新探索研究生英语(基础级)读写教程参考答案Language-focus

Unit1IdentityAcademicexploration1LanguagefocusVocabularylearningtraitn.aparticularqualityinsb.’scharacter特性、品质ascribev.~sth.tosb./sth.tobelievethatsth.orsb.hasaparticularquality认为……是……toclaimthatsth.iscausedbyaparticularperson,situation,etc.把…归因于siblingn.abrotherorsister兄弟，姊妹affiliationn.theconnectionorinvolvementthatsb.orsth.haswithapolitical,religious,etc.organization.(与政治、宗教等组织的)联系，从属关系multilingualadj.using,speaking,writteninseveraldifferentlanguages使用多种语言的；以多种语言表达的stubbornadj.determinednottochangeyourmind,evenwhenpeoplethinkyourarebeingunreasonable.固执的，顽固的，执拗的rivalryn.(pl.rivalries)asituationinwhichtwoormorepeople,teams,orcompaniesarecompetingforsth.,esp.overalongperiodoftime,andthefeelingofcompetitionoverthem(尤指长期的)竞争，竞赛，较量fostervt.tohelpaskill,felling,idea,etc.developoveraperiodoftime促进，培养，助长WordsinuseShesaidexactlywhatshethought,withoutthinkingabouttheconsequence.Ingeneral,shynessisapersonalitytraitthatispartlybiologicalandpartlyenvironmental.Internationaltravelhasgrowntothepointthatmanyhotelsfinditnecessarytoemploymultilingualstaffmembers.IcanonlyascribetheuncommonbehaviorofthestrangersImeettomybeingaforeigner.Ihavecategorizedmysocialmediacontactsintofamily,closefriends,andworkcolleagues.Thecityhopeshistoricdistrictswillfosterasenseofcommunity,whichcanbelackinginyoungandfast-growingplaces.Laughingatthesamejokewouldhelpustoshowaffiliationwithothers,andthismaybewhyitisespeciallyinfectious.Onceyougraduatefromschool,you’llstarttofeelfiercerivalryasyoucompeteforagoodjob.TranslationAlthoughsustainedsiblingrivalrycanresultinbehavioralproblemsandissueswithrelationship-buildinglaterinlife,milderformshavebeenshowntohaveabeneficialimpactondevelopmentinchildhood.虽然持续的手足之争可能会导致孩子在以后的生活中出现行为问题和关系构建方面的问题，但温和的竞争已被证明有利于儿童的发展Confirmation

