密题冲刺三英语二试卷

年入学统一考（密题冲刺卷三英语（二）试卷(科目代码考生注意事答题前，考生须在答题纸指定位置上填写考生、报考单位和考生答案必须写在答题纸指定位置上，写在其他地方无效填（书）写必须使用蓝（黑）色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔考试结束，将答题纸和试题一并装入试题袋回SectionIUseofReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonEatingmorevegetablesprobablywon’tpreventcancer,butitmayimproveyourhearthealth.Amajorstudy1theeatinghabitsof478,000Europeanssuggeststhatconsuminga2offruitsandvegetableshaslittleifanyeffectonpreventingcancer.Thestudy3thepotentialofvegetablesforloweringcancerrisk,4theresultsdon’tmeanyoushouldpushthosegreensoffyourAnumberofstudiesshowthathighvegetableconsumptionis5lowerriskforheartdisease.Inaddition,thereisstillsome6thatcertainvegetablesandfruitsmay7effective,cancer-lightingcompounds.Andthelateststudyalsosuggestedapotentiallyhigheranti-cancer8ofeatingvegetablesforpeoplewhoregularlydrinkalcohol.TheEuropeanstudytracked142,605menand335,873womenfora(n)9ofnearlynineyears.Eatingmorevegetableswasassociatedwithasmallbutstatistically10reductionincancerThedata11intoa4percentlowerriskofcancerforeverytwo12servingsofvegetablesadayaWhilethefindingssuggestatleastasmalllowerriskofcancer13thosewhoeatlotsofvegetables,14differencecouldbeexplainedbyanumberofvariables,15reportingerrorsamongthestudystudysubjectsorthefactthatvegetableeatersalsoarelesslikelytosmokeordrinktoexcess.Inaddition,a4percentreductioninrelativerisk16verylittlepracticalbenefittoanindividual.Forinstance,a witha10percentriskofgettingcanceroverthenexteightyearswould,17,lowerhisorherrisktojust9.6percentbyeatinoextraservingsofvegetablesaday.Eatingmorevegetableswon’tpreventcancer,butalargebodyofevidenceshowsthat18vegetableconsumptionisgoodforyourheart.In2004,Harvardresearchersreportedondollectedfrom100,000nursesanddoctors.19thestudyshowednolinkbetweencancerriskandvegetableconsumption,eatingfiveormorefruitandvegetableservingsdailywasassociatedwitha30percentlowerriskof20diseaseorstrokecomparedtothosewhoaessthan1.5servingsaday.[A] [D][A] [B] [D][A] [D][A] [B] [D][A]associatedwith[B]determinedby[C]independentof[D]attached[A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [D][A] [C] [D][A] [D][A]at [B]at [C]at [D]without[A] [D][A] [D][A] [C] [D]SectionIIReadingPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Boostedbyboominginternationalfinancialmarkets,theCityofLondonhasnothaditsogoodofthe bonanzainthelate1990s.Baskingindouble-digitgrowthrates,London’slawfirmshavebothcontributedtothatsuccessandbenefitedfromit.TheearningsoftopCitylawyerscannowexceed￡2mayear.Havingoptedtoexpandandgoglobalaheadofmostothers,Britain’sleadinglawfirmstendtobebiggerthantheirAmericanrivals.Indeed,accordingtoasurveyoftheworld’stop50lawfirms,compiledbyLegalBusiness,aBritishtradepaper,fiveoftheworld’stopsixlawfirms-intermsofturnover-arenowBritish(ifDLAPiper,theresultofanAnglo-Americanmerger,isincluded).Buttheyhavetendedtolagbehindintermsoftheirprofitability.Thatisnowchanging.TheprofitmarginsoftheCity’sfive"magiccircle"firm—CliffordChance,SlaughterandMay,Allen&Overy,LinklatersandFreshfields—havesoaredinrecentyearsandarenowcomparablewith,ifnothigherthan,thoseofNewYork’s"whiteshoe"elite.SlaughterandMay,theonlyoneofthefivenottohavegoneglobal,hasthejointsecond-highestprofitmarginamongthetop50.Notsolongago,aLondonsurgeoncouldexpecttoearnasmuchasaCitylawyer.Buteventherecentbigrisesinhospitalconsultants’earningspaleincomparisonwiththoseenjoyedbyLondonlawyers.AtSlaughterandMay,forexample,averageprofitsperequitypartner(PEP)jumpedbyalmostathird(indollarterms)lastyearto$2.75m—morethanatanyotherofthetop50lawfirmsbartwoinNewYorkwherePEPaveraged$2.8m$3.0mrespectively.SomeseniorpartnersgetalotmoreofCompetitionforthebestlawyersisfierceandpoachingfrequent.HencetheneedtokeepheadlinePEPfiguresup-evenatthecostofgettingridofequitypartners,leavingabiggershareofthebountyfortheremainingones.Freshfieldsisintheprocessofsheddingaround100ofitsequitypartners.Otherleadingfirmsarealsoundertakingpainfulrestructuring.Newlyqualifiedlawyers’salarieshavealsobeenshootingupinthesearchforthebesttalent.BothFreshfieldsandAllen&Overynoytheirfirst-yearassociates￡65,000,risingtoaround￡90,000afterthreeyears.(First-yearassociatesatAmerica’stoplawfirmsgettheequivalentof￡80,000.)But,asmanyothertop-rankCityemployershavediscovered,bigearningsdonotnecessarilyguaranteebigsatisfaction.AccordingtoaYoupoll,publishedbytheLawyerearlierthismonth,aquarterofBritain’slawyers(includingafifthoflaw-firmpartners)wouldliketoleavetheprofession.Thedisgruntledcomplainedaboutcripplinglylonghours,intensecompetitionandtheir alityofthebiggestfirms(somewithmorethan3,000lawyers).Sowhydon’ttheyquit?Because,saythree-quarters,ofthepay.WhichoneofthefollowingisTUREofthestatusquoofLondon’sLondonisenjoyingitsbesttimeofeconomicdevelopmentsinceThegrowthrateofLondonisdoubledsincethebeginningoftheThegrowthratestartedtoboostsinceof ThecurrenteconomyofLondonismostlydrivenbyitslegalinsteadoffinancialTheworld’stop50lawfirmsaregradedaccording theirannualtheirtheirsaletheirtyofThephrase“whiteshoe”(Line3,Paragraph3)mostprobably whitefirst-classlawInordertobecompetitive,thelawfirmstakethefollowingmeasures carryingouthavingtheirbestlawyersturnmoreraisingsalariesforrecruitingFromthe poll,itcanbeinferred thisprofessionisfarfrommostlawyerswillleavetheprofessionsoonerormostlawyersaresatisfiedwiththeprofessionbecauseofthefathighsalaryisalwayscontradictorytobigWhenthereisbloodinthewater,itisonlynaturalthatdorsalfinsswirlaroundexcitedly.NowthatAmerica’shousingmarketisailing,predatorshavetheirsightsonthecountry’scredit-cardmarket.ystsatGoldmanSachsreckonthatcredit-cardlossescouldreach$99billionifcontagionspreadsfromsubprimemortgagestootherformsofconsumercredit.Signsofstrainareclearlyvisible.Therearerisesinboththecharge-offanddelinquencyrates,whichmeasuretheshareofbalancesthatareuncollectableormorethan30dayslaterespectively.HSBCannouncedlastmonththatithadtakena$1.4billionchargeinitsAmericanconsumer-financebusiness,partlybecauseofweaknessamongcardborrowers.Itistooearlytopanic,though.Charge-offsanddelinquenciesarestilllow.AccordingtoMoody’s,aratingagency,thethird-quarterdelinquencyrateof3.89%wasalmostafullpercentagepointbelowthehistoricalaverage.Thedeteriorationinratescanbepartlyexplainedbytechnicalfactors.AchangeinAmerica’sal-bankruptcylawsin2005ledtoanabruptfallinbankruptcyfilings,whichinturnaccountforabigchunkofcredit-cardlosses;thenumberoffilings(andthuscharge-offrates)wouldberisingagain,whetherornotoverallconditionsforborrowersweregettingworse.Theindustryalsoreportssolidpaymentrates,whichshowhowmuchoftheirdebtconsumerspayoffeachmonth.Andconfidenceincredit-cardasset-backedsecuritiesisprettyfirmdespiteparalysisinothercornersofstructuredfinance.DennisMoroneyofTowerGroup,aresearchfirm,predictsthatissuancevolumesfor2007willendupbeing25%higherthanlastyear.Directchannelsofinfectionbetweenthesubprime-mortgagecrisisandthecredit-cardmarketcertainlyexist:consumersarelikeliertoloaduponcredit-carddebtnowthathome-equityloansaredryingup.Butcardissuerslookatcashflowratherthanassetvalues,sofallinghousepricesdonotnecessarilytriggerachangeinborrowers’creditworthiness.Theymayevenworktoissuers’advantage.Theincentivesforconsumerstokeeppayingthemortgagedecreaseifpropertiesareworthlessthanthevalueoftheloan;carddebtriseshigherupthelistofrepaymentprioritiesasaresult.Cardissuersarealsoabletorespondmuchmoreswiftlyandflexiblytostormierconditionsthanmortgagelendersare,bychanginginterestratesoralteringcreditlimits.Thatshouldintheoryreducetheriskofarapidreprisingofassets."Wearenotgoingtowakeuponedayandtotallyrevaluetheloans,"saysGaryPerlin,CapitalOne’schieffinancialofficer.Ifasuddensubprime-stylemeowninthecredit-cardmarketisimprobable,therisksofasustaineddownturnaremuorereal.IflowerhousepricesandacontractionincreditpushAmericaintorecession,theindustrywillundoubtedlyfaceagrimmerfuture.Keepwatchingforthosedorsalfins.Theauthormakesmentionofdorsalfinswhichareirrelevanttothetopicinordertomakepeoplealerttothepotentialattractthereaders’attentionbypresentinganinterestingmakepeoplerealizethegravenessoftheissuebyshowingasimilarmakethepassagemorevividbyimpartingnewknowledgetoRisesinthecharge-offanddelinquencyrate thedeteriorationofthesubprimetheinadequateabilityofcardtheinfluenceofthetechnicalthechangeinrelevantAccordingtothepassage,thenumberofbankruptcyfillingswouldberisingagain thereisachangein thecharge-offsanddelinquenciesarestilltheinfluenceoftheal-bankruptcylawshasbeentheoverallconditionsforborrowersaregettingThesubprime-mortgagecrisisinfluencesthecredit-cardmarketin thefallofassetvaluesaffectsthecardborrowers’thedecreaseinthemortgagepaymentleadstotherisesofthecardthedryingupofthehome-equityloansspurconsumers’incentivestorepaythecardthefallinghousepricesmakesthecarddebtrisingAccordingtotheauthor,thecredit-cardmarketwillmorelikelybethreatened agradualdownwardarapidasustainedtrendofloweringtheaccumulationofeconomicEnvironmentalistsmaygetoffonterrifyingclimatechange,butmostpeoplejustturnaway.“Ifitwasreallysobad,they’ddosomething,”saysonecolleague.ThehumantendencytoconvinceyourselfthateverythingisOK,becausenooneelseisworried,isdeeplyseated.Ourtendencytoshrugoffresponsibilityseemstoholdtrueevenwhenweourselvesareindanger.JohnDarleyandBibbLatanééaskedaseriesofcollegestudentstositinaroomandfilloutaquestionnaire.Whensmokestartedtopourintotheroomthroughavent,theothers,allactors,ignoreditandwentonwritingcalmly.Ninetypercentofsubjectscopiedtheactors,evenwhenthesmokebecamesothickthattheycouldbarelyseeandwerecoughing.Butsubjectswhowerealoneintheroom,underthesameconditions,almostallreportedthesmokeasanemergency.Thatisanastonishingfinding—thattheinactionofotherpeoplecanmakeusunderestimatethreatstoourownsafety.Inthepastfewweekswehavebeentold,byreputablesources,thattheoceansarewarmingfasterthananyonepredicted.Thatspeciesare ingextinctahundredtimesfasterthanfossilsrecord.Thatweareapproachingtippointsthatmaymakeclimatechangeirreversible.Thisstuffmakesmefeelprettydesperate.Iwouldthinkthatotherpeoplewouldworrytoo.ButthenIgototheoffice,andtofriends’houses,andnoonementionsit.Nordothepoliticians.Despitethenoisefromgreengroups,welookforget-outclauses.Weblameothercountriesorbigcorporations.Thepartofourbrainthatisprogrammedtoimitatedominatesthepartcuedtoself-preservation—especiallywhenthethreatsarecomplexandlong-Couldwesendtheherdintheotherdirection?Maybe.TenyearsafterDarleyandLatané’ssmokeexperiment,anotherprofessorArthurBeamanshoweditsfitohisstudents.Heexplainedthepsychology.Andinfuturethosestudentswere,apparently,almosttwiceaslikelyasotherstoreacttohelpotherpeople.InJanuaryIcountedaToyotaPriushybridcaronalmosteveryoneoftherichstreetsinapartofLondonjusteastofmyhouse.