考研考博-英语-山东交通学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东交通学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Questions23to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

问题1选项

A.Theycan’tbesolvedwithoutgovernmentsupport.

B.Theyareeasytosolvewithmoderntechnology.

C.Theyhavenotbeenexaminedindetailsofar.

D.Theyarisefromtheadvancesintechnology.

问题2选项

A.Itisintenselycompetitive.

B.Itfocusesonnewproducts.

C.Itdemandshugeinvestment.

D.Itisattractivetoentrepreneurs.

问题3选项

A.Cooperationwithbigcompanies.

B.Sharingofcostswitheachother.

C.Recruitingmorequalifiedstaff.

D.In-servicetrainingofITpersonnel.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

【解析】RecordingThree

WelcometothethirdlectureinourseriesonthefutureofsmallbusinessesinEurope.Thepurposeoftoday’slecture,asyouhaveseenfromthetitleandtheabstract,[23]istoexamineinmoredetailtheproblemsfacingsmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseswhichariseatleastinpartfromhavingtoadapttorapidadvancesintechnology.AndIwanttolookatthesebothfromafinancialandfromapersonnelpointofviewandtoofferafewhopefullyeffectivesolutions.

HerewehavethreeofthemostimportantproblemsfacingsmallbusinessesthatIwanttolookattoday.

First,keepingupwiththepaceoftechnologicalchange,recruitinghighqualitystaffinatimeofskillsshortagesinITasawholeandinahighlycompetitivemarket,andtheissueofretainingstaffoncethey’vebeenrecruitedandtrained.Now,alloftheseproblemsinvolvesignificantcostsforallbusinesses.Buttheyareparticularlychallengingissueforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.Andthosecostswouldvarydependingonthesizeandscaleofthebusinesses.

Solet’scometothefirstissueonourlistwhichiskeepingpacewithdevelopmentsintechnology.[24]Nowweallknowthatthetechnologyindustryisintenselycompetitivewithnewproductsbeinglaunchedallyearroundasthevariouscompaniesstrivetocompetewitheachother,ratherthan,sayonceayearoreverycoupleofyears.Andthisisarealheadacheforsmallerbusinesses.So,let’simaginewehaveasmallcompanywhichisdoingok.It’sjustaboutmakingaprofitanditspendsmostofitsincomeontheoverheads.Soforacompanyinthissituation,keepinguptodatewiththelatesttechnology,evenifit’sonlyforthebenefitofkeystaff,thiscanbehugelyexpensive.

Soinmyview,somecreativethinkingneedstocomeinheretofindwaystohelpcompaniesinthissituationtostayaheadinthegame,butatthesametime,toremaintechnologicallycompetitive.

Well,there’sapossibilitythatsmallgroupsofcompanieswithsimilarrequirementsbutnotdirectlycompetingwitheachother,[25]theycouldsharethecostofupgradinginmuchthesamewayas,let’ssay,anintranetoperateswithinlargerorganizations.[25]Infact,costsharingcouldbeaverypracticalsolution,especiallyintimesoffinancialdifficulty.Ifthere’sadownwardpressureoncosts,becauseofaneedforinvestmentinotherareas,Iwouldarguethatthisisaperfectlyfeasiblesolution.

23.Whatdoesthespeakersayabouttheproblemsfacingsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】题目问关于中小企业面临的问题，说话者说了什么？本篇讲座在开头就提到讲座的目的是详细分析中小企业在适应技术的快速进步方面所面临的问题。由此可知，中小企业面临的问题来源于技术的进步，因此D选项正确。A选项“没有政府的支持，问题不能解决”和B选项“利用现代科技很容易解决”在录音中均没有信息涉及；C选项“到目前为止，问题还没有详细研究过”，在这次讲座中说话者明确分析了中小企业面临的三个问题，而且接着展开了对第一个问题的详细剖析，因此C选项不正确。

24.Whatdoesthespeakersayaboutthetechnologyindustry?