bias

is

the

tendency

of

people

to

favor

information

that

confirms

theirexisting

beliefs

or

hypotheses.确认偏误是指人们倾向于偏好能证实自己已有的信念或假设的信息We

all

have

the

potential

for

stubborn

tendencies,

but

in

people

with

a

strong

fear

of

change,

stubbornness

can

become

a

dominant

pattern.我们都可能有固执的倾向，但在那些强烈害怕改变的人身上，固执可能成为一种主导模式The

view

of

self

in

a

profession

consists

of

beliefs,

values,

motives,

and

experiences,

which

are

used

to

define

and

guide

individual

growth

and

practice。职业中的自我观由信念、价值观、动机和经历构成，它们被用来定义和指导个人成长和事件Academicexploration2LanguagefocusVocabularylearningcorrelationn.aconnectionbetweentwoideas,facts,etc.,esp.whenonemaybethecauseoftheother相互关系；关联；因果关系temptvt,tomakesb.Wanttohaveordosth.,eventhoughtheyknowtheyreallyshouldnot诱惑，引诱，诱使co-workern.sb.whoworkswithyouandhasasimilarposition同事，同僚procrastinatevi.todelaydoingsth.thatyououghttodo,usu.becauseyoudonotwanttodoit耽搁，拖延self-esteemn.thefeelingofbeingsatisfiedwithyourownabilities,andthatyoudeservetobelikedorrespected自遵（心）WordsinuseThesurveywasdistributedtoover1000people,butunfortunately,onlyabouthalfoftheparticipantscompleteditcorrectly.Isthereanycorrelationbetweengenderandpersonalitytraits.WhenIdon’tunderstandsomethingevenaftertheteacherhasexplainedittwice,Ifeelfrustrated.4.Thispsychologyjournalhasaninterestingarticleaboutaverycomprehensivestudycarriedoutonagroupof500volunteers.5.Theapplicantwasratedveryhighintechnicalskills,butratherlowinsocialskills.6.Theresultsofmyresearchsuggestedthatidentityisimportantinallculturesintheworld.7.Fast-foodchainswilltemptyouwithmoreefficienttakeoutoptions.8.Sharingfamilyphotosintheworkplacehelpsco-workersbecomeandremainconnected.Translation1.Thescopeofthestudywasbroad:ittookintoaccountsuchvariablesasage,gender,hoursperweekspentonline,andyearsofonlineuse.这项研究的范围很广：诸如年龄、性别、每周上网时间和网龄等变量均被考虑在内。2.Iwassurprisedbytheoutcomeofthestudy,whichsuggestedthatthemajorityofpeopleexaggeratedinformationaboutthemselves,heldinformationback,andinsomecases,evenpostedinformationthatwasn’ttrue.研究结果显示大多数人都会夸大与自己相关的信息，隐瞒信息，在一些情况下甚至会发布不实信息，这一结果让我感到惊讶。3.Peoplemayprocrastinatewhentheyareconfusedbythecomplexityofataskorwhenthey’reoverlydistractedorfatigued.当人们对复杂的任务感到困惑时，注意力不集中或太过疲劳时，人们可能会拖延。4.Eachperson’sexperienceisdifferent,butoverthecourseofthelifespan,self-esteemseemstoriseandfallinpredictable,systematicways.虽然每个人的经历不同，但在人的一生中，自尊心似乎以可预测的、系统性的方式起伏。Unit2Academicexploration1LanguagefocusVocabularylearningcraftsmann.sb.whoisveryskilledataparticularcraft工匠；手艺人potteryn.objectsmadeoutofbakedclay陶器ceramicsn.1theartofmakingpots,bowls,tiles,etc.,byshapingpiecesofclayandbakingthemuntiltheyarehard.陶瓷工艺2thingsthataremadethisway陶瓷制品aestheticn.asetofprincipalsaboutbeautyorart美学原则（理论）humilityn.thequalityofnotbeingtooproudaboutyourself-usethistoshowapproval谦逊谦恭beadn.oneofasetofsmall,usu.Round,piecesofglass,woodplastic,etc.Thatyoucanputonastringandwearasjewellery.