YesterdayIdidanothercount.Theyseemedtohaveincreasedtotwoorthree.Thatisthepowerofimitation,forpeoplewhocanaffordit.Buthowdoyougetotherpeopletoimitatebehaviorthatislessvisible:buyingless,travelinglessorchangingtheirelectricityr?Theanswersmustsurelylieinsocialetiquette.Ifweareprogrammedtoactlikelemmings,thenwemustgivesomepeopleincentivestobreakoutandpublicizetheiractivities.Thesmokeiscomingupthroughthevent.Ifenoughpeoplestarttalkingaboutthesmoke,perhapsotherswillstarttoseeittoo.Andifenoughpeopleact,therestmayfollow.Forthat,itseems,ishumannature.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthatpeopletend beoptimisticaboutchangesoccurringturnablindeyetotheapproachinghavetheirjudgmentsinfluencedbywaitforsomeoneelsetoactInfaceofenvironmentaldegradation,mostpeople feelingunabletoassumesuchabigendeavoringtofindoutitstryingtoprotect it’shumannaturetoshrinkfromenvironmentaleducationshouldbeginwiththeyoungtherewillbemanymorewhoarereadytohelpproperguidancecanmakepeoplemoreconcernedaboutclimate“Actlikelemmings(Lastline,Paragraph5)”mostprobably goalongunquestioninglywithpopularlackthecouragetomakeamajorpursuethelifestylesofyourrichTheauthorsuggeststhatinordertocounterclimate moreattentionshouldbepaidtopsychologicalimitationshouldbeminimizedormorepopularizationshouldbedoneaboutitssomerestrictionsshouldbemadeonpeople’sspendingRichardBurtonprobablyknewnothingofthesmallSouthAfricantownofCullinanwhenheboughtyetanotherchunkydiamondforElizabethTaylorin1969.NowtheCullinanmineitself,likesomanyofthediamondsunearthedthere,isabouttochangehands.OnNovember22ndDeBeers,thediamondgiantthathasownedtheminesince1930,saiditwassellingittoaconsortiumledbyPetraDiamonds,oneofSouthAfrica’semergingdiamondproducers,for1billionrandincash.Providedregulatorsapprovethedeal,thetransfershouldtakeplacebythemiddleofnextyear.DeBeersissellingbecausethemineisnolongerprofitable,despiteattemptstoturnitaround.ButPetrareckonstheminestillhasanother20yearsofproductioninitandplanstoextractatleast1mcaratsayear.Theunexploited"CentenaryCut"deposit,whichliesundertheexistingmine,couldyieldalotmore.Thisisgoodnewsforthemine’s1,000orsoemployeesandforthetown,whichhasdependedonthediamondbusinesssinceSirThomasCullinandiscoveredaprospecttherein1898thatcontainedkimberlite,arockthatcanberichmonds.Themine,establishedin1903,isoneof30orsokimberlitediamondminesintheworld,andisbelievedtobestilltheworld’ssecond-most-valuablediamondresourcePetraisarelativelysmalloutfit,listedonLondon’sAlternativeInvestmentMarket,thatspecializesinbuyingminesthatbiggercompaniesseeasmarginal.Itstrickistoextractbetterreturnsbyrationalizingproductionandprocessing,andkeeoperatingcostsandoverheadsdown.PetrahasalreadyboughttwoofDeBeers’sloss-makingSouthAfricanmines—bothofwhicharenowprofitable—andisfinalizingthe78.5mrandacquisitionofthegroup’sundergroundoperationinKimberley,whichstoppedworkinginItalreadyoperatesfourminesinSouthAfricaandhaspromisingexplorationinAngola(ajoint-venturewithBHPBilliton),SierraLeoneandBotswana.Petraexpectstoproduceover1mcaratsby2010-quiteajumpfrom180,474caratsintheyeartoJune.Thecompanyhasyettomakeaprofit,butexpectstobemakingmoneybythemiddleofnextyear.Inthe1990sDeBeersdecidedthatitwasnolongeragoodideatotrytomonopolizethediamondmarket.Itstartedfocusingonhigherreturnsratherthanmarketshare,andhasbeenrevamitsmineportfolio,sellingoffminesthatarenolongerprofitableandinvestinginmoreenticingoperations,suchasitsmineoffthewestcoastofSouthAfrica,itsVoorspoedoperationintheFreeStateprovince,andtwonewminesinCanada.Thishasopenedthewayforanewclassofdiamondfirmthatoperatesinthevastmiddlegroundbetweentheworld’shandfuloflargeproducersandamultitudeofmuchsmallerexplorationfirms.TheCullinandealshouldentrenchPetrainthismiddletier,alongsidefirmssuchasKimberleyDiamondandTransHex.Butevenifitdoesreachitstargetof1mcaratsayear,Petrawillstillnotbeabletomatchthesparkleofthegiants.LastyearDeBeersproduced51mcaratsfromitsminesinBotswana,Namibia,SouthAfricaandTanzania,whichamountedto40%oftheworld’sdiamondsbyvalue.TheCullinanminewasnamedaftertheoriginalnameofthethenameofitsfirstthenameofitsthenameofthetown’sfirstWhichoneofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEoftheCullinanThemineistheonlybusinessofthetownwhichemploysmostofthelocalItcanbeminedforanother20yearsgivenPetra’sadvancedItistheworld’ssecondlargestdiamondminewithayearlycapacityof1mWhethertheminewillmaintainitsprofitabilityisyettoPetra’soperatingphilosophycanbesaid tomakeprofitsbyreducingthetoexploitthesurroundingareasofanexistingtointegratetheresourcesofallthemoney-losingsmalltorestructurethemineportfolioandtooptimizetheprocessDeBeershasmadechangesonitsdevelopmentstrategy itplanstoshrinkitsmarketshareandendsitslong-termitwantstoopenthewayforthemiddletierofdiamonditswitchesitsattentiontomakinglargeritwantstoturnaroundtheloss-makingminesbycooperatingwithcompaniesofsmallerThefutureofthenewclassofdiamondfirm PartBReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlesfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ContrastwithOtherProblemsinEffortsoftheMunicipalRootandUrgencyoftheUrbanSolutionstotheDevelopmentalConcernsfromtheIndustrialWithshiningofficetowersrisingbetweenbroadbeachesandforestedmountains,bigparksandwaterfrontresidences,Vancouveroftencomesatthetopoflistsoftheworld’sbestcitiesinwhichtolive.Thisweek,amidmuchtriumphbelieffromcivicleaders,Vancouveriscelebrating,the125thofthemomentwhenashabbywoodentimbercampburnedtotheground,andthefoundationsofwhatisnowwesternCanada’slargestcitywerelaid.Butforallitspicture-postcardimage,Vancouver,likeotherCanadiancities.facessomepressingproblemsandlacksthemeanstodealwiththem.ThoseheadachesincludeDowntownEastside,aslumofcrime,povertyanddrugaddictionthatisthecountry’ssickesturbanarea,Soaringhousepricesminglewithhomelessness,Themiddleclassisbeingsqueezedouttothesuburbs.AlthoughthecityhaslostcorporateheadofficesLoCalgary,inoil-richAlberta,thepopulationofGreaterVancouverissettorisefrom2mto3.4mby2041,accordingtotheplanners,Thecityfacesasteepbilltoexpandpublictransport,upgradesewersandwatersystemsandrepaircollapsingcivicbuildings,roadsandbridges.Vancouver’sdifficultiesaremirroredacrossthecountry.Provincialernmentshaveneglectedtheirresponsibilityforsuattersassocialhousing,welfare.Mentalillness,drugaddictionandpolicing.Alltold,Canada’sbigcitiesneedatleastC$238billion($243billion)torepairandexpandinfrastructure,accordingtotheFederationofCanadianMunicipalities.Butmunicipalernmentslackbothmoneyandpowers.Theygetonlyeightcentsoutofeverytaxdollar.Theirrevenuescomemainlyfrompropertytaxes,UnderconstitutionalarrangementsthatdatebacktothetimewhenCanadawaslargelyrural,mayorshavefewerpowersthantheircounterpartsinsomeotherdevelopedcountries.Theresultisthatmayorsmustconstantlygocap-in-handtotheprovincialandfederalernmentsformoneyforcapitalprojects,Theresponsehasbeenanarrayofspecialfundingforurbanschemes.Forexample,sucharrangementsgaveVancouveranewconventioncentre,sportsfacilitiesandafastraillinktotheairport,allbuiltforthe2010winterOlympicGames.Butmunicipalleadersacrossthecountrywantmorestableandpredictablefinances.Theyhave