CoolingandHeatingLoadEstimation：加热和冷却负载的估计课件

CoolingandHeatingLoadEstimationATraneAirConditioningClinic©AmericanStandardInc.2000AirConditioningClinicTRG-TRC002-ENCoolingandHeatingLoadEstimperiodone

HumanComfort©AmericanStandardInc.2000AirConditioningClinicTRG-TRC002-ENCoolingandHeatingLoadEstimationperiodone

HumanComfort©AmePrinciplesofHeatTransferHeatenergycannotbedestroyedHeatalwaysflowsfromahighertemperaturesubstancetoalowertemperaturesubstanceHeatcanbetransferredfromonesubstancetoanotherPrinciplesofHeatTransferHeaMethodsofHeatTransferradiationhotwaterconductionconvectioncoolairwarmairMethodsofHeatTransferradiatMeasuringHeatQuantity60°F61°F15°C16°C1Btu1kcal[4.19kJ]1lbwater1kgwaterMeasuringHeatQuantity60°F61°SensibleversusLatentHeat60°F[15.6°C]212°F[100°C]212°F[100°C]212°F[100°C]sensibleheatlatentheatSensibleversusLatentHeat60°HeatGeneratedbyPeopleHeatGeneratedbyPeopleSurroundingAirConditionsSurroundingAirConditionsFactorsAffectingHumanComfortDry-bulbtemperatureHumidityAirmovementFreshairCleanairNoiselevelAdequatelightingProperfurnitureandworksurfacesFactorsAffectingHumanComfordry-bulbtemperaturehumidityratiowet-bulbtemperatureIndoorDesignConditions80°F[26.7°C]70°F[21.2°C]60%RH30%RHcomfortzoneAdry-bulbtemperaturehumidityrperiodtwo

CoolingLoadEstimation©AmericanStandardInc.2000AirConditioningClinicTRG-TRC002-ENCoolingandHeatingLoadEstimationperiodtwo

CoolingLoadEstimaCoolingLoadComponentsrooflightsequipmentfloorexteriorwallglasssolarglassconductioninfiltrationpeoplepartitionwallCoolingLoadComponentsroofligCoolingLoadComponentssensibleloadlatentloadconductionthroughroof,walls,windows,andskylightssolarradiationthroughwindows,skylightsconductionthroughceiling,interiorpartitionwalls,andfloorpeoplelightsequipment/appliancesinfiltrationventilationsystemheatgainsspaceloadcoilloadcoolingloadcomponentsCoolingLoadComponentssensiblTimeofPeakCoolingLoadheatgainroofeast-facingwindow12 6 12 6 12noona.m.p.m.midmidTimeofPeakCoolingLoadheatExampleOfficeSpace(Room101)planviewelevationview(Room101)Room101NorthRoom102ExampleOfficeSpace(Room101OutdoorDesignConditionsSt.Louis,MissouriDB

WBDB

WBDB

WB0.4%1%2%95°F[35°C]76°F[25°C]93°F[34°C]75°F[24°C]90°F[32°C]74°F[23°C]OutdoorDesignConditionsSt.LHeatConductionthroughSurfacesHeatConductionthroughSurfacConductionthroughaShadedWallQ=UA

TConductionthroughaShadedWaU-factorwoodstudsinsulationgypsumboardconcreteblockaluminumsidingU-factorwoodstudsinsulationgyU-factorforExampleWallthermalresistance(R)Routdoor-airfilm0.25[0.04]Rsiding0.61[0.11]Rconcreteblock2.00[0.35]Rinsulation13.00[2.29]Rgypsumboard0.45[0.08]Rindoor-airfilm0.68[0.12]Rtotal16.99[2.99]]U=Rtotal1U=0.06Btu/hr•ft2•°F[U=0.33W/m2•°K]U-factorforExampleWallthermConductionthroughaShadedWallQwall