珠子，小珠WordsinuseTraditionalJapaneseideasofbeautycontainnotionsthatmayseemquiteforeigntoWesterners,whonamethem‘’Japaneseness.’’Chineselandscapepaintingsarenotthekingofartthatmerelyimitatenaturebutexpressestheartist’sheartandmind.WehavefullydescribedthishistoricalincidentofJapaneseartherebecauseithasanimportantbearingonJapanesephilosophy.OneofthetraditionalChinesevaluesishumility,referringtothequalityofbeinghumble,thequalityofnotthinkingthatyouarebetterthanotherpeople.Discoveredanobviousdesignflaw,hisnewwork,abuildinginaScottishcity,hasbeenridiculedbypeopleonsocialmedia.Morethan2,000yearsago,LuBan,themostfamouscraftsmanofChina,solvedmanyarchitecturalproblems.Wedesignedthree-andfour-storeyhouses,combiningamodernaestheticwithahighlevelofsustainability.Somesocialmediacompaniesaredeliberatelyattractinguserstotheirproductsforfinancialgain.Translation1.Wabi-sabiisanEasternphilosophythatreferstotheabilitytoseethebeautyinimperfections,whichmanifests(显现，显露)itselfbothindailylifeactivityasmakinghomepottery,andinspiritualexperienceofopeningupinnervisionsthatcanchangealife.“侘寂”是一种东方哲学，指的是在缺陷中看到美的能力。这种能力既体现在制作家用陶器这样的日常活动中，又体现在打开心胸以改变生命的精神体验中。2.Xieyi(写意)isalooserstyleofChinesepainting,usuallyusedinlandscapes,featuringexaggeratedformsandexpressingtheartist’spersonalityandcharacter.“写意”是中国画中更随意的一种绘画风格，常常用在山水画的创作中，特点是形式夸张，表达艺术家的个性特征。3.OriginatinginChina,theearliestporcelains(瓷器)usedaspecialtypeofclayandatypeofgranite(花岗岩)whileearlyEuropeanversionsusedclayandglass.最早的瓷器起源于中国，用一种特殊的陶土和花岗岩制作而成，而早期欧洲的瓷器则使用陶土和玻璃。4.TheJapaneseartofkintsugiteachesthatbrokenobjectsarenotsomethingtohidebuttodisplaywithpridebecausethevalueofpotteryisactuallyenhancedthankstoits"scars."日本的“金继”艺术告诉我们，碎裂的物品不用藏起来，可以骄傲示人，因为正是“伤痕”提升了陶器的价值。Academicexploration2LanguagefocusVocabularylearningcraftsmanshipn.thespecialskillthatsb.Usestomakesth.beautifulwiththeirhands手艺；工艺；技艺handcraftedadj.skillfullymadebyhand,notbymachine手工做的plankn.alongnarrowpieceofwoodenboard,usedesp.formakingstructurestowalkon(厚）木板，板条artistryn.skillinaparticularartisticactivity艺术技巧；艺术才华carvevt.tomakeanobjectorpatternbycuttingapieceofwoodorstone雕，刻WordsinuseItisentirelytruethatnoartworkcansatisfyeveryone.Theartistryofthisclockoffersathoughtfulmarriageofformandfunction.Somemoderndesignersbelievethatwell-designedbuildingsshouldbefunctionalaswellasbeautiful.AnimportantinventionoftheancientChinesepeoplewasthatofafine,delicateitemknownasporcelain.Myparentscan’tjudgetheiroldhomerealistically.Theyhavearomanticimpressionofit,andthinkit’sbetterthanitreallywas.Itrustthattheaboveobjectionswillbetakenfullyintoaccountindeterminingwhichdesigntouse.TranslationThemechanicaladvantageofamachineistheabilitytoworkefficientlyandeffectively,especiallytodotasksthataredifficultforhumanssuchasliftingthickplanksorpushingheavythings.机器的机械优势在于能快速有效地工作，尤其是做人工很难完成的事情，比如举起厚木板，或者推动重物。Althoughtheydidnotintendtoharmthelocaltraditions,whathappenedineffectwasthedisappearanceoftraditionalcraftsmanship.虽然他们并非有意伤害当地传统，但事实上传统手工艺消失了。Keepingongoodtermswithlocalpeoplewillhelpthecompanytosurviveoverseas.和当地人保持良好关系能帮助公司在海外立足。