【试题答案】A

【试题解析】题目问关于科技行业，说话者说了什么？说话者在说跟上科技发展步伐这个问题时提到，科技行业是竞争激烈的行业，各公司相互竞争，一年到头都可能有新产品推出市场。A选项“竞争非常激烈”与原文表述一致，因此正确。B选项“专注于新产品”；C选项“它要求巨大的投资”和D选项“它对企业家是有吸引力的”在录音中均没有信息提及，均可排除。

25.Whatisapracticalsolutiontotheproblemsofsmallandmedium-sizedbusinesses?

【试题答案】B

【试题解析】题目问什么是解决中小企业问题的可行方案？说话者最后提到有相似需求和要求的小型企业，如果相互之间没有直接的竞争关系，可尝试共同分担技术的升级成本，而这不失为一种实用的解决方法。因此B选项“互相分摊成本”正确。A选项“与大公司合作”和D选项“信息技术人员的在职培训”在录音中没有信息提及；C选项“招聘更能胜任工作的员工”在录音中虽有提及，但这是中小型企业面临的第二个问题，并非实际解决中小型企业问题的方法，因此可排除。

2.单选题

Thedetectivewatchedandsawthesuspect______ahotelatthecorneroftheStreet.

问题1选项

A.gettingoffthetaxiandwalkinginto

B.gotoffthetaxiandwalkedinto

C.getoffthetaxiandwalkinto

D.gotoffthetaxitowalkinto

【答案】C

【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：侦探看着嫌疑犯下了出租车，走进了街角的一家旅馆。本句谓语动词是watchedandsaw，横线处是非谓语动词，在这里指“看见他下出租车和进旅馆”的整个过程。watch/seesb.doingsth.“看见某人正在做（瞬间）”，watch/seesb.dosth.“看见某人做了某事（全过程）”，C选项getoffthetaxiandwalkinto符合题意。因此C选项正确。

3.翻译题

蚯蚓是一种有益的动物，在地面上它是其他动物的食物。在地下，它为田野和花园制造肥沃的土壤。蚯蚓能挖洞，而洞穴能使土壤疏松，因而使空气和水更容易地到达植物的根部。这些孔道还有利于土壤的排水。蚯蚓把枯萎的树叶，草和花瓣拖进洞穴中。当这些植物垃圾腐烂以后，就使土壤更加肥沃。蚯蚓在制造优良的土壤方面所起的作用是其他任何动物所比不上的。据有关数据统计，五万条蚯蚓一年内能在一英亩的土地上制造大约十八吨优良的土壤。

【答案】Theearthwormisakindofbeneficialworm.Itisthefoodoftheanimalsontheground.Underground,itfertilizesthesoiloffieldandgarden.Earthwormsdigburrowswhichloosenthesoilsoastoairandwatercanmoreeasilyreachtherootsofplants.Theburrowalsofacilitatesoildrainage.Earthwormsdragdeadleaves,grassandpetalsintotheirburrowsandthedecayofthosethingsfertilizethesoil.Itcontributemoreexcellentsurfacesoilthananyanimals.Accordingtorelevantstatistics,withinoneyear,fiftythousandearthwormscanproduceabouteighteentonsoffinesoilononeacreofland.

4.单选题

Hethinksthatmethodisprevalent.

问题1选项

A.advanced

B.common

C.difficult

D.old-fashioned

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。题目中prevalent表示“普遍发生的；盛行的”；A选项advanced“先进的；高级的”；B选项common为“共同的，常见的，普遍的”；C选项difficult为“困难的，艰难的”；D选项old-fashioned为“老式的，过时的”。因此，正确答案是B项。句意：他认为这个方法很普遍。

5.翻译题

中国的电影行业已经步入了一个新阶段，始于七年前的行业结构改革使国内票房以年均3%的惊人速度达到一个新的增长水平，这在世界上也是不多见的。

更多的优秀电影展现给了公众，这自然会吸引越来越多的观众走进电影院，也会激发投资商对该行业投资的热情，这的确是个良性循环。中央政府已经采取了新政策，帮助刺激国内市场的发展。随着国内与国际市场密切关系的建立，国产影片在海外的影响和竞争力一定会越来越大。中国也已经承诺，将按照WTO协议进一步开放娱乐市场。

