上海黄浦区2019届高三英语一模

黄浦区2018学年第一学期期末质量试卷高三英语（满分140（满分140分，完卷时间120分钟）2018.12n.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections：Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.JustHowBuggyisYourPhone?Whatiteminyourhomecrawlswiththemostgerms?Ifyousay21toiletseat,you?rewrong.Kitchenspongestopthelist.Butcellphonesareprettydirtytoo.Theycontainaround10timesasmanygermsastoiletseats.Peopletouchtheirphones,laptops,andotherdigitaldevicesalldaylong,yetrarelycleanthem.Inoneincident,athiefpaidaterriblepriceforstealingagermycellphone.HestoleitfromahospitalinUgandaduringawidespreadofthedeadlydiseaseEbola.Thephone?sownerreportedthetheftbefore22(die)fromthedisease.Soon,thethiefbeganshowingsymptomsandfinally23(confess)tothecrime.24inthatunusualcaseacellphonecarrieddangerousbacteria,notallgermsarebad.Mostcausenoharm.Infact,theycouldprovidehelpfulinformation.Lookatthesurfaceofyourphonecarefully.Doyouseesomedirtymars?"That'sallyou,"saysmicrobialecologistJarradHampto-Marcell."That?sbiologicalinformation.”Itturnsoutthatthetypesofgermsthatyouapplyalloveryourphoneortabletaredifferentfrom25ofyourfriendsandfamily.They?relikeafingerprintthatcouldidentifyyou.Somedayinthefuture,investigatorsmayusethesemicrobialfingerprintstosolvecrimes.Phonesanddigitaldevicesmaybeoneofthebestplacestolookforbuggyclues.Ina2017study,researcherssampledarangeofsurfacesin22participants?homes,26countertopsandfloorstocomputerkeyboardsandmice.Thentheytriedtomatchthemicrobialfingerprintsoneachobjecttoitsowner.Theofficeequipmentwaseasiesttomatchtoitsowner.Inan27(early)study,adifferentgroupofresearchersfoundthattheycouldusemicrobialfingerprintstoidentifythepersonwho28(use)acomputerkeyboardevenafterthekeyboardsatuntouchedfortwoweeksatroomtemperature.Oneday,microbialsignaturesmightshow29peoplehavegoneandwhattheyhavetouched.Theycouldprove30anunmarkeddeviceisyours.So,sure,yourphoneisprettygermy.Doesthatinspireyou,ordoesitjustbotheryou?SectionBDirections：Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.measurementB.similarC.remarkablyD.monetaryE.astronomyF.alteredG.civilizationH.definedI.independenceJ.invariablyK.dominatedTheNileTheancientGreekwriterHerodotusoncedescribedEgypt-withsomeenvy-as,thegiftoftheNile?.TheEgyptiansdepend第1页/共9页ontheriverforfood,forwaterandforlife.TheAncientEgyptianswereabletocontrolandusetheNile,creatingtheearliestirrigationsystemsanddevelopingaprosperous31.Snakingthroughthedeserts,theNilewouldfloodalmost32eachyearinJune.Oncethewatersubsided,arichdepositofsandwasleftbehind,makinganexcellenttopaoil.Seedsweresown,yieldingwheat,barley,beans,lentilsandleeks.DroughtcouldspelldisasterfortheEgyptians,soduringthedryseasons,theydugbasinsandchannelstodeliverwatertotheirland.Theyalsodevisedsimplechannelstotransferwateratthepeakoftheflood.Anearlysystemof33aNilometer,wasusedtodeterminethesizeofthefloods.Later,duringtheNewKingdom,aliftingsystemcalledashadufwasusedtoraisewaterfromtheriver--34tothewayinwhichawellisusedtoday.TheEgyptianstookupsomeoftheearliesttradingmissions.Withouta（n）35systemtheyexchangedgoods,bringingbacktimber,preciousstones,pottery,spicesandanimals.Theireffortsinmedicinewerealso36advanced:surgeonsperformedoperationstoremovecysts（囊肿）.Mummificationgavethemgreatunderstandingofthehumanbody-yettheyalsoreliedheavilyonvariousmedicinestopreventdisease,anddiscoverieswereoftenconfusedwithsuperstition（迷信）.Andwhileagreatdealoftimewasdedicatedto37theEgyptiansthoughtthestarsweregods.Bythe16thcenturyEgyptwasundertheOttomanEmpireuntilBritainseizedcontrolin1882.WhatisnowmostlyArabicEgyptonlywon38fromBritainafterWorldWarn.TheSuezCanal,openedin1869,thecountryasacenterforworldtransportation.Butit,andthecompletionoftheAswanHighDamin197140theecologyoftheNile,whichnowstrugglestosatisfythecountry?srapidlygrowingpopulation,currentlymorethan76million-thelargestintheArabworld.m.