Whetheracquiredbytradeorbygift,thesehandcraftsweretreasuredthroughouttheMiddleAges(中世纪)asmarvelsofimaginativecraftsmanshipandwereoftenimitated.这些手工艺品无论是通过贸易还是馈赠获得，在中世纪都被视为极具想象力的手工艺珍宝，常常被模仿。Unit3Academicexploration1LanguagefocusVocabularylearningpandemicn.adiseasethataffectspeopleoveraverylargeareaorthewholeworld流行病，大流行病，瘟疫propagatevt.tospreadanidea,belief,etc.tomanypeople传播，散播，宣传（观点、信仰等）WordsinuseThefollowingstandardoperatingproceduremustbefollowedbyalllaboratoryworkerswherelaboratoryworkinvolveshazardouschemicals.Currentliteratureprovidesadequateevidencethatintensivelifestylemodificationscouldlowertheincidenceofdiabetesandcardiovascular(心血管的）diseases.Inthehospital,everypatientispotentiallyatriskofacquiringandtransmittinginfectiousdiseasestootherpatientsandhealthcareworkers.Immunizationprovidesthechiefdefenseforchildrentosurvivedeadlydiseases.PeoplemaybeinfectedbytouchingsomethingcontaminatedbytheCOVID-19virusandthentouchingtheirownmouth,nose,oreyes.Expertsacrosstheglobepredictthattherewillbeanotherviralpandemicsoonerratherthanlater.Thegovernmenthaslaunchedaseriesofprogramstopropagateknowledgeabouttherecentpandemicoutbreakandpreventivemeasuresagainstit.ObesityoccurswhentoomuchfatisdepositedinthebodyduetoanimbalanceofEnergyintakeandconsumption.Translation1.Mostpeoplewithhealthyimmunity(免疫力)arenoteasilyaffectedbybacteriaontheskin,butpeoplewithaweakenedimmunesystemaremoreatrisk.大多数免疫力良好的人不容易受到皮肤上的细菌的影响，但是免疫系统较弱的人面临感染的风险更大。2.Globallyhealthcareprofessionalsareconvincedthattechnologieslikepersonalhealthmonitoringdeviceswillplayavitalroleincreatingapositivehealthcarefuture.全球医疗保健专业人士坚信，诸如个人健康监测设备之类的技术将发挥至关重要的作用，为医疗保健创造一个光明的未来。3.Notably,earlyriskdetectionontheoutbreakoftheinfectiousdiseasewillhelptoimposetimelyandeffectivepublichealthmeasurestopreventitsspread.值得注意的是，及早发现疫情风险，有助于采取及时有效的公共卫生措施，防止疫情蔓延。4.Medicalresearchersproposedanewdiseasecategoryofskindisorders.医学研究人员提了一种新的皮肤病类别。5.Furtheranalysisrevealedsignificantdifferencesbetweenthecontrolgroupandthetreatmentgroup.进一步的分析显示，对照组和治疗组之间存在显著差异。Academicexploration2LanguagefocusVocabularylearningcatastrophicadj.causingalotofdestruction,suffering,ordeath灾难性的，毁灭性的diminishv.tobecomeormakesth.Becomesmallerorless(使）减少。（使）减小pharmaceuticaladj.relatingtotheproductionofdrugsandmedicines制药的predominantlyadv.mostlyormainly在很大程度上，主要地vaccinen.asubstancewhichcontainsaweakformofthebacteriaorvirusthatcausesadiseaseandisusedtoprotectpeoplefromthatdisease.疫苗closuren.theactofclosingorthestateofbeingclosed关闭；封闭detrimentaladj.causingharmordamage有害的，不利的demographyn.1themakeupofaparticularhumanpopulation人口组成2thestudyofhumanpopulationsandthewaysinwhichtheychange,forexamplethestudyofhowmanybirths,marriagesanddeathshappeninaparticularplaceataparticulartime人口学，人口统计学WordsinuseInpastdecades,thefieldofcardio-oncology(肿瘤心脏病学)haspredominantlyfocusedonpreventionandtreatmentofcardiovasculardiseaseincancersurvivors.2.Amongthemanytypesofcatastrophicmedicalmistakesthatoccur,surgicalerrorscanbethemostdreadful.3.Severalmodelshavebeenproposedtoexplainthechangingdemographyofchronicdiseasesofaffluence,suchascardiovasculardisease.4.Thegel(凝胶)quicklycoatsthepointofbleeding,resultinginthephysicalclosureofthebrokenbloodvessel.5.Itnormallytakesyearstodesignamanufacturingprocessanddevelopanewvaccineordrug.6.Chronic,prolonged(持久的)stresscanbedetrimentaltoouroverallhealthifleftuntreated.7.Governmentsshouldmakelawstoguaranteethemanufacturinganddeliveryofurgentlyneededpharmaceuticalproductsusedtotreatemergingthreats.8.Mostconsumersprefereatingcookednutsasopposedtorawalthoughcookingdiminishestheirhealthbenefits.TranslationCarryingexcessweighthasanadverseconsequenceforone’shealthandincreasestheriskofhealthproblems.超重会给一个人的健康造成不良后果，并增加健康问题的风险。。Themainobjectivesofthisreformweretoreducehealthexpenditureforpatients,andimprovethequalityofhospitalservices.这次改革的主要目标是减少病人的医疗开支，提高医院的服务质量。Itisestimatedthatby2050,therewillbenearly13.8millionAmericansage65andolderthatwillsufferfromAlzheimer’s(阿尔茨海默病).据估计，到2050年，将有近1380万65岁及以上的美国人患阿尔茨海默病。Thegovernmentfundedanewmediacampaigntoraisepeople’sawarenessandconcernaboutautism(自闭症).政府资助了一项新的媒体宣传活动，以提高人们对自闭症的认识和关注。Unit4Academicexploration1LanguagefocusVocabularylearningapproximatelyadv.moreorlessthananumberoramount大约，大概linguisticallyadv.Inawaythatrelatestolanguage,words,orlinguistics语言学方面discriminationn.thepracticeoftreatingonepersonorgroupdifferentlyfromanotherinanunfairway.歧视enforcevt.tomakepeopleobeyaruleorlaw执行，实施（法律）urbanizationn.theprocessofcreatingcitiesortownsincountryareas城市化dedicatedadj.1.sb.whoisdedicatedworksveryhardatwhattheydobecausetheycarealotaboutit满腔热枕的，有奉献精神的2.（onlybeforenone)madefororusedforonlyoneparticularpurpose专用的dedicatevt.1togiveallyourattentionandefforttooneparticularthing致力于，献身于2touseaplace,time,money,etc.onlyforaparticularpurpose把...专用于reversevt.tochangesth.,suchasadecision,judgement,orprocesssothatitistheoppositeofwhatitwasbefore推翻，彻底改变（决定、判决、过程等）WordsinuseIfwecanembraceculturaldiversitywheninteractingwithothers,wewillbeabletobuildbridgestotrust,respect,andunderstandingacrosscultures.Nolanguageissuperiortoanother.Alllanguagesareequalnomatterwhethertheyarespokenbythemajorityornot.Theworldhasexperienceddramaticurbanizationinrecentdecadesasmoreandmorepeoplemovetocitiesforbetterjobsandopportunities.Minoritylanguagesneedtobeprotectedinordertobeabletosurviveintheprocessofglobalization.Thedesiretoengageinhands-onactivitiestosolveproblemsinnovativelyisthehallmark(特征)ofapassionateanddedicatedscientist.Themosteffectivewaytoprotectalanguageistograntitaspecialstatus.Commerceaffectsmanydecisions.Themajorityofbusinessmenarefocusedoneconomicsuccess.Thedistributionofanimalscanbeimproved.Someendangeredanimalscouldbereintroducedtoareastheyoncelived.TranslationEarlychildhoodeducatorsfacehugechallengeswhentheyworkwithchildrenandfamiliesfromculturallyandlinguisticallydiversebackgrounds.有多元语言文化背景的儿童和家庭会给幼儿教育工作者带来巨大挑战。Stronggovernmentcommitmentandleadershipareneededtoenforceeffectivemeasurestoprotectculturalheritagefrommultiplethreats.