2021年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案

/92021年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案2021年山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空ArecentpollindicatedthathalftheteenagersintheUnitedStatesbelievethatcommunicationbetweenthemandtheirparentsis__1__andfurtherthatoneoftheprimecausesofthisgapis__2__listeningbehavior.Asa(an)__3__inpoint，oneparentbelievedthatherdaughterhadasevere__4__problem.Shewasso__5__thatshetookhertoanaudiologisttohavehereartested.Theaudiologistcarefullytestedbothearsandreportedbacktotheparent：“There‘snothingwrongwithherhearing.She'sjust__6__youout.”Aleadingcauseofthe__7__divorcerate(morethanhalfofallmarriagesendindivorce)isthefailureofhusbandsandwivesto__8__effectively.Theydon‘tlistentoeachother.Neitherperson__9__totheactualmessagesentbytheother.In__10__fashion，politicalscientistsreportthatagrowingnumberofpeoplebelievethattheirelectedand__11__officialsareoutof__12__withtheconstituentstheyaresupposedly__13__.Why?Becausetheydon‘tbelievethattheylistentothem.Infact，itseemsthatsometimesourpoliticiansdon'tevenlistentothemselves.Thefollowingisatruestory：Atanational__14__conferenceheldinAlbuquerquesomeyearsago，thenSenatorJosephMontoyawas__15__acopyofapressreleasebyapressaideshortlybeforehegotupbeforetheaudienceto__16__aspeech.Whenherosetospeak，__17__thehorrorofthepressaideandthe__18__ofhisaudience，Montoyabeganreadingthepressrelease，nothisspeech.Hebegan，“Forimmediaterelease.SenatorJosephM.Montoya，DemocratofNewMexico，lastnighttoldtheNational??”Montoyareadtheentiresixrelease，__19__withthestatementthathe“wasrepeatedly__20__byapplause.”1.[A]scarce[B]little[C]rare[D]poor2.[A]malignant[B]deficient[C]ineffective[D]feeble3.[A]case[B]example[C]lesson[D]suggestion4.[A]audio[B]aural[C]hearing[D]listening5.[A]believing[B]convinced[C]assured[D]doubtless6.[A]turning[B]tuning[C]tucking[D]tugging7.[A]rising[B]arising[C]raising[D]arousing8.[A]exchange[B]interchange[C]encounter[D]interact9.[A]relates[B]refers[C]responds[D]resorts10.[A]like[B]alike[C]likely[D]likewise11.[A]nominated[B]selected[C]appointed[D]supported12.[A]connection[B]reach[C]association[D]touch13.[A]leading[B]representing[C]delegating[D]supporting14.[A]legislative[B]legitimate[C]legalized[D]liberal15.[A]distributed[B]awarded[C]handed[D]submitted16.[A]present[B]publish[C]deliver[D]pursue[A]to[B]with[C]for[D]on[A]joy[B]enjoyment[C]amusement[D]delight[A]conclude[B]toconclude[C]concluding[D]concluded20.[A]disrupted[B]interfered[C]interrupted[D]stopped阅读理解第一篇I'vebeenwritingformostofmylife.ThebookWritingWithoutTeachersintroducedmetoonedistinction（区别）andonepracticethathashelpedmywritingprocessestremendously.Thedistinctionisbetweenthecreativemindandthecriticalmind.Whileyouneedtoemploybothtogettoafinishedresult,theycannotworkinparallelnomatterhowmuchwemightliketothinkso.Tryingtocriticizewritingontheflyispossiblythesinglegreatestbarriertowritingthatmostofusencounter.Ifyouarelisteningtothat5thgradeEnglishteachercorrectyourgrammarwhileyouaretryingtocaptureafleeting（稍纵即逝的）thought,thethoughtwilldie.Ifyoucapturethefleetingthoughtandsimplyshareitwiththeworldinrawform,nooneislikelytounderstand.Youmustlearntocreatefirstandthencriticizeifyouwanttomakewritingthetoolforthinkingthatitis.ThepracticethatcanhelpyoupastyourlearnedbadhabitsoftryingtoeditasyouwriteiswhatElbowcalls“freewriting.”Infreewriting,theobjectiveistogetwordsdownonpapernon-stop,usuallyfor15-20minutes.Nostopping,nogoingback,nocriticizing.Thegoalistogetthewordsflowing.Asthewordsbegintoflow,theideaswillcomefromtheshadowsandletthemselvesbecapturedonyournotepadoryourscreen.Nowyouhaverawmaterialsthatyoucanbegintoworkwithusingthecriticalmindthatyou'vepersuadedtositonthesideandwatchquietly.Mostlikely,youwillbelievethatthiswilltakemoretimethanyouactuallyhaveandyouwillendupstaringblanklyatthepagesasthedeadlinedrawsnear.Insteadofstaringatablankstartfillingitwithwordsnomatterhowbad.Halfwaythroughyouravailabletime,stopandreworkyourrawwritingintosomethingclosertofinishedproduct.Movebackandforthuntilyourunoutoftimeandthefinalresultwillmostlikelybefarbetterthanyourcurrentpractices.1Whentheauthorsaysthecreativemindandthecriticalmind“cannotworkinparallel”inthewritingprocess,hemeans.A．