=0.06380(95–78)=388Btu/hr[Qwall

=0.3336.3(35–25.6)=113W]ConductionthroughaShadedWaSunlitSurfacessunrayssolaranglechangesthroughoutthedaySunlitSurfacessunsolarangleTimeLagsolareffect12 6 12 6 12noona.m.p.m.midmidABtimelagTimeLagsolareffect12 6 12 Q=UA

CLTDConductionthroughSunlitSurfacesQ=UACLTDConductiontCLTDFactorsforWest-FacingWallhour2117141187667CLTD(°F)353025678910111212345131415161819172021222324CLTD(°C)81012162230374448484541129864433419171446791217212427272523CLTDFactorsforWest-FacingWConductionthroughSunlitSurfacesQwall

=0.0638022=502Btu/hrQroof

=0.0572,70080=12,312Btu/hr[Qwall

=0.3336.312=144W][Qroof

=0.323250.744=3,563W]ConductionthroughSunlitSurfU-factorsforWindowsfixedframes,verticalinstallationsingleglazing

1/8in.[3.2mm]glassdoubleglazing

1/4in.[6.4mm]airspace1/2in.[12.8mm]airspace1/4in.[6.4mm]argonspace1/2in.[12.8mm]argonspacetripleglazing

1/4in.[6.4mm]airspaces1/2in.[12.8mm]airspaces1/4in.[6.4mm]argonspaces1/2in.[12.8mm]argonspaces1.13[6.42]aluminumwithoutthermalbreakwood/vinyl0.69[3.94]0.64[3.61]0.66[3.75]0.61[3.47]0.49[2.76]0.55[3.10]aluminumwiththermalbreak0.47[2.66]0.51[2.90]1.07[6.07]0.63[3.56]0.57[3.22]0.59[3.37]0.54[3.08]0.42[2.39]0.48[2.73]0.40[2.30]0.45[2.54]0.98[5.55]0.56[3.17]0.50[2.84]0.52[2.98]0.48[2.70]0.35[2.01]0.41[2.33]0.34[1.91]0.38[2.15]U-factorsforWindowsfixedfraConductionthroughWindowsQwindows

=0.6316013=1,310Btu/hr[Qwindows

=3.5614.47=359W]ConductionthroughWindowsQwinSolarRadiationthroughGlasssunraysreflectedenergytransmittedenergyglasswindowSolarRadiationthroughGlasssSolarRadiationthroughGlassQ=

ASCSCLSolarRadiationthroughGlassQSolarCoolingLoadFactorDirectionthatthewindowfacesTimeofdayMonthLatitudeConstructionofinteriorpartitionwallsTypeoffloorcoveringExistenceofinternalshadingdevicesSolarCoolingLoadFactorDirecShadingCoefficientshadingcoefficientatnormalincidenceuncoatedsingleglazing

1/4in.[6.4mm]clear1/4in.[6.4mm]greenreflectivesingleglazing

1/4in.[6.4mm]SSonclear1/4in.[6.4mm]SSongreenuncoateddoubleglazing

1/4in.[6.4mm]clear-clear1/4in.[6.4mm]green-clearreflectivedoubleglazing

1/4in.[6.4mm]SSonclear-clear1/4in.[6.4mm]SSongreen-clear0.82aluminumframe otherframesoperable

fixed0.850.690.820.590.610.490.590.260.280.220.250.260.280.220.250.700.740.600.700.480.490.400.470.180.180.150.160.200.180.150.17SS=stainless-steelreflectivecoatingoperable