要保证有效举措得以实施，需要政府的充分投入和强有力的领导，从而使文化遗产免受各种威胁。Linguistsstudiedapproximately37,000wordsacrossfivedifferentlanguages(English,Spanish,Dutch,German,andPolish)tofigureouttheconnectionbetweenthesoundsthatwerepronouncedandtheemotionsthatwereexpressedinallfivelanguages.语言学家对五种语言（英语、西班牙语、荷兰语、德语和波兰语）中的约37000个单词进行了研究，以分析这些语言的发音和所表达的情感之间的联系。Inaflipped(翻转的)class,thetraditionalteachingprocessisreversedwithclasstimededicatedtodiscussion-basedactivities,whereaslearnersconstructtheirownknowledgeoutsideoftheclassroom.在翻转课堂中，传统的教学过程被翻转，课堂时间主要用来开展讨论活动，而构建知识体系的任务由学习者在课外完成。Experiencesofdiscriminationcantriggernegativeemotionsthatcanleadtoalteredphysiologicalreactions,whichcanincreasetheriskofpoorhealth.受到歧视会引发负面情绪，这种情绪会导致生理反应发生变化，增加损害健康的风险。Academicexploration2LanguagefocusVocabularylearningextinctionn.whenaparticulartypeofanimalorplantstopsexisting灭绝，绝种extinctadj.anextincttypeofanimalorplantdoesnotexistanymore灭绝的，绝种的conservationn.theprotectionofnaturalthingssuchasanimals,plants,forests,etc.,topreventthemfrombeingspoiledordestroyed(动植物、森林等的）保护intrinsicallyadv.Inanessentialornaturalway本质上ecosystemn.alltheanimalsandplantsinaparticulararea,andthewayinwhichtheyarerelatedtoeachotherandtotheirenvironment生态系统exacerbatevt.tomakeabadsituationworse使恶化；使加重WordsinuseHumanactivitieslikethewidespreaddestructionoftreesandplantscandisrupttheenvironment.Possiblesolutionstofoodshortageincludeenhancingagriculturaltechnologies,reducingfoodwaste,andimprovinglandmanagement.Someanimalsareabletosurviveandthriveafteracatastrophe(灾难)becausetheyhavequalitiesthatmakethemadaptableandcompetitiveintoughconditions.Somepeopleargueitisnaturalforanimalstodieoutbecausetheycannotsurvivethemodernworld.Doyouagree?Whenoneanimalisoverhunted,itwillaffectwhattheotheranimalseatbecauselotsofdifferentanimalsarelinkedtogetherthroughthefoodchain.Whichhabitatisbestforthewildlifeinyourcountry:mountain,desert,jungle,orsomethingelse?Somepeoplebreeddogstoperformspecifictasks,suchashunting,herding,andguarding.Electronicwastehasbeenregardedasoneofthegreatestthreatstoourplanet.TranslationOngoingurbanizationhasthepotentialtoexacerbatebeedeclines,unlessmeasuresaretakentomakesureappropriatefloral(花卉的)resourcesareavailable.持续的城市化有可能会加剧蜜蜂数量减少的问题，除非采取措施确保有可用的花卉资源。Aresearchindicatesabout100to2,500birdspeciesmaygoextinctduetoclimatechange,dependingontheseverityofglobalwarmingandhabitatloss,andontheabilityofbirdstofindnewhomesasrisingtemperaturesforcethemtohigherelevations(海拔)wherethereislessornohabitat.一项研究表明，气候变化可能会导致大约100到2500种鸟灭绝，其决定因素包括全球变暖和栖息地丧失的严重程度，以及随着气温上升，鸟类被迫迁往栖息地较少或没有栖息地的高海拔区域时，是否有重新安家的能力。Somespecieslackthetraitsneededtoachievedominanceacrossarangeofhabitatsatallwhichwouldmakethemintrinsicallysubordinate(从属的).有些物种缺乏在一片栖息地中占据支配地位所需的特性，这使它们在本质上处于从属地位。ThankstotheChinesegovernment’snationalconservationprogramforthegiantpandaanditshabitat,thenumberofpandareserveshasalreadydrasticallyincreased.中国政府制定的国家大熊猫及其栖息地保护计划使大熊猫保护区的数量大幅增加。