]脓cells)orempyema[,empai'i:m?]积脓症(bacterialinfection)bloody(haemothorax[,hi:m?u'?:r?ks]血胸):tumor,pulmonaryembolism,acutepancreatitis['p?nkri?'taitis]胰腺炎，traumawhite(chylothorax[,kail?u'0?:r?阅糜胸)：lymph,blockedthoracic[0?:'r?sik,]duct胸导管,usuallyduetotumourTherapy:transudate:diureticsexudates:repeateddrainage(thoracocentesis)intrathoracic[,intr?0?'r?sik)廓内的streptokinase[,strept?u'kaineis]链球菌激酶viachestdrain:tolyse[lais]溶解fibrinous['faibrin?s]纤维蛋白的adhesions[?d'hi:??n]粘合pleuraladhesion:tetracycline[,tetr?'saiklain]四环素.bleomycin[,bli:?u'maisin]博莱霉lungcancerhoarseness:duetoleftrecurrent屡发的laryngeal[,l?rin'd?i:?l]喉的nervepalsy['p?:lzi]麻痹dysphagia[dis'feid?i?,-d?i]吞咽困难pancoasttumorinfiltratesT1stellate['stelit,-leit]星形的ganglion['g??gli?njf经节resultinginHornersyndromehypertrophicpulmonaryosteoarthropathy[,?sti?ua:'0r?up?谕策节病superiorvenacavaobstruction(SVCO):headache,shortnessofbreath;conjunctivaledema,[,k?nd???k'taiv?]结膜plethora['ple0?r?]veindilation,pericardialtamponade[,t?mp?'neid]心包填塞(JVPT,ABPJ,quietHSparaneoplasticsyndromes:endocrine(ACTH:Cushing'sB-HCG:gynaecomastiaandbodyhairloss;PTH:hypercalcaemiaespeciallysquamouscellcarcinoma),skin(dermatomyositis)immunocompromisede.g.shingles带状疱疹squamouscellcarcinoma:30%ofallprimarylungtumours,butdecreasingincidence,relativelygoodprognosisiflocalized,squamousmetaplasiawithkeratinwhorls,centrallocation,clubbing,hypercalcemia(PTH-rpsecretion)adenocarcinoma:30%,increasingincidence,esp.women,lessassociationwithsmoking,poorprognosis,metastasisearly,gland-likeandmucin-secretion,peripherallocation,pleuraleffusions,hypercoagulablestatesmallcellcarcinoma:20%,poorprognosis,metastasisoccurearly,smallAUPDcellswithneurosecretorygranules,centrallocation,paraneoplasticsyndromescommonbronchoalveolarcellcarcinoma:variantofadenocarcinomathatisassociatedwithchroniclunginflammation,e.g.fibrosing,copiousclearmucoidsputumNSCLC:surgicalresectionpossibleatfirst,adjuvantchemotherapySCLC:radiotherapy+chemotherapy(etoposide+cisplatin)secondarylungcancer:breast,oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+coloniflivermetastasis),melanoma,bone(sarcoma),thyroid,renal,prostate,ovary,choriocarcinoma,testesetc.obstructivesleepapnoeaobstructionofupperairwayoccursatnightwithlossofmuscletoneinsleep,snoring,sleepinessduringday,aponeicspells(O2J,patientawakesfromsleep),awakeningwithnocturia,daytimesomnolence,decreasedmemoryandattention,increasedaccidentrisk,polycythaemia,systemichypertensionandpulmonaryhypertensionCauses:centralobesity(fatdepositionaroundupperairwayleadstoairwaynarrowing,abdominalfatelevatesdiaphragm),structuralfeaturesofupperairway(nasalobstruction:rhinitis,polyps,deviatedsputum;adenotonsillarhypertrophy,micrognathia;macroglossiaduetohypothyrodism/amyloid/Down's;cervicalmasses:goiter,laryngealstenosis),smoking(exacerabateshypoxia),alcohol(actsasasedativetherebyreducingupperairwaytone),neuromuscularorCNSdiseasesPSG(polysommography):overnightsleepstudyTherapy:conservative:weightloss,avoidalcohol/smoking/sedatives,avoidsupinepositioncontinuouspositiveairwaypressure(CPAP)mandibularadvancementdevice（MAD）adenoidectomy（curativeinchildren）uvulopalatopharyngoplasty悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术maxillomandibularosteotomyobesity-hypoventilationsyndrome:collapseofalveoliatend-expiration,decreasedcomplianceduetoweightofabdomenandchestwall,centralrespiratorydrive常用的化疗药cisplatin顺钳Gemcitabine吉西他滨：Gemzar（盐酸吉西他滨注射剂）paclitaxel;taxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）docetaxel多西他赛（泰素帝）常见的抗生素beta-lactamantibiotics:inhibitcellwallsynthesispenicillinskintestamoxicillin阿莫西林piperacillin/tazobactamsodium哌拉西林/他口坐巴坦钠ticarcillin/clavulanatepotassium替卡西林/克拉维酸钾cephamycin头抱菌素类cefradine头抱拉咤cefaclor头抱克洛cefoperazone/sulbactam头抱哌酮/舒巴坦ceftriaxone头抱曲松cefpiramide头抱口比咤ceftazidime头抱他定ceftizoxime头抱吵污carbopenems碳青霉烯类azactam氨曲南meropenem美罗培南imipenemandsodiumcilastatin亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能tienam）Glycopeptides糖肽类inhibitcellwallassemblyvancomycin万古霉素norvancomycin去甲万古霉素teicoplanin替考拉林Macrolides大环内酯类：inhibitproteinsynthesisroxithromycin罗红霉素clarithromycin克拉霉素azithromycin阿奇霉素erythromycin红霉素Aminoglycosideantibiotics:氨基糖昔类reno-andototoxicinhibitinitiationandelongationprocessduringproteinsynthesisamikacin阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）gentamicin庆大霉素streptomycin链霉素Sulfamido磺胺类sulfamethoxazolecompound(SMZ.CO)Quinolones唯诺酮类：inhibitDNAgyrasenorfloxacin诺氟沙星ofloxacin氧氟沙星levofloxacin左氧氟沙星gatifloxacin加替沙星moxifloxacin莫西沙星ciprofloxacin环丙沙星Tetracycline四环素类minocycline美满霉素Nitromidazole硝基咪口坐类metronidazole甲硝睫tinidazole替硝口坐ornidazole奥硝口坐Antitubercularagents抗结核药rifampicin利福平rifapentine利福喷丁isoniazide,isonicotinichydrazideacidINH异烟月并pyrazinamide口比嗪酰胺ethambutol乙胺丁醇Antifungal/antimycoticdrug抗真菌药nystatin制霉菌素amphotericin两性霉素Bfluconazole氟康吵voriconazole伏立康吵itraconazole伊曲康口坐Antivirusagentsribavirin禾U巴韦林oseltamivir奥司他韦acyclovir阿昔洛韦ganciclovir更昔洛韦valaciclovir伐昔洛韦foscarnetsodium,phosphonoformicacid瞬甲酸钠(可耐)lamivudine拉米夫定entecavir恩替卡韦常见的病原微生物microorganism,microbe微生物bacterium细菌lipopolysaccharide(LPS)月旨多糖antibiotics抗生素pyrogen致热原exotoxin外毒素endotoxin内毒素Gramstain革兰染色Colonyformingunit,CFU集落形成单位antibacterialagents抗菌药resistance耐药性ESBLs:extendedspectrumB-lactamases超光谱B内酰胺酶MRSA：methicillin-resistantstaphylococcusaureus耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌bacteremia菌血症toxemia毒血症endotoxemia内毒素血症septicaemia败血症pyemia脓毒血症pathogen致病原pathogenicity致病性virulence毒力medianlethaldose(LD50)半数致死量medianinfectivedose(ID50)半数感染量virus病毒replication复制viremia病毒血症normalmicrobiota,microflora,normalflora,physiologicalmicrobiota正常微生物群floradisequilibrium菌群失调dysbacteriosis菌群失调症opportunisticinfection机会性感染conditionedinfection条件致病性感染endogenousinfection内源性感染exogenousinfection外源性感染antimicrobialsusceptibilitytesting药物敏感试验minimuminhibitoryconcentration(MIC)最小抑菌浓度minimumbactericidalconcentration(MBC)最小杀菌浓度disinfection¥肖毒sterilization灭菌asepsis无菌aseptictechnique无菌技术bacteriostasis抑菌antisepsis防腐disinfectant消毒齐Ubacteriostaticagent抑菌齐Ubactericide杀菌齐Uautoclavingorsteamunderpressuresterilization高压蒸汽灭菌法ultravioletradiation,UV紫外线isolationprecaution隔离预防artificialactiveimmunization人工主动免疫vaccination疫苗接种killed/inactivatedvaccine死/灭活疫苗attentuatedlivevaccine减毒活疫苗toxoid类是素artificialpassiveimmunity人工