21世纪大学实用英语综合教程 第二册 Unit 7

标准文档教 案授课单元本（章）授课方式本（）节教学

21世纪大学实用英语第2册第7单元课堂讲授（√） 实践课（ ） 教学时数 6masterthebasiclanguageandskillsnecessarytofulfillobligations;understandthemainideasofTextA,TextBandTextandmastertheusefulsentencestructuresandwordsexpressionsfoundintheexercisesrelevanttothefirsttwotexts;授 目 3.knowhowtousethesubjunctivemood;标课 4.knowhowtowriteapersonalletter;要点 5.understandparagraphdevelopment.教学重点和难点思考题或作 业实用文案

backgroundinformation:JeandeLaFontaineandFairy;thePracticeofFulfillingObligations;identifythemainideaofeachparagraph;analyzessomedifficultsentencesandsomelanguagepoints;grammar:subjunctivemoodvocabularystructuretranslation标准文档教学内容与组织安排1stperiod TextA(GlobalReading)2nd3rdperiod4thperiod5thperiod6thperiod

TextA(DetailedReading)GrammarReviewPracticalWritingTextBImproveYourReadingSkills1stperiod TextA(GlobalReading)TellyourclassmateswhatyouwoulddointhefollowingsituationsandthenreadAtofindwhatanswerstheauthorgives.实用文案标准文档2ndperiod TextA(DetailedQuestionsforunderstandingofdeatailsWhatdoestheauthorthinkMaryshoulddo?Maryshouldsay whatshethinksdirectlytoWhyshouldpeoplebehonestaccordingtotheauthor?Becausehonestymakesthingssimple./Becausehonestyistheeasiestsolution.InsteadofbeinghonestwhentheymakemistakeswhatdopeoplePeopletrytocreatestoriesandexcuses.WhatwillhappentoyouifyouarehonestwithYouwillbenefitintheend.Whatisstrangeabouttheauthor’sfriendwhocametoseehimrecently?Hewouldn’ttelltheauthorhewantedworkthoughhecouldn’tevenpayhisrent.Itisreallynotthatcomplicated…Whycomplicatelife?Byaskingforit.Howdoyoushowrespectbothtoothersandtoyourself?Behonestwithothers.SentenceAnalysis其实这事并不那么复杂……为什么要把生活复杂化呢？complicatedWhyshouldwecomplicatelife?Anotheralternative…“Harry,I’vebeenagonizingoverwhattosaytoyou.Ievenaskedmyfriendabouthowtotellyouthis—yousee,Ithinkyou’reaniceguybutIdon’twanttodateyou.”还有一种选择……“哈里，我一直在发愁不知该怎么对你说。我甚至问过我的朋友该怎么把这话告诉你——你知道，我认为你这人相当不错，但我不想和你约会。”anotheralternative后面补充完整是：anotheralternativetowhatyousaythis的同位语是破折号后面的一句话。date是动词，意为“与…约会”。It’snotthathumanitywillloveyoumoreifyoudon’ttelllies,butthathonesty,withtact,istheeasiestsolution.这倒不是因为如果你不撒谎，人们就会更爱你，而是因为诚实，再带点技巧，是最容易的解决方法。It’snotthat…butthat…意思为“这并不是（因为）…而是（因为）…”。Youcouldgotogreatlengthstocreatestoriesandexcuses…你可以绞尽脑汁编造谎言和借口……在这里，createstories意为“编造谎言”，stories意为“谎言”。Itisnofuntellingyouthisbutyourproposalsarenowatthecitydump!告诉你这件事绝非趣事，但现在你的提案已在城市垃圾场里了!Isn’titstrangeItreferstothestrangebehavioroftheauthor’sfriend.it指后面一句（Themanwouldn’teventellmethatheneededwork.Meanwhile,hecouldn’tpayhisrent.）的内容。theyknowwhereyoustand: 他们了解你的立场Ifiguredhewasonasocialvisit.我猜他就是来看看我。onasocialvisit意为“社交性访问”。实用文案标准文档Hadhesaid,“IlostmyjobandIneedsomework,”Icouldhavehelpedhim.Isn’titstrange?Themanwouldn’teventellmethatheneededwork.Meanwhile,hecouldn’tpayhisrent.HadhesaidIfhehadsaid。Intheliterarystyle,thestructures“wereI/you/heetc.,shouldI/you/he/etc.andhadI/you/he/etc.”areusedinsteadof“ifI/you/he/etc.were,ifI/you/he/etc.shouldandifI/you/he/etc.had.”在较正式的文体里，wereI/you/heetc.,shouldI/you/he/etc.和hadI/you/he/etc.