Unit5Academicexploration1LanguagefocusVocabularylearningethicaladj.1relatingtoprinciplesofwhatisrightandwrong关于伦理的2morallygoodorcorrect合乎道德的；道德上正确的illegaladj.notallowedbythelaw非法的，违法的representativen.sb.whohasbeenchosentospeak,vote,ormakedecisionsforsbelse.代表，代理人maintainv.tomakesth.Continueinthesamewayoratthesamestandardasbefore保持；维持ultimatelyadv.Finally,aftereverythingelsehasbeendoneorconsidered.最后，最终controversialadj.causingalotofdisagreement,becausemanypeoplehavestrongopinionsaboutthesubjectbeingdiscussed.引起争议的，有争议的provisionn.whenyouprovidesth.thatsb.needsnoworinthefuture提供，供给；预备evasionn.whenyoudeliberatelyavoiddoingsth.thatyoushoulddo,orpayinganamountofmoneythatyoushouldpay回避，逃避WordsinuseThegovernmenthasintroducedaninitiativetofightagainsttaxavoidance.Corporateorganizationsshouldberesponsibleforthebehavioroftheiremployees.Thisinstituteaimstoimprovebusinessethicsandencouragehighstandardsofbusinessbehaviorbasedonethics,butithasnocontroloverhowcompaniesactuallybehave.Inanidealsituation,noonewoulddoanythingillegal.Theywouldallfollowthelaw.Ultimately,itisuptotheindividualtodecidewhatisrightandwrong.Thisreportdiscussesthepoliciesdevelopedatthenationalleveltoimprovetheprovisionofchildcarefacilities.Thecurbsonbigcompaniessuggestgovernmentsarebeginningtoreinin(约束)giants,andtheirevasionofresponsibilitymaybecomingtoanend.Generally,aparentorguardianofaminorchild(未成年子女)isregardedasthe“personalrepresentative”oftheminorchild.TranslationRegulationsaremadeaftertakingintoconsiderationthewholepublicatlarge,andsotheymustbefollowedbythem.Violationofanyregulationmaycauseseverepunishment.法规是在考虑大众整体的基础上制定的，所以必须为全体大众所遵守。违反任何法规的行为都可能受到严厉惩罚。Managementdefinestheframeworkforhoworganizationalcultureaffectsemployees,customersandhowanorganizationdealswithethicalissues.公司管理在总体上决定了公司文化如何影响员工和客户，以及一个公司如何处理伦理问题。Nowadays,multidimensionalpeacekeepingoperationsarecalledupontomaintaininternationalpeaceandsecurity.当下，需要多维度的维和行动来维持国际和平与安全。Whilewearemindlesslypostingourlivesonline,ourdataisshared,traded,andusedbytechcompanies,whichcreatesgrowingcontroversialissuesconcerningtheethicsofdigitaldatacollection.当我们毫不在意地将个人生活发布在网络上时，我们的个人数据为科技公司所共享、交易和使用，这在数据收集的伦理问题上引发了越来越多的争议。Academicexploration2LanguagefocusVocabularylearningcreditn.approvalorpraisethatyougivetosb.forsth.theyhavedone赞扬；赞许misdemeanorn.abadorunacceptableactionthatisnotveryserious不当行为，不检点行为issuev.ifanorganizationorsb.inanofficialpositionissuessth.suchasdocumentsorequipment,theygivethesethingstopeoplewhoneedthem(组织或官员）发给，分发（文件、设备等所需之物）motivatorn.sth.orsb.thatmakesyouwanttodoorachievesth.起激励作用的事（人）促进因素；动力declarev.tostateonanofficialgovernmentformhowmuchmoneyyouhaveearned,whatpropertyyouown,etc.申报(收入、财产等）perfumen.aliquidwithastrongpleasantsmell,usu.madefromoilstakenfromflowersorspicesandoftenusedontheskinorclothing香水evadev.toavoidpayingmoneythatyououghttopay,forexampletax规避，逃避（纳税等）WordsinuseWhencompaniesrecruitnewemployees,theyshouldnotonlytakethecandidates’professionalcapacitiesintoaccount,butalsoevaluatetheirpersonalcharacter.Acompanynormallywouldupdatetheemployeehandbookannuallyinordertobetterregulateemployeebehaviorandconductatwork.Evenifinsomecasesanemployee’sintentionsaregood,hisorherbehaviorcanstillberecognizedasunethical.Thecompanywillissueanidentitycardtoeverynewemployeeattheveryfirstworkingday.Thecompanymightruntheriskofbeingsued(起诉)astheyhavefailedtocorrectlycalculateanddeclaretheamountoftaxaccordingtotheapplicablelaw.Oneoftheclausesinthecontractsaysthatemployeesarestrictlyforbiddentorevealanyinformationabouttheclients.Despitethefactthatcompanieswouldusuallystatetherelevantrulespubliclyandclearly,therearestilloccasionalviolations.TranslationWhatmighthinderacompany’sdevelopmentarenotnecessarilythoseillegalactsofcompanyemployees,butmisdemeanorssometimeshappeningwithoutbeingnoticed..阻碍一家公司发展的不一定是职员的违法行径，而是一些有时甚至不为人所注意的不端行为。Individualsorentitiesbeingconvicted(判定…有罪)ofevadingtaxescouldbepunishedwithsubstantialpenaltieswhichmightincludefinesandasentenceofmonthsorevenuptoyears.被判偷税罪的个人或实体会受到包括罚款以及数月甚至数年监禁在内的重大处罚。Scholarshavedefinedacorporatemoralcodeasasetofstandardsusedtoguidethebehaviorofbothemployeesandcompany.学者们将企业道德规范定义为一整套用来指导员工和公司行为的准则。Somepeopletreatrewardsasthemostpowerfulmotivatorsthathelpinregulatingonesbehaviorandemotionsintheworkplace.一些人将奖励看作最强有力的激励因素，能够帮助规范个体在职场的行为和情绪。Unit6AcademicexplorationLanguagefocusVocabularylearningbiodegradableadj.materials,chemicals,etc.thatarebiodegradablearechangednaturallybybacteriaintosubstancethatdonotharmtheenvironment可生物降解的，能进行生物降解的obsoleteadj.nolongeruseful,becausesth.newerandbetterhasbeeninvented废弃的，淘汰的；过时的devastatingadj.badlydamagingordestroyingsth.毁灭性的，破坏力极强的predecessorn.amachine,system,etc.thatexistedbeforeanotheroneinaprocessofdevelopment(机器、系统等的）前身radioactiveadj.aradioactivesubstanceisdangerousbecauseitcontainsradiation具有放射性的biomedicaladj.relatingtohowbiologyaffectsmedicine生物医学的infancyn.1thetimewhensth.isjuststartingtobedeveloped初期，初创期2theperiodofachild’slifebeforetheycanwalkortalk婴儿期revolutionizevt.tocompletelychangethewaypeopledosth.orthinkaboutsth.使彻底变革，给......带来革命WordsinuseManynewproductsaredevelopedtotrytotackleaproblemthatexists.Adevastatingeventsuchasatsunami(海啸)canendangerthousandsoflives.It’sarevolutionarymaterialthatcoulddramaticallychangehundredsofdifferentareas.Manytechnologicaldevelopmentseventuallybecomeobsoleteasnewproductsemerge.Manypeoplefiltertapwatertomakeittastebetter.Aparticleisatinyelementthatispartofanatom,suchasanelectron,proton(质子),orneutron(中子).Scientistsandproductdevelopersoftenlookatthepropertiesofnewmaterialsandhowtheycanbeusedindifferentways.Muchresearchisdonetoimprovetheefficiencyofthingsthatalreadyexist.Translation1.Theuseofbiodegradableplasticsthatcanbreakdownnaturallycanreducetheaccumulationofenvironmentallypersistentplasticwastes.使用能自然分解的生物降解塑料可以减少那些对环境有长期影响的塑料废物的聚积。2.Smaller,lighter,andnimbler(更灵活的)thanitspredecessors,thenewlydesignedroboticarmcanbeprogrammedtoperformawidevarietyoftaskswithgreataccuracy.新设计的机器人手臂比之前的版本更小、更轻、更灵活，能在程序控制下精准地执行各种各样的任务。3.Whennewtechnologiesreachamaturestageatwhichthey