当前，中国的电影制作人主要是自筹资金，但是新的筹资渠道正在出现。随着中国金融体制的完善，越来越多的电影电视公司依靠金融机构筹集资金，同时以票房收入、版权转让以及演员的个人声望做保障。

【答案】【参考译文】China’sfilmindustryhasenteredanewstage.Thestructurereformoffilmindustrystartingfromsevenyearsagohasincreasedthedomesticboxofficeastonishinglyinanaverageannualspeedof3%toanewlevelofgrowth,andthisisalsorareintheworld.

Anincreasingnumberofgoodmovieswillnaturallyattractmoreandmoreaudiencesintocinemaandalsostimulatetheinvestors’enthusiasmforinvestinginthisindustry,whichisindeedapositivecircle.Thecentralgovernmenthasadoptedanewpolicytostimulatethedevelopmentofthedomesticmarket.Withtheestablishmentofacloserelationshipbetweenthedomesticandinternationalmarket,theinfluenceandcompetitivenessofdomesticfilmsinoverseaswillcertainlybeincreasing.ChinahasalsopromisedtofurtheropenitsentertainmentmarketinaccordancewiththeWTOagreement.

Atpresent,theChina’sfilmmakersmainlyhavefundsraisedbythemselves,butthenewfinancingchannelsareemerging.WiththeimprovementoftheChinesefinancialsystem,moreandmorefilmandtelevisioncompaniesarerelyingonfinancialinstitutionstoraisefundsandatthesametimeusingtheboxofficeearnings,copyrighttransferandtheactor’spersonalpopularityasguarantees.

6.单选题

“Doyouthink______Ishouldattendthelecture?”sheaskedme.

问题1选项

A.that

B.whether

C.if

D.when

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查宾语从句。句意：“你认为我应该去听讲座吗？”她问我。Ishouldattendthelecture作think的宾语从句，引导词用that，A选项that符合题意。B选项whether和C选项if“是否”词义和前面疑问词do重复；如果要用D选项when，就要改成whendoyouthink。因此A选项正确。

7.单选题

Sheworkedhardathertaskbeforeshefeltsurethattheresultswould（

）herlongeffort.

问题1选项

A.justify

B.estify

C.rectify

D.verify

【答案】A

【解析】justify证明……是正当的/有理由的，替……辩护；testify作证，证明，证实；rectify改正，精馏，整流；verify核实，查证。句意：在确信结果会证明她的长期努力是值得的之前，她努力工作了。选项A符合语境。

8.翻译题

A.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.

RecentlybadairpollutioninBeijinghasledtoafloodofstrongcriticismfromthecountry'sstate-runmedia.Governmentofficialswereorderedtoreducevehicleuseovertheweekend,accordingtothestate-runXinhuanewsagency,whichalsocoveredthepollutionstoryextensively.Environmentalprotectionauthoritiespublisheddailyair-qualitymeasurements,butthosedidn'ttakeintoaccountthesmallerpollutionparticles,knownasPM2.5,thatpublichealthexpertssayarethemostdamagingtohumanhealth.

People'sDaily,meanwhile,ranafronteditorialundertheheadline"ABeautifulChinaStartswithHealthyBreathing"onMonday."Thevast,unmovinghazehasobscuredourvision,butithasmadetheurgencyofpollutioncontrolclearertous,"theeditorialsaid,notingthechallengestoChina’senvironmentfromrapidongoingindustrializationandurbanization.Post-crisisemergencymeasures,itcontinued,"cannotreplacesystematic,scientific,efficientandpowerfulmanagementoftheproblematitssource.

B.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoEnglish.