可以替代ifI/you/he/etc.were,ifI/you/he/etc.should和ifI/you/he/etc.had。e.g.Wereshemydaughter,IcouldsuggestseveralstepsIconsidergoodtotake.HadIrealizedwhatyouintended,Iwouldnothavewastedmytimetryingtoexplainmatterstoyou.Shouldyouchangeyourmind,letusknow.Whatdoyousay?=Doyoulikeit?Doyouagreetomysuggestion?你喜欢吗？你同意我的建议吗？Also,ifyoudon’tknowsomething,behonestaboutit.还有，如果某件事你不知道，就诚实地说不知道。also在这里是修饰整个句子的副词，放在句首，后用逗号，表示增加一个相关事实。WordsandExpressionspayoff:(ofariskypolicy,courseofaction,etc.)bringgoodresult;provesuccessful,rewarding,orworthwhile;work（冒险的政策、做法等）果；取得成功；值得；行得通e.g.Herhardworkpaidoffwhenshegotabigraise.Theirmorecarefulmethodpaidoffintheend.takesb.out:takesb.somewhereforexerciseorrecreation乐e.g.Hermothertookheroutfortheday.Myboyfriendtookmeouttoafancyrestaurantforlunch.havesth./nothing/etc.incommon:havesome/no/erests,beliefs,etc.thatareequallyshared//等e.g.Hehasnothingincommonwithhiswife;forexample,helikestostayatandshelikestogooutandenjoyherself.JaneandIhavemuchincommon.=IhavemuchincommonwithJmon:a.usualorfamiliar;happeningorfoundoftenandinmanyplaces;sharedby,belongingtoordonebytwoormorepeople有的；共同（做）的e.g.CatsarecommonpetsinEngland.Itisquitecommonforhimtotalkinhissleep.agonise/agonize:vi.suffergreatanxietyorworryintensely极度忧虑（或担心）e.g.Sheagonizedfordaysaboutwhethersheshouldtakethejob.实用文案标准文档Stopagonizingoversomethingyoucandonothingplicated:adj.(ofamachine,thought,actionetc)verydifficulttounderstand复杂的e.g.TherulesareverycomplicatedandIdoubtifmanypeoplecanunderstandItallsoundsverycomplicated.alternative:n.choiceoftwoormorepossibilities;oneoftwoormorepossibilities两者（或多者）择一，取舍，抉择；供选择的东西e.g.Wehavetwoalternatives.Hisideaseemedtoofferapossiblealternativetosurgery.date:v.meetregularlywithsb.oftheoppositesex 约会e.g.MaryisdatingMark.Idon’tliketheideaofmydaughterdatingwhenshe’ssoyoung.humanity:n.humanbeingscollectively;thehumanrace;people［总称］类；人们e.g.Thedeathsofsomanypeopleinthewarwasdescribedasacrimeagainsthumanity.Humanitywasthreatenedbyanotherworldwar.tact:nskillatnotoffendingpeopleoratgaininggoodwillby sayingortherightthing（处事、言谈等的）圆通，乖巧，机敏；外交手腕e.g.Helpingpeoplewhohavemarriageproblemsrequiresagreatdealoftactpatience.Iwishyou’dusedalittlemoretactwhenyoutoldherabouthercatdying.solution:n.answertoaproblem,question,difficulty,问题、疑难等的）答；答案；解决办法e.g.Theyhaveworkedoutaquicksolutionfordealingwiththeproblem.Theywereseekingasolutiontothecity’strafficproblem.Let’ssaylet’ssupposeforexample让我们假定；比如说e.g.Let’ssaythejourneytakesthreehours,thatmeansyou’llarriveat2o’clock.TakeanyChinesepoet,let’ssayLiBai,andstudythewayhedescribesemotions.insteadof:intheplaceof;insubstitutionfor;ratherthan代替；而不是e.g.Sincehe’sill,I’mgoinginsteadofhim.Insteadofstoppingwhenthepolicemanshouted,heranaway.gotogreatlengths(todosth.):(bepreparedto)doeverythingonecan(tosth.)（为达到目的）不遗余力，竭尽全力；不顾一切e.g.Hewenttogreatlengthstogetaphotoofthequeen.Nowtakegoodcareof thisbook;Iwenttogreatlengthstogetacopyforlength:n.measurementorextentfromendtoend长，长度e.g.Thetableisatleasttwelvefeetinlength.Hemeasuredthelengthandwidthofthetable.Thesefishcanreachalengthofovertwocreatestories:编造谎言。