fixedShadingCoefficientshadingcoeSolarRadiationthroughWindowsQwindows

=

160

0.74192=22,733Btu/hr[Qwindows

=

14.4

0.74605=6,447W]SolarRadiationthroughWindowShadingDevicesinteriorblindsexteriorfinsShadingDevicesinteriorexterioInternalHeatGainspeopleequipmentapplianceslightsInternalHeatGainspeopleequipHeatGeneratedbyPeoplemoderatelyactivework(office)sensibleheatgain250Btu/h[75W]latentheatgain200Btu/h[55W]levelofactivitystanding,lightwork,orwalking(store)250Btu/h[75W]200Btu/h[55W]lightbenchwork(factory)275Btu/h[80W]475Btu/h[140W]heavywork(factory)580Btu/h[170W]870Btu/h[255W]athletics(gymnasium)710Btu/h[210W]1,090Btu/h[315W]HeatGeneratedbyPeoplemoderaCLFFactorsforPeoplehoursafterpeopleenterspace0.110.080.060.050.040.030.020.020.010.650.740.16678910111212345totalhoursinspace2468100.650.650.650.650.850.240.170.130.100.070.060.040.030.750.810.850.890.910.290.200.150.120.090.070.750.810.850.890.910.930.950.310.220.170.130.810.750.850.890.910.930.950.960.970.330.240.810.75CLFFactorsforPeoplehoursafHeatGainfromPeopleQsensible

=182501.0=4,500Btu/hrQlatent

=18200=3,600Btu/hr[Qsensible

=18751.0=1,350W][Qlatent

=1855=990W]HeatGainfromPeopleQsensibleHeatGainfromLightingQ=watts3.41

ballastfactorCLF[Q=watts

ballastfactorCLF]HeatGainfromLightingQ=watHeatGainfromLightingQlights

=5,4003.411.21.0=22,097Btu/hr[Qlights

=5,4001.21.0=6,480W]HeatGainfromLightingQlightsHeatGeneratedbyEquipmentcoffeemakersensibleheatgain3,580Btu/h[1,050W]latentheatgain1,540Btu/h[450W]equipmentprinter(letterquality)1,000Btu/h[292W]typewriter230Btu/h[67W]HeatGeneratedbyEquipmentcofInfiltrationInfiltrationMethodsofEstimatingInfiltrationAirchangemethodCrackmethodEffectiveleakage-areamethodMethodsofEstimatingInfiltraInfiltrationAirflowinfiltrationairflow32,4000.360=

=162cfminfiltrationairflow927.60.33,600=

=0.077m3/sInfiltrationAirflowinfiltratiHeatGainfromInfiltrationQsensible

=1.085airflow

TQlatent

=0.7airflow

W[Qsensible

=1,210

airflow

T][Qlatent

=3,010airflow

W]HeatGainfromInfiltrationQseHeatGainfromInfiltrationQS

=1.085162

(95–78)=2,988Btu/hr[QS

=1,210

0.077

(35–25.6)=876W]QL

=0.7162

(105–70)=3,969Btu/hr[

QL

=3,0100.077

(15–10)=1,159W]HeatGainfromInfiltrationQSsensibleloadBtu/hr[W]conductionthroughroofsolarradiationthroughwindowspeoplelightsequipmentinfiltrationconductionthroughwindowsconductionthroughexteriorwall12,312[3,563]4,500[1,350]22,097[6,480]8,184[2,404]2,988[876]74,626[21,623]totalspacecoolingload3,600[990]1,540[450]3,969[1,159]latentloadBtu/hr[W]9,109[2,599]spaceloadcomponents502[144]1,310[359]22,733[6,447]SummaryofSpaceCoolingLoadssensibleloadconductionthrougVentilationairhandlerwithfanandcoolingcoilsupplyductdiffuseroutdoor-airintakeVentilationairhandlersupplydOutdoorAirRequirementsauditoriumoutdoorair(perperson)15cfm[0.008m3/s]typeofspacelockerroomsofficespacepublicrestroomssmokinglounge0.5cfm[0.0025m3/s]20cfm[0.01m3/s]50cfm[0.025m3/s]outdoorair(perft2[m2])classroom15cfm[0.008m3/s]60cfm[0.03m3/s]OutdoorAirRequirementsauditoCoolingLoadDuetoVentilationQS