科学就是探求真理。在探求真理的过程中，人们对客观规律的认识要经过艰苦曲折的过程。常常有这样的情形：由于研究的角度不同，掌握资料的差异，认识方法的不同，以至引起学术上的争论。因此，有作为的科学工作者都把反对的意见看作对自己的莫大帮助，把对自己的批评当作最珍贵的友谊。这都是因为，赞同的意见未必正确，反对的意见未必错误。退一步说，即使错误的反对意见，对自己的科学研究也是很有好处的。

【答案】SectionA

最近，北京严重的空气污染引发了中国官方媒体的强烈批评。据广泛报道污染事件的新华社报道，政府官员被要求在周末期间减少车辆使用。环境保护部门公布了每天的空气质量监测数据，但这些数据没有将PM2.5等较小的污染颗粒计算在内。公共卫生专家说，PM2.5对人体健康的危害最大。

与此同时，《人民日报》周一在头版发表了一篇题为《美丽中国从健康呼吸开始》的社论。注意到中国快速发展的工业化和城市化给中国环境带来的挑战，

社论指出：巨大的、静止的雾霾遮蔽了我们的视野，但它让我们更加清楚地认识到控制污染的紧迫性。它还指出，危机后的紧急措施“不能从根本上取代对问题进行系统、科学、有效和强有力的管理”。

SectionB

Sciencemeanstheexplorationoftruth.Intheprocessofexploringtruth,people'sunderstandingofobjectivelawhastogothroughaarduousandtortuousprocess.Itisoftenthecasethatacademicdisputesarisebecauseofdifferentresearchperspectives,differentmasteryofmaterialsanddifferentmethodsofcognition.Therefore,accomplishedscientistsregardopposingopinionsasagreathelptothemselves,andtheircriticismasthemostvaluablefriendship.Thisisbecause,theopinionthatagreesmaynotberight,theopinionthatdisagreesmaynotbewrong.Tosaytheleast,evenafalseobjectionisgoodforone'sownscientificresearch.

9.单选题

Hewasfiredbecausehewas（

）lateforwork.

问题1选项

A.occasionally

B.consistently

C.presently

D.weekly

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。occasionally“偶尔”；consistently“一贯地”；presently“不久，一会儿”；weekly“每周一次”。句意：他被解雇了，因为他上班总是迟到。选项B符合题意。

10.单选题

Thebuildingcollapsedbecauseitsfoundationwasnotstrongenoughto（

）theweightofthebuilding.

问题1选项

A.idealize

B.subside

C.initiate

D.sustain

【答案】D

【解析】句意:建筑物倒塌是因为它的地基不足以支撑整个建筑物的重量。

考查动词辨析。Idealize使理想化,理想化地描述;subside平息,减弱;initiate开始,发起;sustain支撑,维持,承担。由关键词theweightofthebuilding(建筑物重量)可知D符合句意。

11.单选题

Whydoesavegetarianrestaurantmakeitsdishesresemblemeatineverywayexcept（）?

问题1选项

A.ingredients

B.elements

C.components

D.compounds

【答案】A

【解析】近义词辨析。ingredients材料，成分；elements基础，原理，元素；components（机器的）组件,部件；compounds（化学类的）合成物。句意：为什么素食餐厅的菜肴除了配料外其他各方面都像肉？选项A符合句意。

12.单选题

Thereisthefearthatbabiesmightbegeneticallyalteredtosuittheparents’wishes.

问题1选项

A.enhanced

B.revised

C.alternated

D.modified

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。alterto表示“更改，改变”；A项enhance“增强”，B项revise“修正，校订”，C项alternate“交替的，轮流的”，D项modify“修改，修饰”。句意：人们担心婴儿的基因会被改变以满足父母的愿望。根据句意可知，选择D项正确。

13.单选题

Theofwomantomanatouruniversityisaboutfivetofour.

问题1选项

A.rate

B.proportion

C.portion

D.percentage

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项raten.比率，率，等级；B选项proportionn.比例，占比，面积；C选项portionn.部分，份数；D选项percentagen.百分比，百分数。根据搭配，proportion...to...表示“（两者）比例”，因此，B项为正确答案。

14.单选题

Theword“foolish”istoomildtodescribeyourbehavior,Iwouldprefertheword“（

）".