storiese.g.Theboysayshelivesinabighousewithaswimmingpool,butIthinkhe’stellingstories.idiot/5IdI[t/:n.veryfoolishperson;fool白痴；傻瓜，笨蛋，糊涂虫实用文案标准文档e.g.Someidiotleftthetaprunninginthebathroomandthere’swatereverywhere.Youstupididiot—that’samonth’sworkyou’velost!fun:n.amusement,enjoyment;thatwhichcausesamusementormerriment 乐，快乐；有趣的人（或物）e.g.Idon’tseeanyfunoflearningtoplaythepiano.OurEnglishteacherisgreatfunandwealllikeposal:n.actofsuggestingorputtingforward;thingthatissuggested议e.g.Thegovernmentbroughtforwardanewsetofproposalsonhumanrights.e.g.Iwelcometheproposalconcerningtheuseoftheland.dumpn.placewhererubbishmaybeunloadedandleft;rubbish-heap垃圾堆e.g.takewastetothedumptrashn.rubbish;garbage;thingsthatonethrowsaway 废物；垃圾admirevt.regardwithrespect,warmapproval,delight,etc.钦佩；赞赏；羡慕e.g.Youhavetoadmiretheircourage.Icouldn’thelpbutadmirehisdetermination.whereyoustand:whatisyourattitude你的立场giveittosb.straight:tellsb.sth.(usu.sth.unpleasantorcritical)inacompletelyfrankway对某人直言不讳e.g.Togiveittoyoustraight,Idon’tthinkshe’stherightpersonforthejob.Igaveittohimstraight—Isaid“Look,I’vegotaboyfriendalreadyandI’mnotinterested,allright?!”hangaround:staynearinanidleway;remainidlinginaplace 闲荡e.g.ThebuswaslatesoIhadtohangaroundthebusstationforawholehour.“Sowhatareyoudoinghere?”“Me,nothing—I’mjusthangingaround.”onasocialvisit:社交性的访问social:a.oforinsociety;ofordesignedforcompanionshipandrecreation社交的，交际的e.g.IhadsuchagoodsociallifewhenIwasatcollege.MostBritishschoolsorganizesocialeventsforthestudents.Isn’titstrangeItreferstothestrangebehavioroftheauthor’sfriend.it指后面一句（Themanwouldn’teventellmethatheneededwork.Meanwhile,hecouldn’tpayhisrent.）的内容。meanwhile/5mi:n(h)waIl/:hetimebetweentwoevents;atthesametime其间；与此同时e.g.Shehidunderthetable—meanwhile,thesoundofbootsonthestairswascomingnearer.ThepartyisonTuesday; meanwhileIhavetoshopandcook.rent/rent/:n.regularpaymentmadefortheuseofsth.,e.g.ahouse,land房租；地租e.g.Howmuchdoyoupayinrenteverymonth?Hecouldn’taffordtherentbyhimself.实用文案标准文档fellow:n.［infml］manorboy;chap［口］男人；男孩；小伙子；家伙hasslevt.harass;annoy;bother（不断）打扰；使烦恼；烦扰e.g.She’llhasslemeuntilIagreetowritetheletterforher.HehassledmesomuchthatIdecidednottoseehimforawhile.fascinating:a.havinggreatattractionorcharmlook/fascinatinge.g.Whatwasfascinatingtomewasthewaytheanimalmoves.charm:n.powerofpleasing,fascinatingorattractingpeople;attractiveness;pleasingorattractingfeatureorquality魅力；引人喜爱的特征；迷人的特征e.g.Hisnaturalcharmmadehimverypopular.awomanofgreatcharmTheideaofbeingafarmerhaslostitscharmformebythistime.charming:a.havingorshowingcharm;delightful 令人高兴的e.g.Shelookedsmallandgentleandaltogethercharming.Theyhadacharminglittlecottagebytheriver.exasperating:a.extremelyannoying使人恼怒的；激怒人的e.g.exasperatingdelaysTimeaftertime,herefusedtohelp;it’ssoexasperating.inanutshell:(expresssth.)verysimply,directlyandinafewwordsonly要地（说，概括地（说；简而言之e.g.“Ishecomingwithus?”