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Chapter15TheCentralNervousSystem

TheNervousSystem

1DepartmentofAnatomySection2Thebrain

Position:LiesaboveandbehindthemedullarandponsandoccupiesposteriorcranialfossaII.Thecerebellum

Cerebellum2DepartmentofAnatomyThecerebellumconsistsofamidlineportionthevermistwolaterallobeshemispheresI)Theexternalfeatures

3DepartmentofAnatomyOnthesuperiorsurfaceofthecerebellumtwofissurescanbeidentifiedI)Theexternalfeatures

Horizontalfissure

Primaryfissure

5DepartmentofAnatomyI)Theexternalfeatures

OntheinferiorsurfacetheposterolateralfissuresarefoundPosterolateralfissure6DepartmentofAnatomyI)Theexternalfeatures

i.Theflocculonodularlobe

ii.The

anteriorlobe

iii.Theposteriorlobe

7DepartmentofAnatomyAnteriorlobePosteriorlobePrimaryfissureI)Theexternalfeatures

8DepartmentofAnatomyII)Theinternalstructure

ii.Whitematter

Thecerebellumisconnectedtotheotherpartsofthebrainbythreelargebundlesofprojectionfibers,viz.tothecerebrumbythesuperiorpeduncletotheponsbythemiddlepeduncletothemedullaoblongatabytheinferiorpedunclethreepeduncle10DepartmentofAnatomyII)Theinternalstructure

Thecerebellarnucleiinthecerebellumarefour

innumberoneitherside

CerebellarcortexDentatenucleusmedullarycenterEmboliformnucleusGlobosenucleusFastigialnucleus12DepartmentofAnatomyIII)Functionofcerebullum

VestibulocerebellumArchicerebellumFlocculonodularlobeSpinocerebellumPaleocerebellumVermisandtheanteriorportionsofthehemispheresCerebrocerebellumNeocerebellumLateralzone14DepartmentofAnatomyIII)Function

VestibulocerebellumConnectionsAfferents:ReceiveinputfromvestibularnucleiandprimaryvestibularEfferents:Projectstothevestibularnucleus→vestibulospinaltractandmediallongitudinalfasciculus→motorneuronsofanteriorhornFunction:Involvedineyemovementsandmaintainbalance15DepartmentofAnatomyIII)Function

CerebrocerebellumConnectionCerebrumFunction:Participatesinplanningmovements16DepartmentofAnatomyIII.Thediencephalons

Position:

Liesbetweenmidbrainandcerebrum,almostentirelysurroundedbycerebralhemisphere17DepartmentofAnatomyIII.TheDiencephalons

SubdivisionDoralthalamusMetathalamusEpithalamusSubthalamusHypothalamus

18DepartmentofAnatomyThedorsalthalamus(thalamus)

20DepartmentofAnatomy21DepartmentofAnatomyMedialnucleargroup

Anteriornucleargroup

Dorsaltier

InternalmedullarylaminaVentralanterior

Ventralintermediate

Ventralposterolateral(VPL)

Ventralposteromedial(VPM)

PulvinarMedialgeniculatebody

Lateral

geniculatebody

Ventralposteriornucleus(VP)Thedorsalthalamus(thalamus)

23DepartmentofAnatomyiii.Functionaldivisions

Nonspecificnuclei－ReceiveafferentsfromDinencephalonandreticularformationofbrainstem,projectmainlytohypothalamusandcorpusstriatumMidlinenucleusgroupIntralaminarnucleargroupThalamicreticularnucleusThedorsalthalamus(thalamus)

24DepartmentofAnatomyiii.Functionaldivisions

SpecialrelaynucleiVentralanteriornucleus(VA)Ventralintermediatenucleus(VI)

Receivingdentatenucleus,globuspallidusandsubstantianigratomotorcortexVentralposteromedialnucleus(VPM)－Receivestrigeminallemniscusandtastefibers

Thedorsalthalamus(thalamus)

26DepartmentofAnatomyiii.Functionaldivisions

Ventral

posterolateralnucleus(VPL)

－Receivesmediallemniscus

spinallemniscusProjectstofirstsomaticsensoryarea

viacentralthalamicradiationThedorsalthalamus(thalamus)

27DepartmentofAnatomyiv.Clinicalcorrelations

Thethalamicsyndromeischaracterizedbyimmediatehemianesthesia,withthethresholdofsensitivitytopinprick,heat,andcoldrisinglater.Thesyndromeusuallyappearduringrecoveryfromathalamicinfarct

Thedorsalthalamus(thalamus)

28DepartmentofAnatomyIII)Thesubthalamus

Thesubthalamusisthezoneofbraintissuethatliesbetweenthedorsalthalamusandthetegmentumofthemidbrain30DepartmentofAnatomyIV)Themetathalamus

Lateral

geniculatebody

Medialgeniculatebody31DepartmentofAnatomyMedialgeniculatebody

RelaystationofauditionReceivefibersfrominferiorcolliculusProjectstoauditoryareaviaacousticradiationLateralgeniculatebody

RelaystationofvisionReceivefibersfromoptictractProjectstovisualareaviaopticradiationIV)Themetathalamus

32DepartmentofAnatomyV)Thehypothalamus

i.Landmarks

Superiorly:hypothalamicsulcusInferiorly:OpticchiasmaTubercinereumInfundibulumMamillarybody

Anterior:laminaterminalisPosterior:continueswithmidbraintegmentum33DepartmentofAnatomySubdivisionsPreopticregionSupraopticregionTuberalregionMamillaryregionV)Thehypothalamus

34DepartmentofAnatomyV)Thehypothalamus

Supraopticregion

Supraopticnucleus－Produceantidiuretichormone(ADH，vasopressin)Paraventricularnucleus－ProduceoxytocinTuberalregionInfundibularnucleusVentromedialnucleusDorsomedialnucleus

MamillaryregionMamillarynucleusPosteriorhypothalamicnucleusImportantnuclei35DepartmentofAnatomyV)Thehypothalamus

ii.Afferentconnections

Afferentandemotionalinputsfromtheprefrontalcortexreachthehypothalamusviaapolysynapticpathway.Inaddition,visceralinformationfromthevagalsensorynuclei,gustatorymessagesfromthenucleussolitarius,andsomaticafferentmessagesfromthegenitaliaandnipplesarerelayedtothehypothalamus36DepartmentofAnatomy37DepartmentofAnatomyV)Thehypothalamus

iii.Efferentconnections

Therearerichconnectionsbetweenthehypothalamusandthepituitarygland.Neuronsinthesupraopticandparaventricularnucleisendaxons,viathehypothalamohypophysealtract,totheneurohypophysis.38DepartmentofAnatomyParaventricularnucleus

ParaventriculohypophysealtractSupraopticnucleusSupraopticohypophysealtractPosteriorlobeofhypophysis39Departmen

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