=1.085360

(95–78)=6,640Btu/hrQL

=0.7360

(105–70)=8,820Btu/hr[QS

=1,210

0.18

(35–25.6)=2,047W][QL

=3,0100.18

(15–10)=2,709W]CoolingLoadDuetoVentilatioSystemHeatGainsairhandlerfanmotorSystemHeatGainsairhandlerfaComponentsofFanHeatblow-throughconfigurationdraw-throughconfigurationComponentsofFanHeatblow-thrHeatGaininDuctworkHeatGaininDuctworksensibleloadBtu/hr[W]conductionthroughroofsolarradiationthroughwindowspeoplelightsequipmentinfiltrationconductionthroughwindowsconductionthroughexteriorwall4,500[1,350]22,097[6,480]8,184[2,404]2,988[876]totalspacecoolingload3,600[990]1,540[450]3,969[1,159]latentloadBtu/hr[W]9,109[2,599]502[144]1,310[359]22,733[6,447]ventilation6,640[2,047]8,820[2,709]81,266[23,670]totalcoilcoolingload17,929[5,308]SummaryofCoolingLoads12,312[3,563]74,626[21,623]sensibleloadconductionthrougperiodthree

PsychrometricAnalysis©AmericanStandardInc.2000AirConditioningClinicTRG-TRC002-ENCoolingandHeatingLoadEstimationperiodthree

PsychrometricAnaSpaceLoadversusCoilLoadspaceloadcoilloadconductionthroughroof,walls,windows,andskylightssolarradiationthroughwindows,skylightsconductionthroughceiling,interiorpartitionwalls,andfloorpeoplelightsequipmentandappliancesinfiltrationventilationsystemheatgainsSpaceLoadversusCoilLoadspaSpaceSensibleandLatentLoadssensibleloadBtu/hr[W]conductionthroughroofsolarradiationthroughwindowspeoplelightsequipmentinfiltrationconductionthroughwindowsconductionthroughexteriorwall12,312[3,563]4,500[1,350]22,097[6,480]8,184[2,404]2,988[876]74,626[21,623]totalspacecoolingload3,600[990]1,540[450]3,969[1,159]latentloadBtu/hr[W]9,109[2,599]spaceloadcomponents502[144]1,310[359]22,733[6,447]SpaceSensibleandLatentLoadSensibleHeatRatio(SHR)SHRsensibleheatgain

sensibleheatgain+latentheatgain==0.8974,62674,626+9,109SHR==0.8921,62321,623+2,599SHR=SensibleHeatRatio(SHR)SHRseSingle-SpaceAnalysisspacesupplyfancooling

coiloutdoorairreturnairsupplyairexhaustairSingle-SpaceAnalysisspacesuppDetermineSupplyAirflowsensibleheatgainsupply

airflow=1.085×

(roomDB–supplyDB)sensibleheatgainsupply

airflow=1,210×

(roomDB–supplyDB)DetermineSupplyAirflowsensibDetermineSupplyAirflow74,6262,990cfm=1.085×

(78–55)supply

airflow=21,6231.40m3/s=1,210×

(25.6–12.8)supply

airflow=DetermineSupplyAirflow74,626CalculateEnteringCoilConditionsventilationairflow%outdoorair=

totalsupplyairflow360cfm%OA=

2,990cfm=0.120.18m3/s%OA=

1.40m3/s=0.12CalculateEnteringCoilConditCalculateEnteringCoilConditionsBAC95°F×0.12=11.4°F78°F×0.88=68.6°Fmixture=80.0°F35°C×0.12=4.2°C25.6°C×0.88=22.5°Cmixture=26.7°Cdry-bulbtemperaturehumidityratiowet-bulbtemperature95°F[35°C]76°F[24.4°C]80°F[26.7°C]50%RH78°F[25.6°C]66.5°F[19.2°C]CalculateEnteringCoilConditDetermineSupplyAirTemperaturedry-bulbtemperaturesensibleheatratiowet-bulbtemperature0.89SHRD59°F[15°C]BA1.00.80.60.4CDetermineSupplyAirTemperatuRecalculateSupplyAirflow21,6231.69m3/s=1,210×