“Inanutshell,no.”Well,toputitinanutshell,we’regoingtohavetostartagain.nut/nQt/:n.fruitconsistingofahardshellwithakernelinsideitthatcanbeeaten 坚果shell/Fel/:n.hardoutercoveringofeggs,ofnutkernels,ofsomeseedsandfruits,andofanimalssuchasoysters,snails,crabsandtortoises（蛋、坚果、种子、果实以及牡蛎、蜗牛、蟹、龟等的）壳nutshell/5nQtFel/:n.hardcoveringaroundthekernelofanut坚果外壳tactfula.havingorshowingtact圆通的，乖巧的，机敏的e.g.She’sverytactfulwhenshedealswithstudentsandtheirproblems.Itwouldbetactfulnottoaskheraboutherexam.tellitlikeitis:［sl,infml］behonest;tellthetruth说实话；实话实说colleague:n.personwithwhomoneworks,esp.inaprofessionorbusiness 事3rdperiod GrammarReview非真实性条件句(TheSubjunctiveMood)实用文案 标准文档 构成说明表示与现在事实相反，if从句的谓语动词用般过去时，主句的谓语动词用should,could,might等加动词原形。

例句IfI herIteIephoneher.句我要是知道她的电话号码，就会打电话给她了。I thebookifIyou.我要是你的话，就不买这本书。构成说明表示与过去事实相反，if从句的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句的谓语动词用should,would,could,might等加动词完成时。

例 句IfI withoutyou,Iaticket.要是没有你，我决不会弄到一张票的。IfIhadknownhowdifficultthejobwas,I 我当时要是知道这项工作有多么困难，我就不会接受它了。构成说明表示与将来事实相反if从句的谓语动词用wereto+V, 主句的谓语动词用等加动词原形。

例句Ifshe harder,theexamination.句的。Ifthepolicecatchhe'atleastsevenyearsinprison.如果警察捉住他，他至少要蹲7年监狱。实用文案标准文档4thperiodPracticalWritingPersonalLetters(2)Thesedays,increasedaccesstothetelephoneande-mailhasresultedinwritingfewerletters,butpeoplestillenjoyreceivingandreadingletters.InformalStyleKnowledgeofappropriatestylesoflanguageisanimportantsocialskillandonethatteacherscanhelpstudentsdevelop.Ifyouarewritingaquicknotetoafriend,youdonotneedtoworrytoomuchaboutusingthecorrectformatortoincludeyouraddress.Givenbelow,however,isthelayoutforapersonal(love)letter.1735StantonAve.Richmond,VA22045May15,2004MyDearCheryl,Lovingyouissoeasy.TherearesomanyreasonswhyIloveyou…Thelittlethingsyoudo,thesimplegesturesyoumake,thefeelingsandthoughtsthatyousharewithme.Iadorethewayyoulook,thewayyoumove,andinfectioussmile.Therearesomanythingstoloveaboutyou!DoyouknowIloveitwhenyoudaydreamandyouthinknooneiswatching?DoyouknowIlovethewayyoureyessparklewhenyoutellafunnystory?DoyouknowthatIlovetheshapeofyourIcouldgoonandon.It’simportanttomethatyouknowthatIloveyou—andhowmuchIloveyou.Sowhateveritisthatyouaredoing,thinkingorsaying,asyougoaboutyour—knowthatIamtherewithyou,lovingyou.MuchLove,Nathan实用文案标准文档Friendlylettersdonothavetobeasformalorseriousasbusinessletters,sincenormallytheywillbewrittentopeopleyouknow.Itisstillagoodideatokeepyouraudienceinmind,however—don’tuseslangifyouarewritingtoyourprofessorsorbosses,ortoomanyformalexpressionsifyouarewritingtoaclosefriend.Forexample:DearFudge,Hey,howisitgoinginFlorida?Hopeyou’rehavinggreatweather.Youwouldn’tbelievethesnowywinterwe’vehad!Yuk!Imissgoingtotheparkintheafternoon.So,what’snewwithyou?Areyougoingtotryoutforanyspringsports?Whatnewgamesdidyougetforyourbirthday?Hopeyouenjoyedthegiftwesentyou.Can’twaituntilwecomedowntovisityouatspringbreak.Let’sgotoUniversalStudiosagain.Catchyoulater,ScooterDearUncleAdam,ThanksverymuchfortheCDvoucheryousentmeformybirthday.Iboughtsoundtrackfrom“Titanic”withit,forIreallylovedthemovie.We’vegotaweek-longstudybreakinJune,andMumsaidImightgetmoreworkdoneifIcamedownandstayedwithyou.Shedoesn’twantallmymatestokeepringingmeupandaskingmeout.CouldIcomedownonSaturday(the8th)andstayfortheweek?Youdon’tneedtopickmeupfromthebusstation.I’llgetataxi.Ifthat’scoolwithyou,givemeabuzzthisweekendandI’lltellMumshecanrelax.Seeyousoon(Ihope).Luv,Teri5thperiod