语法-manhattan sc简版chapter45平行句子部分必须是在语意上、结构相似

Chapter4句子的平行部分必须是在语意上、结构上相*在平行部分中，不必每个单词都平行，然而重要单词必须平行Not…but…;（不是…而是Notonly…but…ratherthan…;（XratherthanY，是X而不是Y）*and、but、orand限于这些标志词，anyconstructionthatexpressestwoormorethingsinthesamewayrequiresparallelism.*两个句子平行都应以主从连词开头Wrong：IwanttoretiretoaplaceWHEREIcanrelaxANDIpaylowRight：IwanttoretiretoaplaceWHEREIcanrelaxANDWHEREIpaylowtaxes.*主从连词不必相同Right：TherearemanypeopleWHOspeakEnglishBUTWHOSEparentsdonot.*不要过分省略任何成分，每个成分应该是完整的Wrong：RalphlikesBOTHTHOSEWHOarepopularANDWHOareRight：RalphlikesBothTHOSEWHOarepopularANDTHOSEWHOarenot.省略前逗号XandX,Y,andX,Y,Z,and两个短句并列时，可以在and前逗号（随意。当两个句子长或彼此独立时，最好在and前逗号。XandYListofClauses)Wrong：ShearguesthatncyactswithdisregardforhumanlifeANDpropertyANDrecklessabandonANDitshouldthereforebeshutdown.Right：ShearguesthatncyactsWITHrecklessabandonANDWITHdisregardforhumanlifeANDproperty,ANDthatitshouldthereforebeshutdown.平行结构惯用Xactsas distinguishXfrom XisthesameasasX,soY estimateXtobeY Xisgood,andsotooisYbetweenXandY XinsteadofY X,suchasY(example)comparetoX,Y XisknowntobeY thinkofXasYconsiderXY XislessthanY XisthoughttobeYincontrasttoX,Y makeXY viewXasYdeclareXY mistakeXforY whetherXorYXdevelopsintoY notonlyX(,)butalsoYXdiffersfromY regardXasY*语意优先！首先要语意合理，再是结构平行。不是句中所有动词都要平行Wrong：Salappliedhimselfinhisnewjob,arrivedearlyeveryday,skippedlunchregularly,ANDleftlateeverynight.Right：Salappliedhimselfinhisnewjob,arrivingearlyeveryday, lunchregularly,ANDleavinglateeverynight.另一类平行标志词：系动词To OtherLinking Wrong：ThebouquetofflowersWASagivingoflove.Right：ThebouquetofflowersWASagiftoflove.Wrong：Uponbeingnominated,thispoliticianREPRESENTSastepforwardinurban-ruralrelationsinthiscountry.Right：ThenominationofthispoliticianREPRESENTSastepforwardinurban-ruralrelationsinthiscountry.*ToBeChapter5Pronouns（看到代词看到代词，找它代指谁（即先行词看代词与先行词放在一起是否有意义（语意先行词必须存在*在句中作为adj.的n.不能成为代词先行词*先行词必须在句中作为n.实际存在Wrong：Theparkrangersdiscussedmeasurestopreventseverewildfires,whichwouldbedevastatingtoIT.Right：Therangersdiscussedmeasurestopreventseverewildfires,whichwouldbedevastatingtoTHEPARK.代词与先行词makesensetogether。Wrong：Althoughtheterm“ puter”maysoundfancifulorexaggerated,ITissimplyanextremelyfastmainframethatcanexecutetrillionsofcalculationseverysecond.Right：Althoughtheterm“ puter”maysoundfancifulorexaggerated,ITsimplyREFERSTOanextremelyfastmainframethatcanexecutetrillionsofcalculationseverysecond.代词与先行词数量上要一致Wrong：Confrontedbyradicalchangesinproductionanddistribution,modernHollywoodstudiosareattemptingvariousexperimentsinanefforttoretainITSstatusastheprirbiterofmovieconsumption.Right：Confrontedbyradicalchangesinproductionanddistribution,HollywoodstudiosareattemptingvariousexperimentsinanefforttoretainTHEIRstatusastheprirbiterofmovieconsumption.Right：Confrontedbyradicalchangesinproductionanddistribution,modernHollywoodstudioisattemptingvariousexperimentsinanefforttoretainITSstatusastheprirbiterofmovieconsumption.*判断先行词单复的方法，参见第三章判断主语单复的方法注意：ititstheythem*GMAT它Wrong：Wheneverastudentcalls,takedownTHEIRinformation.Right：Wheneverastudentcalls,takedownHISorHERinformation.Right：Wheneverstudentscall,takedownTHEIRinformation.注意thisthatthesethose（指示代词可将这些代词看作adj.放在n.前，表示之前句子中提到的New“nano-papers”incorporatefibersthatgiveTHESEMATERIALSthatorthoseindicatesa“NewCopy”orcopiesoftheIt,theyorother alpronounsindicatesthesameactualthingastheantecedent.E.G.,ThemoneyspentbyherparentsislessthanTHATspentbyherchildren.E.G.,ThemoneyspentbyherparentsismorethatITwasexpectedtobe.a“NewCopy”orcopiesthat、those必须被修饰必须增加描述表示thenewcopy是怎样与之前的版本区分开。E.G.,ThemoneyspentbyherparentsislessthanTHATSPENTbyherchildren.E.G.,HercompanyisoutperformingTHATOFhercompetitor.Any“NewCopy”thatorthose必须在数量上与之前的版本保持一n.thatorthose。Wrong：HercompanyisoutperformingTHOSEofhercompetitors.Right：HercompanyisoutperformingTHECOMPUTERSofher*This、these2)—4)（Thisisgreat*That、thosethat、those*it、they、themWrongWrong：Herproductsareunusual;manyconsiderTHESERight：Herproductsareunusual;manyconsiderTHEM“多个代词，多个先行词*一个句子中，每个it、its必须指代同一个单数先行Wrong：Researchertohavedevelopednew“nanopapers”incorporatingtinycellulosefibers,whichTHEYallegegiveTHEMthestrengthofcastiron.They指代researchers，them指代new“nano-papers”→错！ tohavedevelopednew“nano-papers”incorporatingtinycellulosefibers,whichgivethesematerialsthestrengthofcastiron,accordingtotheresearchers.“一个代词，多个先行词*如果句中仅一个代词，该代词的先行词明确，无其他意思合理Right：Supernovasdestroytheirimmediateenvironmentsinvastexplosions,butbysynthesizingheavychemicalelements,THEYprovidetheuniversewiththepossibilityofbiochemistry-basedlifeasweknowit.如果后面还想提及environmentsorexplosions，需要使用如environmentsorsuchexplosions isinvestigatingseveralexecutives’compensationpackagesinordertodeterminehowmu ayhavebeenimproperlyawar