(25.6–15)supply

airflow=74,6263,620cfm=1.085×

(78–59)supply

airflow=RecalculateSupplyAirflow21,6Room101Btu/hr[W]totalcoilcoolingload99,195[28,978]ventilation15,460[4,756]TotalCoolingLoadonCoiltotalspacesensibleload9,109[2,599]74,626[21,623]totalspacelatentloadRoom101totalcoilcoolingloaMultiple-SpaceAnalysissupplyfanRoom101Room102coolingcoilMultiple-SpaceAnalysissupplyRRoom101(FacesWest)8a.m.Btu/hr[W]conductionthroughroofsolarradiationthroughwindowspeoplelightsequipmentinfiltrationconductionthroughwindowsconductionthroughexteriorwall160[48]2,616[740]202[51]3,552[1,012]4,500[1,350]22,097[6,480]8,184[2,404]2,988[876]44,299[12,961]totalspacesensibleload4p.m.Btu/hr[W]4,500[1,350]22,097[6,480]8,184[2,404]2,988[876]spacesensibleloadcomponents74,626[21,623]502[144]1,310[359]22,733[6,447]12,312[3,563]Room101(FacesWest)8a.m.conRoom102(FacesEast)8a.m.Btu/hr[W]conductionthroughroofsolarradiationthroughwindowspeoplelightsequipmentinfiltrationconductionthroughwindowsconductionthroughexteriorwall160[48]21,667[6,138]4,500[1,350]22,097[6,480]2,988[876]62,414[18,087]totalspacesensibleload4p.m.Btu/hr[W]844[252]1,310[359]3,078[874]4,500[1,350]22,097[6,480]2,988[876]55,313[16,158]202[51]spacesensibleloadcomponents8,184[2,404]8,184[2,404]2,616[740]12,312[3,563]Room102(FacesEast)8a.m.con“Sum-of-Peaks”versus“Block”Room101(faceswest)Room102(faceseast)spacesensibleloadsum-of-peaks=74,626+62,414=137,040Btu/hr

[21,623+18,087=39,710W]block=74,626+55,313=129,939Btu/hr

[21,623+16,158=37,781W]8a.m.Btu/hr[W]4p.m.Btu/hr[W]44,299[12,961]74,626[21,623]62,414[18,087]55,313[16,158]“Sum-of-Peaks”versus“Block”R“Sum-of-Peaks”versus“Block”Sum-of-peaks supplyairflow=6,648cfm[3.10m3/s]Block supplyairflow=6,303cfm[2.95m3/s]“Sum-of-Peaks”versus“Block”SRoom101Btu/hr[W]totalcoilcoolingloadRoom102Btu/hr[W]99,195[28,978]ventilation15,460[4,756]“Block”CoolingLoad79,882[23,513]15,460[4,756]totalspacesensibleload9,109[2,599]74,626[21,623]totalspacelatentload55,313[16,158]9,109[2,599]blockcoolingload(4p.m.)=99,195+79,882=179,077Btu/hr

[28,978+23,513=52,491W]loadsat4p.m.Room101totalcoilcoolingloaperiodfour

HeatingLoadEstimation©AmericanStandardInc.2000AirConditioningClinicTRG-TRC002-ENCoolingandHeatingLoadEstimationperiodfour

HeatingLoadEstimHeatingLoadComponentsrooffloorexteriorwallglassconductioninfiltrationpartitionwallHeatingLoadComponentsrooffloDesignWeatherDataSt.Louis,MissouriDBDB99.6%99%2°F[-16.7°C]8°F[-13.4°C]DesignWeatherDataSt.Louis,DConductionHeatLossQ=UA