问题1选项

A.ideological

B.idyllic

C.idiotic

D.idiomatic

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。ideological“思想的；意识形态的”；idyllic“安恬的；田园诗般的”；idiotic“白痴的；愚蠢的”；idiomatic“惯用的；符合语言习惯的”。句意：“愚蠢”这个词用来描述你的行为太温和了，我更喜欢用“白痴的”这个单词。选项C符合题意。

15.单选题

（

）Itwasafterthefailureofthisattemptthathetoforce.

问题1选项

A.resolved

B.recurred

C.exerted

D.resorted

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。句意:自那次试验失败后，他诉诸武力。

resolve:决心，分解;recur:复发，重视，再发生;exert:运用，发挥。resort:求助，诉诸。此句是个强调句型，强调是状语。Resortto诉诸,求助于。故D项符合句意。

16.单选题

Thenewspaperdidnotmentionthe（）ofthedamagecausedbythefire.

问题1选项

A.range

B.level

C.extent

D.quantity

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。range“范围”；level“水平，标准，常强调变化的差异性和职权等的范围”；extent“程度，范围，长度”；quantity“数量”。句意：这家报纸没有提到由于火灾所造成的损害程度。C项符合题意。

17.单选题

Whenyourparentsadviseyouto“getaneducation”inordertoraiseyourincome,theytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety,butnotsomuchthatyouproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.

Getahighschooldiploma,atleast.Withoutthat,youwillbeoccupationallydead,unlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool.

Getacollegedegree,ifpossible.WithaB.A.,youareonthelaunchingpad（发射台）.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegree,makesureitisanandonlyfromafirst-rateuniversity.Beyondthis,thefamouslawofdiminishingreturns（报酬递减率）beginstotakeeffect.

Doyouknow,forinstance,thatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreperyearthanfullprofessors?Yes,theaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas$24,000,whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoaveragejust$23,030.

APh.D.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucanget,butexceptinafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistry,wherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposes,youarefacingadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythananyotherpartoftheworldbyfar.

IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguagesor—worstofall—inphilosophy,youruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneeds,mindyou,butforourdemands.

ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoes,drivingcars,waitingontablesandfillingoutfruitlessapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Andthenmaybetakingajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegepaysmuchlessthanthejanitor（看门人）earns.

Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeducationonlysofar.Farenough,thatis,tomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproduct,butnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou.

1.Accordingtothewriter,whatthesocietyexpectsofeducationistoturnoutpeoplewho______.

2.IfyouareasgiftedasBernardShaworEdison,______.

3.Ph.D.saremostlikelyto

.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

5.Thewriteriscriticalof

.

问题1选项

A.willnotbeashametothesociety

B.willbecomeskilledworkers

C.cantakecareofthemselves

D.canmeetthedemandsasasourceofmanpower

问题2选项

A.youcangetahighschooldiplomawithoutdifficulty

B.youwillbesuccessfulinagradeschool

C.youcanbeprofessionallysuccessfulwithoutadiploma

D.theleastyoushoulddoistogetadiploma

问题3选项

A.havedifficultiesgettingproperlyemployed

B.beemployedinthefieldsofcommerceorindustry

C.havetofilloutapplicationformsmonthaftermonthforothers

D.workinschoolsorcollegeswithlowpay

问题4选项

A.BernardShawdidn’tfinishhighschools,nordidEdison

B.TherearefarmorePhDsthanthesocietydemands

C.Thehigheryoureducationlevel,themoremoneyyouwillearn

D.Ifyouaretoowell-educated,you’llmakethingsdifficultforthesociety

问题5选项

A.theemployees

B.thePhDs

C.theemployers

D.thesociety

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第一段第二句提到他们真正的期望是获得足够的教育来为社会提供人力（Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety），因此选项D符合题意。