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.KeepingTheTapsRunninginThirstyCitiesWatercovers71%ofEarth?ssurfaceyetonly2%ofitisaccessibleasasourceoffreshwater.41onthislimitedresourcesisrising,atrendlikelytocontinue.Itisimportanttorecognizethatitisnotjustcityresidentswho42water.Agriculture,industryandtourismoftenrequiremorewaterthanthemunicipalwatersupply.Globally,70%offreshwateris43foragriculture,butlocallyinheavilyirrigated（灌溉）areasthiscanincreateto90%.Ahealthyenvironmentalsorequiresfreshwater,andthequalityofavailablewaterisasimportantasits44.Waterstressisnotalwayscausedbyphysicalshortagesindryareas.___45___forwaterresourcesbetweendifferentuserswithinrivercatchmentsorbasinscanalsobeacause.Everythirstycityoperateswithinitsowncontext,46tothechallengeofprovidingadequatewatersupplies.CapeTown,47,hasfacedthreeyearsofdroughtduringwhichwinterrainsfailedtomaterialize.Attheendofthe2017rainyseasonthecityfacedthe48ofitsdamsrunningdryduring2018.Thedamswereonly37%full—inthesameweekfouryearsbeforetheywerefulltothetop.InJanuary2018,itwas49thatCapeTownwouldreachDayZero,whenitwouldbeforcedtoturnoffthetaps,inApril.Thiswasdespitethecityreducingitswaterusebymorethanhalf,from1.2billionlitresadayin2015tofewerthan600millionlitres,andworking50withindustryandagriculturetoreducedemand.OnFebruary1,theauthoritiesputinplaceastrictlimitof50litresofwaterperpersonperday.51,inBritainthis第2页/共9页isconsideredenoughforafive-minuteshowerofhalfawashingmachinecycleonfullload.Inaddition,abanwasplacedonusing52waterforgardens,watermanagementdeviceswereinstalledathouseholdwithahighwateruseandthewaterpressurewasreducedtocutdemandandleaks.Atthesame,thecitylaunchedamedia53tochangehabitsandintroducedhigherduties.Thisisnotwithoutitscosts;agricultureandtourism,bothsignificantareasofemployment,have54.Itisaclassicexampleoftheproblemofwatereconomics-thecostofwaterislowbutthecostofalackofwaterisveryhigh.CrisessuchastheCapeTowndroughtareindangerofbecomingthenewnorm.The55ofDayZeromustserveasawake-upcallforcitiesacrosstheworldtodevelopcost-effectivewatermanagementstrategiestocopewithanuncertainfuture.41.A.ImpactB.PressureC.ImpressionD.Observation42.A.recycleB.wasteC.consumeD.apply43.A.restoredB.abstractedC.separatedD.preserved44.A.changeB.sourceC.originD.volume45.A.CompetitionB.ProtectionC.ConstructionD.Regulation46.A.contributingB.regardingC.respondingD.referring47.A.inadditionB.forexampleC.onthecontraryD.asaresult48.A.prospectB.illustrationC.symptomD.security49.A.reportedB.presentedC.predictedD.explained50.A.respectivelyB.increasinglyC.restrictivelyD.extensively51.A.BycomparisonB.InotherwordsC.TooursurpriseD.What?smore52.A.feasibleB.drinkableC.inevitableD.influential53.A.campaignB.statementC.presentationD.advertisement54.A.invadedB.liberatedC.sufferedD.proceeded55.A.changeB.theoryC.recordD.threatSectionB(A)Despiteanadvertisementcampaignsuggestingwall-to-wallspecialeffects,“BridgeofTerabithiaisgroundedinrealityfarmorethaninfantasy.AdaptingKatherinePaterson?saward-winningnovel,thescreenwritersDavidPatersonandJeffStockwellhaveproducedathoughtfulandextremelyaffectingstoryofatransformativefriendshipbetweentwounusuallygiftedchildren.Theresultisamoviewhoseemotionaldepthcouldappealmoretoadultsthantotheirchildren.JessAarons(JoshHutcherson)isasixthgraderwithfoursisters,financiallytensedparentsandatalentfordrawing.Anintroverted(内向的)kidwhoisregularlypickedonbytheschoolbuses,JessformsabondwithanewstudentnamedLeslie(AnnaSophiaRobb),afreespiritwhoseparents,bothwriters,arefondlyneglectful.Anattractionbetweenoutsiders,theirfriendshipfeedsonherwordsandhispictures;togethertheycreateanimaginarykingdominthewoodsbehindtheirhomes,aworldtheycancontrolandwheretheirmindscanwanderfree.Beautifullycapturingatimewhenabullyinschoolcanoccuraslargeasamonsterinanightmareandtheencouragementofateachercanalterthecourseofalife,“BridgetoTerabithia“keepsthefantasyinmagicintheeveryday.GaborCsupodirectsthis,hisfirstfeature,likesomeoneclosetothepainofbeingdifferent,fascinatedintiny,perfectdetails.Withstrongperformancesfromalltheleads,“BridgetoTerabithia“isabletohandleadulttopicswiths「第3页/共9页theemotionallandscapedarkens,thosewhohaven?treadthebookmaybesurprisedatthesorrowthefilmmakerscausewithouteverresortingtohorrororterror.Inotherwords,yourchildrenmaycry,buttheywon?tbetraumatizedsobadly.Consistentlysmartanddelicateasaspiderweb,“Bridget。Terabithiais“thekindofchildren?smovierarelyseennowadays.Atatimewhenmanypublicschoolsarebeingforcedtocutmusicandartfromthecurriculum,thestory?sinsistenceonthehealingpowerofacultivatedimaginationisbothwelcomeandessential.ThesecondparagraphindicatesthatJessandLeslie.losttheircontrolovertheimaginarykingdomlookeddownontheirindividualrealitiesformedagoodfriendshipdespitetheirdifferenttalentswroteabookaboutamagicallandcalledTerabithiaWhichofthefollowingwordsismostlikelytoreplacetraumatized"(paragraph4)?A.criticizedB.ignoredC.delightedD.shockedThetwochildrenmostlikely.skippedschooltoplayinthewoodsbehindtheircampuscreatedanimaginaryworldasanescapefromrealitydisappointedtheirparentswiththeirover-activeimaginationswonagainstthebulliesatschoolwithstrongperformancesWhichofthefollowingstatementswilltheauthormostprobablyagreewith?Thefantasycomponentsofthemovieweretooover-done.Themovieismotionalbutnotmuchtoodramatic.”BridgetoTerabithia"hasanegativeimpactonpublicschooleducation.Childrenshouldn?twatchthefilmastheyaretooyoungtounderstandthetopics.(B)HotAirBalloonsAhotairballoonismade

upof3mainparts:TheEnvelopeTheactualfabricballoonwhichholdstheairTheBurnerTheunitwhichpushestheheatupintotheenvelopeTheBasketWherethepassengersandpilotstandThebasisofhowtheballoonworksisthatwarmerairrisesincoolerair.Thisisbecausehotairislighterthancoolairasithaslessmassperunitofvolume.Masscanbedefinedbythemeasureofhowmuchmattersomethingcontains.Theactualballoonhastobelargeasittakesalargeamountofheatedairtoliftitofftheground.Theburnerusespropanegastoheatuptheairintheenvelopetomovetheballoonoffthegroundandintotheair.Thepilotmustkeepfiringtheburneratregularintervalsthroughouttheflighttoensurethattheballooncontinuestothestable.Naturally,thehotairwillnotescapefromthehotattheverybottomoftheenvelopasfirstly,hotairrisesandsecondly,thefloatingpowerkeepsitmovingup.Tomovetheballoonupwards,thepilotopensupthepropanevaluewhichletsthepropaneflowtotheburnerwhichinturnfreestheflameupintotheenvelope.Itworksinmuchthesamewayasagasgrill:themoreyouopenthevalve,thebiggertheflametobeattheairandthefastertheballoonrises.ItisaThe“ParachuteValve"attheverytopoftheballooniswhatisusedtobringtheballoondowntowardstheground.circleoffabriccutoutofthetopoftheenvelopwhichiscontrolledbyaropewhichrunsdownthroughthemiddleoftheenvelopetothebasket.Ifthepilotwantstobringtheballoondown,heorshesimplypullsontheropewhichwillopenthevalve,lettinghotairescape,decreasingtheinnerairtemperature.Thiscoolingofaircausestheballoontoslowitsrise.ItisaThepilotcanoperatehorizontallybychangingtheverticalpositionoftheballoonbecausethewindblowsindifferentdirectionsatdifferentaltitudes.Ifthepilotwantstomoveinaparticulardirection,heorshesimplyarisesandfallstotheappropriatelevelandrideswiththewind.Thepurposeofthisarticleisto.explainhowhotairballoonsworkillustratewhyhotairballoonsareusefuldescribehotairballoons?structureinformreadersabouthowhotairballoonsaremadeWhatwouldhappenifthe“ParachuteValve"couldnotbereleasedafteritwasopened?Theinsideoftheballoonwouldcontinuetoheatup.TheballoonwouldclimbupmorerapidlyTheself-sealingvalvewouldneedtotakeovertheroleoftheParachuteValve.Theballoonwouldbegintomovedownmorerapidly.Whichofthefollowingskillsorknowledgewouldbethemostusefultoaballoonpilot?Theabilitytosewthepanelsoffabrictogethertomakeaballoon.Anunderstandingofhowpropanegasismanufactured.Aknowledgeofthebackgroundofpassengerswhoaretravellingintheballoon.Aknowledgeofaircurrentsandwinddirectionsintheareawhereheispilotingtheballoon.（C）ThesurfaceofVenushasneverseemedveryhospitable.Temperatureschangearound470C（900F）,theresultofarunwaygreenhouseeffect,andthepressureofitsatmosphere,thickwithcarbondioxideandsulfuricacid（硫酸）,issome90timesthatofEarth?s.Lead（铅）wouldflowlikewateronVenus,andwatercannothaveexistedinliquidformforperhapsabillionyears.NowNASA?SMagellanspacecraftseemstohavefoundonemorehorrorinthenastylandscape:activevolcanoes.LastweekthespaceagencyreleasedthefirstdetailedmapofVenusandthemostdramaticimagesevermadeofitssurface.Thepictureofferthebestevidencetodatethataplanetonceassumeddeadisactuallyalivelypotofgeologicalchange.ThemostamazingimageisofVenus?ssecondtallestmountain,MaatMons,whichrises8km（5miles）.Mostoftheplanet?smanypeaks,including9.5-km-（6-mile-）highMaxwellMontes,lookbrightintheradarpicturesMagellantakesfromitsorbitabovethepermanentcouldcover.Thatmeanstheyarestrongreflectorsofradarwaves.ButMaatMonsisdark;liketheStealthbomber,itabsorbsmuchoftheradarfallingonit.Thisinterestingfact,sayprojectscientists,isastronghintthatthemountainshasrecentlybeencoveredwithlava（熔岩）.Rockthatsitsonthesurfaceofmountaintopsappearstoweatherquicklyinthehot,chemicallyreactiveatmosphere,creatingasoilthatisrichinironsulfide（硫化铁）.Itisthismineral,thescientistsbelieve,thatcaneasilybeseenonradar.IfMaatMonsdoesn?thaveany,ithasprobablybeenresurfaced,perhapswithinthepastfewyears.SuchresurfacinghasundoubtedlytakenplaceinVenuslowlands:earlierimagesoftheplanetshowedvastareasthatareremarkablyfreeofcraters（火山坑）.ThatwouldbeeasytoexplainonaPlanetlikeEarth,wherecrateringfrommeteorstrikesiserasedbysteadyerosion.ButwhilethereissomeevidenceofwinderosiononVenus,thebestexplanationforthelackofcrateringisperiodiclavaflow.Magellanhasfounddirectevidenceofsuchflows,includingdomelikeupwellingsandhardenedstreamedofrocktrailingdownthesidesofVenusianpeaks.Therearealsosignsofothergeologicactivities,includingdramaticfaultingandseveraldistinctincidentsofmountainbuilding.Buttheevidencecan?tindicatewhethertheyreallyoccurredmillionsofyearsago.ThecaseforactiveVenusianvolcanoesisnotyetproved,butMagellan,whichisnowwellintoitssecondcompletesurveyoftheplanet?ssurface,mayeventuallysettletheissue.WhichofthefollowinghasNOpossibilitytobefoundonVenusnow?A.CarbondioxideB.SulfuricacidC.LiquidwaterD.ActivevolcanoesThescientistsbelievethatshowsupeasilyonradar.A.geologicalchangeB.ironsulfideC.mountainmineralD.lavaflowWhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?A.TheresurfacinghaschangedtheimagesofthevastareasinVenuslowlands.B.ThewinderosiononVenusiscausedbyperiodiclavaflowsC.StreamsofrocktrailingdownthesideofVenusianpeakscanbeseenonEarthD.Othergeologicactivitieshavecauseddramaticandunbelievableclimatephenomenon.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?NASA?SMagallanspacecraftfailstostandtheenvironmentofVenus.ThereisclearandconfirmedevidencefortheactiveVenusianvolcanoesonVenus.SomeevidenceofperiodiclavaflowshasbeenfoundbyNASAastronauts.Magellanwillconductafollow-upcompletesurveyoftheVenus?surface.