TConductionHeatLossQ=UConductionHeatLossQwall

=0.06380(72–2)=1,596Btu/hr[

Qwall

=0.3336.3(22.2–(-16.7))=466W

]Qroof

=0.0572,70070=10,773Btu/hr[Qroof

=0.323250.738.9=3,150W]Qwindows

=0.6316070=7,056Btu/hr[Qwindows

=3.5614.438.9=1,994W]ConductionHeatLossQwall=0.InfiltrationandVentilationInfiltrationandVentilationInfiltrationandVentilationQsensible

=1.085airflowT[Qsensible

=1,210

airflowT]InfiltrationandVentilationQsInfiltrationandVentilationQinf

=1.085162

(72–2)=12,304Btu/hr[Qinf

=1,210

0.077

(22.2–(-16.7))=3,624W]Qvent

=1.085360

70=27,342Btu/hr[Qvent

=1,210

0.18

38.9=8,472W]InfiltrationandVentilationQiSummaryofHeatingLoadssensibleloadBtu/hr[W]conductionthroughroofinfiltrationventilationconductionthroughwindowsconductionthroughexteriorwall1,596[466]10,773[3,150]7,056[1,994]12,304[3,624]27,342[8,472]31,729[9,234]totalspaceheatingload59,071[17,706]totalcoilheatingloadSummaryofHeatingLoadssensibperiodfive

ComputerizedLoadAnalysis©AmericanStandardInc.2000AirConditioningClinicTRG-TRC002-ENCoolingandHeatingLoadEstimationperiodfive

ComputerizedLoadTimeSavingsDeterminingtimeofpeakandblockloadsChangestobuildingdesignSpaceusageBuildingorientationConstructionmaterialsZoningPerforming“whatif?”analysesRoom101Room102TimeSavingsDeterminingtimeo“Sum-of-Peaks”versus“Block”Room101(faceswest)Room102(faceseast)spacesensibleloadsum-of-peaks=74,626+62,414=137,040Btu/hr

[21,623+18,087=39,710W]block=74,626+55,313=129,939Btu/hr

[21,623+16,158=37,781W]8a.m.Btu/hr[W]4p.m.Btu/hr[W]44,299[12,961]74,626[21,623]62,414[18,087]55,313[16,158]“Sum-of-Peaks”versus“Block”RSpaceversusPlenumLoadsrooflightsplenumexteriorwallreturnairceilingSpaceversusPlenumLoadsrooflSpaceversusPlenumLoadsspaceBtu/hr[W]conductionthroughroofsolarradiationthroughwindowspeoplelightsequipmentinfiltrationconductionthroughwindowsconductionthroughexteriorwall418[120]8,640[2,357]1,310[359]22,733[6,447]4,500[1,350]15,468[4,536]8,184[2,404]2,988[876]plenumBtu/hr[W]84[24]6,629[1,944]heattransferthroughceiling-3,620[-1,020]59,221[17,112]totalspacesensibleload3,620[1,020]sensibleloadcomponentsSpaceversusPlenumLoadsspaceDuctedReturnreturnairductrooflightsplenumexteriorwallceilingDuctedReturnreturnrooflightspAdvancedCalculationMethodsAdvancedCalculationMethodsperiodsix

Review©AmericanStandardInc.2000AirConditioningClinicTRG-TRC002-ENCoolingandHeatingLoadEstimationperiodsix