TextBQuestionsAboutParagraphsWhydidthewoodcutteralwayswhistlehappily?Becausehebelievedhecouldearnenoughtoraisehischildren.HowwasthewoodcutterworkingoneHehadbeen/wasworkingveryhard.WhathappenedtotheaxewhenthemantrippedoveraTheaxesliddownthebankandintotheriver.Whocametohelphim?ThewaterfairyoftheWhatdidthewaterfairydoaftersheunderstoodhistrouble?Shesankintotherivertopickuphisaxeforhim.WhatdidthewoodcuttersaywhenhesawthesilverandgoldHetoldthewaterfairytheaxeswerenothis.实用文案标准文档Whatwasthewoodcutter’sreward?Hisoldaxeaswellasthesilverandgoldaxes.WhydidthewaterfairyrewardBecausehetoldherthetruth.LanguagePointswoodman:n.personwholivesinthewoods,asahunter,woodcutter,etc. 林区人；伐木人；樵夫retell:vt.tell(astory,etc.)again,inadifferentwayorinadifferentlanguage 讲，重述；以不同方式（或语言）复述e.g.retellthetextGermanfairystoriesretoldinEnglishout:ad.“Out”isusedtoemphasizethedistancethatsomeoneorsomethingisfromatownorcity.out用来强调远离城镇的地方。e.g.Idon’twanttoliveanyfurtherout.Shelivesoutinavillage,tenmilesaway.silent:a.making littleorno sound 寂静的；无声的e.g.thesilentdeserttheoldsilentmoviesparkle:vi.shinebrightlywithflashesoflight闪耀；闪烁e.g.Thesunlightsparkledonthesurfaceofthewater.Hereyessparkledasshelaughed.trudge:vi.walkslowlyorwithdifficultybecauseoneistired,etc. 走；疲累（或费力）地走e.g.trudgingslowlybacktotheofficeTogethomefromthestationwehadtotrudgeoneandahalfkilometersoverroughroads.whistle:v.吹口哨e.g.Hewaswhistlingafamiliartune.Icouldhearherwhistlingtoherselfinthekitchen.Hewhistledtohisdogtocomeback.aslongas:onconditionthat;providedthat只要，如果e.g.Aslongasshe’sincontroltherewillalwaysbeproblems.Wewereperfectlywarmaslongasthesunwasshining.IcancomeaslongasIcanleaveat4:30p.m.bread:在这里，bread不取本意，而是指一家人的生计。e.g.Heearnedhisbreadasatopbankerinthecity.Gardeningismybreadandbutteratthepoem:n.pieceofcreativewritinginverse诗fable:n.shortstory,oftenwithanimalsascharacters,thatconveysamoral 寓言woodcutter:n.personwhocutsdowntreesasanoccupation 伐木人；樵夫Fontaine让·德·拉封丹（1621—169512闻名于世）实用文案标准文档Aesop伊索（6）chip:n.thinpiececutorbrokenofffromwood,stone,glass,etc.（璃等上削或碰下的）屑皮；碎片实用文案标准文档e.g.Woodchipsfleweverywhere.potatochipswoodchopper:n.personwhochopswood,esp.onewhofellstrees 伐木者；砍柴人，樵夫ringing:Here“ringing”isusedtodescribethesoundofchopping.Theringingaxeactuallymeansthesoundoftheaxechopping.在本句中，ringingaxe头砍伐发出响声。echon.reflectionandrepetitionofasoundfromawallorinsideanenclosedspace回声e.g.Thebatinstinctivelycomparesthesoundofitscrywiththesoundofthereturningecho.Theechoslowlydiedaway.vi.(ofsounds)berepeatedasanecho;(ofplaces)repeatasoun（声音（方）发出回声，产生回响e.g.ThesoundechoedthroughthetallemptyTheirvoicesechoedbackacrossthewater.youmighthavethought…人们会以为…… Here“you”meanspeopleingeneral.在这里，you泛指“人们”。