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencesgiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.However,facialrecognitionseemsmerelytoencodethem.Researchshowthatartificialintelligencecanreconstructthefacialstructuresofpeople.Anyonewithaphonecantakeapictureforfacial-recognitionprogramstouse.Technologyisrapidlycatchingupwiththehumanabilitytoreadfaces.Continuousfacialrecordingthatpaintscomputerizeddataontotherealworldmightchangethetextureofsocialinteractions.Theastonishingvarietyoffacialfeatureshelpspeoplerecognizeeachotherandiscrucialtotheformationofcomplexsocieties.NowhereToHide:WhatMachinesCanTellFromYourFaceThehumanfaceisaremarkablepieceofwork.67Soistheface?sabilitytosendemotionalsignals,whetherthroughtheunconsciousshameorthetrickofafalsesmile.Peoplespendmuchoftheirwakinglives,intheofficeandthecourtroomaswellasthebarandthebedroom,readingfaces,forsignsofattraction,hostility,trustanddeceit.Theyalsospendplentyoftimetryingtohidetheirfeelings,intentionsornature.InAmericafacialrecognitionisusedbychurchestotrackworshippers?attendance;inBritain,byretailerstospotpastshoplifters.ThisyearWelshpoliceusedittoarrestasuspectoutsideafootballgame.InChinaitconfirmstheidentitiesofride-hailingdrivers,permitstouriststoenterattractionsandletspeoplepayforthingswithasmile.Apple?snewiPhoneisexpectedtouseittounlockthehomescreen.Setagainsthumanskills,suchapplicationsmightseemenhancive.Somebreakthroughs,suchasflightortheinternet,obviouslytransformhumanabilities.69Althoughfacesarepeculiartoindividuals,theyarealsopublic,sotechnologydoesnot,atfirstsight,intrudeonsomethingthatisprivate.Andyettheabilitytorecord,storeandanalyseimagesoffacescheaply,quicklyandonavastscalepromisesonedaytobringaboutfundamentalchangestonotionsofprivacy,fairnessandtrust.Maskingtruefeelingshelpsfixthewheelsofdailylife.Ifyourpartnercanspoteveryprohibitedyawn,andyourbosseveryhintofannoyance,marriagesandworkingrelationshipswillbemoretruthful,butlessharmonious.Thebasisofsocialinteractionsmightchange,too,fromasetofcommitmentsfoundedontrusttocalculationsofriskandrewardderivedfromtheinformationacomputerattachestosomeone?sface.Relationshipsmightbecomemorereasonable,butalsotransactional.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.SportTourismTourismistheworld?slargestindustryandispredictedtogrowwellintotheyearstocome.Increasingly,theeconomicimportanceoftourismhasbeenrecognizedbygovernmentsaroundtheworld.Atthesametime,thetourismindustryhasbecomemorecomplicatedinitsdevelopmentandmarketingnewformsoftourism.Oneofthefastestgrowingpartsofthetourismindustryistravelrelatedtosportandphysicalactivity.Arecentsurveyfoundthatwhilethetraditionalbeachandsight-seeingvacationscontinuetopredominate,22%ofthosesurveyedreportedthatopportunitiestoparticipateinsportswereimportantwhenselectingavacation.Thetermsporttourismhasbeenadoptedinrecentyearstodescribesport-relatedleisuretravel.Itisgenerallyrecognizedthatthreearethreebroadcategoriesofsporttourism.Thefirstcategory.WatchingsportingeventsorSportsEventTourismincludeshallmarkeventssuchasFIFAWorldCupFootballChampionships,andtheOlympicgames.TournamentsponsoredbytheProfessionalGolfAssociationortheWorldTennisAssociationarealsopartofthespectator-centeredsectorofsporttourism.Thesecondtypeofsporttourism,celebrityandnostalgiasporttourisminvolvesvisitingfamoussports-relatedattractions.Visitsofthesportshallsoffamefallintothiscategory.Anotherformofcelebrityandnostalgiasporttourismthathasemergedinrecentyearsismeetingfamoussportspersonalities.Thecruiseindustryhasbeenexperiencedinthisarea.Sportsthemecruisesuc