onecannotusethematthesametimeB．theycannotberegardedasequallyimportantC．theyareinconstantconflictwitheachotherD．noonecanbebothcreativeandcritical2Whatpreventspeoplefromwritingonis.A．puttingtheirideasinrawformB．ignoringgrammaticalsoundnessC．attemptingtoeditastheywriteD．tryingtocapturefleetingthoughts3Whatisthechiefobjectiveofthefirststageofwriting?A．Toorganizeone'sthoughtslogically.B．Togetone'sideasdown.C．Tochooseanappropriatetopic.D．Tocollectrawmaterials.4Onecommonconcernofwritersabout“freewriting”isthat.A．itoverstressestheroleofthecreativemindB．itdoesnothelpthemtothinkclearly．CitmaybringabouttoomuchcriticismD．ittakestoomuchtimetoeditafterwards5Inwhatwaydoesthecriticalmindhelpthewriterinthewritingprocess?A．Itallowshimtositonthesideandobserve.B．Ithelpshimtocomeupwithnewideas.C．Itsavesthewritingtimeavailabletohim.．DItimproveshiswritingintobettershape.第二篇2002年1月六级\world'senvironmentissurprisinglyhealthy.Discuss.\Ifthatwereanexaminationtopic,moststudentswouldtearitapart,offeringalonglistofcomplaints:fromlocalsmog（烟雾）toglobalclimatechange,fromthefelling（砍伐）offoreststotheextinctionofspecies.Thelistwouldlargelybeaccurate,theconcernlegitimate.Yetthestudentswhoshouldbegiventhehighestmarkswouldactuallybethosewhoagreedwiththestatement.Thesurpriseishowgoodthingsare,nothowbad.Afterall,theworld'spopulationhasmorethantripledduringthiscentury,andworldoutputhasrisenhugely,soyouwouldexpecttheearthitselftohavebeenaffected.Indeed,ifpeoplelived,consumedandproducedthingsinthesamewayastheydidin1900（or1950,orindeed1980）,theworldbynowwouldbeaprettydisgustingplace:smelly,dirty,toxicanddangerous.Buttheydon't.Thereasonswhytheydon't,andwhytheenvironmenthasnotbeenmined,havetodowithprices,technologicalinnovation,socialchangeandgovernmentregulationinresponsetopopularpressure.Thatiswhy,today'senvironmentalproblemsinthepoorcountriesought,inprinciple,tobesolvable.Rawmaterialshavenotrunout,andshownosignofdoingso.Logically,onedaytheymust:theplanetisafiniteplace.Yetitisalsoverybig,andmanisveryingenious.Whathashappenedisthateverytimeamaterialseemstoberunningshort,thepricehasrisenand,inresponse,peoplehavelookedfornewsourcesofsupply,triedtofindwaystouselessofthematerial,orlookedforanewsubstitute.Forthisreasonpricesforenergyandformineralshavefalleninrealtemp3sduringthecentury.Thesameistrueforfood.Pricesfluctuate,inresponsetoharvests,naturaldisastersandpoliticalinstability;andwhentheyrise,ittakessometimebeforenewsourcesofsupplybecomeavailable.Buttheyalwaysdo,assistedbynewfamp3ingandcroptechnology.Thelongtemp3trendhasbeendownwards.Itiswherepricesandmarketsdonotoperateproperlythatthisbenign(良性的)trendbeginstostumble,andthegenuineproblemsarise.Marketscannotalwayskeeptheenvironmenthealthy.Ifnooneownstheresourceconcerned,noonehasaninterestinconservingitorfosteringit:fishisthebestexampleofthis.1.Accordingtotheauthor,moststudents.believetheworld'senvironmentisinanundesirableconditionagreethattheenvironmentoftheworldisnotasbadasitisthoughttobeC)gethighmarksfortheirgoodknowledgeoftheworld'senvironmentD)appearsomewhatunconcernedaboutthestateoftheworld'senvironment2.Thehugeincreaseinworldproductionandpopulation.A)hasmadetheworldaworseplacetoliveinB)hashadapositiveinfluenceontheenvironmentC)hasnotsignificantlyaffectedtheenvironmentD)hasmadetheworldadangerousplacetolivein3.Oneofthereasonswhythelong-temp3trendofpriceshasbeendownwardsisthat.A)technologicalinnovationcanpromotesocialstabilityB)politicalinstabilitywillcauseconsumptiontodropnewfamp3ingandcroptechnologycanleadtooverproductionD)newsourcesarealwaysbecomingavailable4.Fishresourcesarediminishingbecause.A)nonewsubstitutescanbefoundinlargequantitiestheyarenotownedbyanyparticularentityimpropermethodsoffishinghaveminedthefishinggroundswaterpollutionisextremelyserious5.Theprimarysolutiontoenvironmentalproblemsis.A)toallowmarketforcestooperateproperlyB)tocurbconsumptionofnaturalresourcesC)tolimitthegrowthoftheworldpopulationD)toavoidfluctuationsinprices第三篇2005年6月六级Low-levelslash-and-burnfarmingdoesn'tharmrainforest.