Review©AmericanSReview—PeriodOnedry-bulbtemperaturehumidityratiowet-bulbtemperature80°F[26.7°C]70°F[21.2°C]60%RH30%RHcomfortzoneReview—PeriodOnedry-bulbtempReview—PeriodTwosensibleloadlatentloadconductionthroughroof,walls,windows,andskylightssolarradiationthroughwindows,skylightsconductionthroughceiling,interiorpartitionwalls,andfloorpeoplelightsequipmentandappliancesinfiltrationventilationsystemheatgainsspaceloadcoilloadcoolingloadcomponentsReview—PeriodTwosensiblelatenReview—PeriodThreesupplyfanRoom101Room102coolingcoilReview—PeriodThreesupplyRoomReview—PeriodFoursensibleloadlatentloadconductionthroughroof,walls,windows,andskylightsconductionthroughceiling,interiorpartitionwalls,andfloorinfiltrationventilationspaceloadcoilloadheatingloadcomponentsReview—PeriodFoursensiblelateReview—PeriodFiveBenefitsofcomputerizedloadanalysisTimesavingsSpaceversusplenumloadsAdvancedcalculationmethodsReview—PeriodFiveBenefitsofCoolingandHeatingLoadEstimation：加热和冷却负载的估计课件Thisslidewasintentionallyleftblank.Itwillbehiddenwhenin“SlideShow”view.See“NotesPage”viewfortablesusedinconjunctionwithSlides25,26,28,and31.Thisslidewasintentionallyl谢谢你的阅读知识就是财富丰富你的人生谢谢你的阅读知识就是财富97谢谢！98谢谢！98CoolingandHeatingLoadEstimationATraneAirConditioningClinic©AmericanStandardInc.2000AirConditioningClinicTRG-TRC002-ENCoolingandHeatingLoadEstimperiodone

HumanComfort©AmericanStandardInc.2000AirConditioningClinicTRG-TRC002-ENCoolingandHeatingLoadEstimationperiodone

HumanComfort©AmePrinciplesofHeatTransferHeatenergycannotbedestroyedHeatalwaysflowsfromahighertemperaturesubstancetoalowertemperaturesubstanceHeatcanbetransferredfromonesubstancetoanotherPrinciplesofHeatTransferHeaMethodsofHeatTransferradiationhotwaterconductionconvectioncoolairwarmairMethodsofHeatTransferradiatMeasuringHeatQuantity60°F61°F15°C16°C1Btu1kcal[4.19kJ]1lbwater1kgwaterMeasuringHeatQuantity60°F61°SensibleversusLatentHeat60°F[15.6°C]212°F[100°C]212°F[100°C]212°F[100°C]sensibleheatlatentheatSensibleversusLatentHeat60°HeatGeneratedbyPeopleHeatGeneratedbyPeopleSurroundingAirConditionsSurroundingAirConditionsFactorsAffectingHumanComfortDry-bulbtemperatureHumidityAirmovementFreshairCleanairNoiselevelAdequatelightingProperfurnitureandworksurfacesFactorsAffectingHumanComfordry-bulbtemperaturehumidityratiowet-bulbtemperatureIndoorDesignConditions80°F[26.7°C]70°F[21.2°C]60%RH30%RHcomfortzoneAdry-bulbtemperaturehumidityrperiodtwo

CoolingLoadEstimation©AmericanStandardInc.2000AirConditioningClinicTRG-TRC002-ENCoolingandHeatingLoadEstimationperiodtwo

CoolingLoadEstimaCoolingLoadComponentsrooflightsequipmentfloorexteriorwallglasssolarglassconductioninfiltrationpeoplepartitionwallCoolingLoadComponentsroofligCoolingLoadComponentssensibleloadlatentloadconductionthroughroof,walls,windows,andskylightssolarradiationthroughwindows,skylightsconductionthroughceiling,interiorpartitionwalls,andfloorpeoplelightsequipment/appliancesinfiltrationventilationsystemheatgainsspaceloadcoilloadcoolingloadcomponentsCoolingLoadComponentssensiblTimeofPeakCoolingLoadheatgainroofeast-facingwindow12 6 12 6 12noona.m.p.m.midmidTimeofPeakCoolingLoadheatExampleOfficeSpace(Room101)planviewelevationview(Room101)Room101NorthRoom102ExampleOfficeSpace(Room101OutdoorDesignConditionsSt.Louis,MissouriDB