e.g.Youlearnfromexperience.Youmeetalotofpeoplethroughwork.dozen:n.setoftwelve（一）打，十二个e.g.I’llhaveadozeneggs.eggssoldbythedozenatwork:workingorengagedinwork在工作；在干活，在劳动e.g.Shewasn’tatworktoday.She’shardatworkonanotherbook.byandby:beforelong;afterawhile不久；过一会儿e.g.He’snotreadyyet,butdon’tworry,he’llbeherebyandby.Byandbywearrivedatalargebuildingonacorner.awhile:ad.forashorttime一会儿；片刻e.g.Hewaitedawhile.I’dliketorestawhilebeforewecontinuewalking.tripover:catchone’sfooton(andfall)被…绊了一下；被…绊倒e.g.Shetrippedovertheedgeofthecarpet.Don’tleavetoysonstairswheresomeonecouldtripandfall.slide:(slid/slId/)v.(causesth.to)movesmoothlyalonganeven,polishedslipperysurface（使某物）（使）滑行e.g.TearsslidslowlydownhispaleThedrawersslideinandouteasily.Sheslidthekidintothecarseat.Workersslidboxesacrossthefloor.forest:n.largeareaoflandthicklycoveredwithtrees,bushes,etc. 森林axe:n.toolwithahandleandaheavymetalbladeusedforchoppingcuttingdowntrees,etc. 斧；斧子gaze:vi.looklongandsteadilyorfixedly(atsb./sth.),usu.insurpriseor实用文案标准文档admiration 盯着看；凝视e.g.ShesatgazingoutoftheShegazedadmiringlyupathim.fairy:n.smallimaginarybeingwithmagicalpowers 仙子；小精灵stream:n.smallriverorlargebrook小河；溪流surface:n.outsideofanobject;topofabodyofliquid表面；水面e.g.theglassysurfaceofthewaterTheringslowlysankbeneaththesurfaceoftheswimmingpool.Onthesurfacehiswordswerefunny,butIsensedalotofangerbehindthem.sorrow:n.feelingofsadnessordistresscausedesp.byloss,disappointmentorregret;grief;particularcauseforthisfeeling;misfortune心；悲伤的原因；伤心事，不幸的事e.g.Ifeltnosorrowforher.hideone’ssorrowTohisgreatsorrowhecouldnotrememberhishissorrowathavingtoleavetheschooltearsofsorrowatimeofatonce:withoutdelay;immediately立刻；马上e.g.Grace,whosemindisalwaysfreefromcare,fellasleepatComehereatonce.sink:(sank,sunk)vi.godownunderthesurfaceofaliquidorsoftsubstance 下沉；沉没e.g.Wewatchedtheboatsinkbeneaththewaves.Ourfeetsankdeepintothesoftsandaswewalked.beneath:prep.inortoalowerpositionthan;under 下方，往…下面e.g.thewetgrassbeneathherfeetShequicklyhidthebookbeneaththecushions.Beneaththatcalmappearanceofhersisalotofreappear:vi.appearagain(afterbeingabsentornotvisible)再出现e.g.Thatcouplelefttheneighborhood,thenreappearedayearTheproblemskeepreappearing.bemadeof:由…制成e.g.Theearringsaremadeofgold.steel:n.stronghardalloyofironandcarbon,muchusedformakingvehicles,tools,knives,machinery,etc.钢shake:(shook/FJk/,shaken/5FeIk[n/) vt.cause(sb./sth.)tomovefromsidetosideorupanddown 摇，摇动shakeone’shead:turnone’sheadfromsidetosideasawayofindicating“no”,ortoexpressdoubt,sorrow,disapproval,etc.摇头（表示否定、怀疑、悲伤、不赞成等）e.g.WhenIaskedmydadifIcouldborrowhiscar,hejustshookhishead.Joannashookherheadatherson’sbadbehaviour.silver:n.chemicalelement,ashinywhitepreciousmetalusedforornaments,实用文案标准文档jewelry,coins,utensils,etc.银，白银missing:a.thatcannotbefoundorthatisnotinitsusualplace;lost缺掉的，缺少的；失踪的e.g.abookwithsomepagesmissingThreebuttonsweremissingfromhisshirt.FourchildrenweremissingfromclassNotesontheTextOnceuponatime,outinthegreen,silentwoodsneararushingriverthatandsparkledasithurriedalong,therelivedapoorwoodcutterwhoworkedhardtomakealivingforhisfamily.Onceuponatime常用于童话开头。out用来强调远离城镇的地方。Healwayswhistledhappi