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovesforestsoils.ThisistheunorthodoxviewofaGermansoilscientistwhohasshownthatburntclearingsintheAmazon,datingbackmorethan1,000years,helpedcreatespatchesofrich,fertilesoilthatfarmersstillbenefitfromtoday.Mostrainforestsoilsarethinandpoorbecausetheylackmineralsandbecausetheheatandheavyrainfalldestroymostorganicmatterinthesoilswithinfouryearsofitreachingtheforestfloor.Thismeanstopsoilcontainsfewoftheingredientsneededforlong-termsuccessfulfarming.ButBrunoGlaser,asoilscientistoftheUniversityofBayreuth,hasstudiedunexpectedpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon.Thesesoilscontainlotsoforganicmatter.Glaserhasshownthatmostofthisfertileorganicmattercomesfrom“blackcarbon”theorganicparticlesfromcampfiresandcharred(烧成炭的)woodleftoverfromthousandsofyearsofslash-and-burnfarming.“Thesoils,knownasTerraPreta,containedupto70timesmoreblackcarbonthanthesurroundingsoils,”saysGlaser.Unburntvegetationrotsquickly,butblackcarbonpersistsinthesoilformanycenturies.RadiocarbondatingshowsthatthecharredwoodinTerraPretasoilsistypicallymorethan1,000yearsold.“Slash-and-burnfarmingcanbegoodforsoilsprovideditdoesn'tcompletelyburnallthevegetation,andleavesbehindcharredwood,”saysGlaser.“Itcanbebetterthanmanure（粪肥）.”Burningtheforestjustoncecanleavebehindenoughblackcarbontokeepthesoilfertileforthousandsofyears.Andrainforestseasilyregrowaftersmall-scaleclearing.Contrarytotheconventionalviewthathumanactivitiesdamagetheenvironment,Glasersays:“BlackcarboncombineswithhumanwastesisresponsiblefortherichnessofTerraPretasoils.”TerraPretasoilsturnupinlargepatchesallovertheAmazon,wheretheyarehighlyprizedbyfarmers.Allthepatchesfallwithin500squarekilometersinthecentralAmazon.Glasersaysthewidespreadpresenceofpottery（陶器）confirmsthesoil'shumanorigins.ThefindingsaddweighttothetheorythatlargeareasoftheAmazonhaverecoveredsowellfrompastperiodsofagriculturalusethattheregrowthhasbeenmistakenbygenerationsofbiologistsfor“virgin”forest.Duringthepastdecade,researchershavediscoveredhundredsoflargeearthworksdeepinthejungle.Theyareupto20metershighandcoveruptoasquarekilometer.Glaserclaimsthattheseearthworks,builtbetweenAD400and1400,wereattheheartofurbancivilizationsmanagedtofeedthemselves.1.Welearnfromthepassagethatthetraditionalviewofslash-and-burnfarmingisthat.A）itdoesnoharmtothetopsoiloftherainforestB）itdestroysrainforestsoilsC）ithelpsimproverainforestsoilsitdiminishestheorganicmatterinrainforestsoils2.Mostrainforestsoilsarethinandpoorbecause.A)thecompositionofthetopsoilisratherunstableB)blackcarboniswashedawaybyheavyrainsorganicmatterisquicklylostduetoheatandrainlong-termfarminghasexhaustedtheingredientsessentialtoplantgrowth3.Glasermadehisdiscoveryby.studyingpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazonB)examiningpotteryleftoverbyancientcivilizationsC)test-burningpatchesoftreesinthecentralAmazonD)radiocarbon-datingingredientscontainedinforestsoils4.WhatdoesGlasersayabouttheregrowthofrainforest?A)Theytakecenturiestoregrowafterbeingburnt.Theycannotrecoverunlessthevegetationisburntcompletely.C)Theirregrowthwillbehamperedbyhumanhabitation.D)Theycanrecovereasilyafterslash-and-burnfarming5.Fromthepassageitcanbeinferredthat.A)humanactivitieswilldogravedamagetorainforestsB)Amazonrainforestsoilsusedtobetherichestintheworldfarmingisresponsibleforth