WBDB

WBDB

WB0.4%1%2%95°F[35°C]76°F[25°C]93°F[34°C]75°F[24°C]90°F[32°C]74°F[23°C]OutdoorDesignConditionsSt.LHeatConductionthroughSurfacesHeatConductionthroughSurfacConductionthroughaShadedWallQ=UA

TConductionthroughaShadedWaU-factorwoodstudsinsulationgypsumboardconcreteblockaluminumsidingU-factorwoodstudsinsulationgyU-factorforExampleWallthermalresistance(R)Routdoor-airfilm0.25[0.04]Rsiding0.61[0.11]Rconcreteblock2.00[0.35]Rinsulation13.00[2.29]Rgypsumboard0.45[0.08]Rindoor-airfilm0.68[0.12]Rtotal16.99[2.99]]U=Rtotal1U=0.06Btu/hr•ft2•°F[U=0.33W/m2•°K]U-factorforExampleWallthermConductionthroughaShadedWallQwall

=0.06380(95–78)=388Btu/hr[Qwall

=0.3336.3(35–25.6)=113W]ConductionthroughaShadedWaSunlitSurfacessunrayssolaranglechangesthroughoutthedaySunlitSurfacessunsolarangleTimeLagsolareffect12 6 12 6 12noona.m.p.m.midmidABtimelagTimeLagsolareffect12 6 12 Q=UA

CLTDConductionthroughSunlitSurfacesQ=UACLTDConductiontCLTDFactorsforWest-FacingWallhour2117141187667CLTD(°F)353025678910111212345131415161819172021222324CLTD(°C)81012162230374448484541129864433419171446791217212427272523CLTDFactorsforWest-FacingWConductionthroughSunlitSurfacesQwall

=0.0638022=502Btu/hrQroof

=0.0572,70080=12,312Btu/hr[Qwall

=0.3336.312=144W][Qroof

=0.323250.744=3,563W]ConductionthroughSunlitSurfU-factorsforWindowsfixedframes,verticalinstallationsingleglazing

1/8in.[3.2mm]glassdoubleglazing

1/4in.[6.4mm]airspace1/2in.[12.8mm]airspace1/4in.[6.4mm]argonspace1/2in.[12.8mm]argonspacetripleglazing

1/4in.[6.4mm]airspaces1/2in.[12.8mm]airspaces1/4in.[6.4mm]argonspaces1/2in.[12.8mm]argonspaces1.13[6.42]aluminumwithoutthermalbreakwood/vinyl0.69[3.94]0.64[3.61]0.66[3.75]0.61[3.47]0.49[2.76]0.55[3.10]aluminumwiththermalbreak0.47[2.66]0.51[2.90]1.07[6.07]0.63[3.56]0.57[3.22]0.59[3.37]0.54[3.08]0.42[2.39]0.48[2.73]0.40[2.30]0.45[2.54]0.98[5.55]0.56[3.17]0.50[2.84]0.52[2.98]0.48[2.70]0.35[2.01]0.41[2.33]0.34[1.91]0.38[2.15]U-factorsforWindowsfixedfraConductionthroughWindowsQwindows

=0.6316013=1,310Btu/hr[Qwindows

=3.5614.47=359W]ConductionthroughWindowsQwinSolarRadiationthroughGlasssunraysreflectedenergytransmittedenergyglasswindowSolarRadiationthroughGlasssSolarRadiationthroughGlassQ=

ASCSCLSolarRadiationthroughGlassQSolarCoolingLoadFactorDirectionthatthewindowfacesTimeofdayMonthLatitudeConstructionofinteriorpartitionwallsTypeoffloorcoveringExistenceofinternalshadingdevicesSolarCoolingLoadFactorDirecShadingCoefficientshadingcoefficientatnormalincidenceuncoatedsingleglazing

1/4in.[6.4mm]clear1/4in.[6.4mm]greenreflectivesingleglazing

1/4in.[6.4mm]SSonclear1/4in.[6.4mm]SSongreenuncoateddoubl