2.判断推理题。文章第二段提到高中文凭是必要的，如果没有的话，除非你是萧伯纳或者爱迪生，如果你是他们，你小学辍学都行（unlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool），因为他们就算没有文凭，也在各自领域中脱颖而出，因此选项C符合题意。

3.细节事实题。文章第五段倒数第一句话提到美国失业或未充分就业的博士人数比世界上其他国家要多（TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythananyotherpartoftheworldbyfar），由此可知选项A符合题意。

4.判断推理题。根据文章第五段可知很多博士就业问题并不是很理想，由此可知选项C表述是错误的，符合题意。

5.判断推理题。无论是雇主、雇员还有博士生本人都是属于社会中的一员，一系列状况都是社会发展导致的，因此作者批判的是这个社会，因此选项D符合题意。

18.单选题

Weknowthatchronicpaincandisruptaperson’slife,causingproblemsthatrangefrommissedworktodepression.

问题1选项

A.short-term

B.acute

C.bitter

D.long-lasting 

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项short-term“短期的”；B选项acute“严重的，[医]急性的；敏锐的；激烈的；尖声的”；C选项bitter“苦的；痛苦的；尖刻的；充满仇恨的”；D选项long-lasting“持久的；长期的，持续时间长的”。句意：我们知道，慢性疼痛会扰乱一个人的生活，导致从旷工到抑郁等一系列问题。结合此处关键词chronic“慢性的；长期的；习惯性的”，得知D选项正确。

19.单选题

Oftenthedifficultiesofgrowingupinthepubliceyecausechildprodigiesto（）theworldofachievementbeforereachingadulthood;happily,theysometimeslaterreturntocompetitionandsucceedbrilliantly.

问题1选项

A.ridicule

B.retirefrom

C.examine

D.conquer

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项ridicule“嘲笑，奚落”；B选项retirefrom“退休；退出；从……退休”；C选项examine“检查；调查；检测；考试”；D选项conquer“战胜，征服；攻克，攻取”。句意：在公众的目光下成长的困难往往导致神童在成年之前就从成就的世界中退休；令人高兴的是，他们有时会在竞争中获胜。因此B选项正确。

20.单选题

Studentsorteacherscanparticipateinexcursionstolovelybeachesaroundtheislandatregular（

）.

问题1选项

A.gaps

B.rate

C.length

D.intervals

【答案】D

【解析】句意:学生或老师可以每隔一段时间就进行一次短途旅行，到海岛附近美丽的沙滩上去。

考查短语辨析。at...rate以……速度：atintervals不时，每隔一段时间;atlength详尽地;atgap,无此搭配。故选D。

21.单选题

Shedidherwork（

）hermanagerhadinstructed.

问题1选项

A.until

B.when

C.as

D.though

【答案】C

【解析】句意:她照经理说的做自己的工作。

连词辨析。As按照，如同,引导方式状语,符合句意。until直到,引导时间状语从句;when当…时候,引导时间状语从句;though即使,引导让步状语从句。

22.单选题

Facebookandmobilephonesmeanthatmanyfeeltheycanneverhavetimeofffromplaygroundgossip.Parentstoldmehowtheirdaughtersworriedabouttheirbodyimagefromasyounganageasseven.Forparentsofmygeneration,contemplatinghowourchildrenarefearing,andwhetherwearegivingthemwhattheytrulyneed,isnotaneasythingtodo.Ihavetwosonsagedsevenandfour,myhusbandandIbothworkfull-time.Thereistheinevitablepushandpulloftimetables,anxietyabouthavingenoughtimewiththeboys,andparticularlyaboutwhetherwe'reequippingthemtocopewiththeacademicandsocialpressuresthatlieahead.

Whenwepolledmorethan1,000parentswhousethewebsiteMumsnet,theresultsrevealedwidespreadconcernamongparentsaboutpressureschildrenfacetoday.Twothirds(64percent)saidthereistoomuchtestinginschools,78percentsaidchildrendon'tgettoplayoutdoorsenoughontheirown,andthreequarters(75percent)feltthatlongworkinghoursmadeitdifficulttospendenoughtimewiththeirfamily.Thestatisticsalsopointtoadramaticriseinthelevelofchildhooddepressionoverthecourseofageneration.

Threeyearsago,Britainrankedbottomoutof21countriesinaUNsurveyofchildren'swellbeingintheworld.Oneinfouroftheparentswequestionedsaidtheybelievedtheirkidsarelesshappythantheywereatthesameage.Aworryingconsequenceofallofthisisthedramaticriseinmentalhealthproblemsintheyoung,upbyashocking70percentsincethe1970s.Oneintenofourteenagechildrennowhasadiagnosablementalhealthcondition.

ImetAnnabelleDavies,a19-year-oldwhohadbeenanoutgoing,academicallygiftedyoungschoolgirl.Aftershemissedafewweeksofschoolaged15duetoavirus,shefellbehindwithherschoolwork,andfoundshecouldnolongercope.Thedepressionthatsetinwaspunctuatedbysuicideattemptsandperiodsinacutepsychiatricunits.Atherlowestpoints,herexhaustedparentscouldn'triskleavingheralone.Annabellehassufferedseveredepressionfornearlyfiveyears,isnowpainfullythinandexistsonheavymedication.Wesatandchattedonhermum’ssofa,‘Ifeltpressuredtobedoingwellinmyexams,togetgoodgrades,togoontouniversity-andwasscaredIwasgoingtoletpeopledown,thatIwasgoingtofail.Ifeltphysicallysick.Icouldn'tstopcrying.IfeltthatwhateverIdidwouldn'tbeenough.Andyouhateyourselfbecauseyou'reweak”

OneoftheexpertsIspoketo,TimGill,achildhoodplayconsultant,believesthatcontemporarypressures,combinedwiththewaywenowraiseandeducateourchildren,isleavingmanyunabletocope.Forhim,it’stimetogobacktobasics-freedomtoplay,toexploreandtomakemistakes:"Ithinkbacktomyownchildhood,whenmygenerationroamedfarandwide.Buttoday'schildrenarenotfree-ranged-they'rebattery-reared."

Happily,therearesignsthatsomeparents,schoolsandevenpoliticiansarenowstartingtowiseup.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromtheauthor’sfamilythat（

）.

2.Howmanyparentshavelimitedtimewiththeirchildrenaccordingtothepoll?

3.Accordingtothepassage,TimGillholdstheideathat

（

）.

4.Howdoestheauthorthinkaboutthechildhooddepressionbynow?

问题1选项

A.sonscausemuchpressuretoparentsthandaughters

B.oneoftheparentsshouldleaveworkfortheirchild

C.socialpressureisgoodforchildren’sfuturedevelopment

D.it’shardtomakechildrenequippedtovariouspressures

问题2选项

A.Two-thirds.

B.Seventy-eightpercent.

C.Threequarters.

D.Morethanonethousand.

问题3选项

A.peopleshouldeducatetheirchildrenbythemselves

B.socialpressureisgoodforchildrentobecomemature

C.today'schildrenbearmorestudyburdenthanbefore

D.childrenneedmorestimulusfromschoolsandsociety

问题4选项

A.It’soptimistictoseesomechangesonthisproblem.

B.Sheistotallydepressedbythepolitician'sefforts.

C.Mostschoolsbegintodoabetterjobthanbefore.

D.Itsreflectionoftheparents’childhoodfailure.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】1.根据文章第一段最后一句‘Thereistheinevitablepushandpulloftimetables,anxietyabouthavingenoughtimewiththeboys,andparticularlyaboutwhetherwe'reequippingthemtocopewiththeacademicandsocialpressuresthatlieahead.时间安排不可避免地会带来压力，孩子们会因为有足够的时间而焦虑，尤其是我们是否准备好让他们应付未来的学业和社会压力。’确定D选项‘要使孩子们适应各种压力是很困难的’符合题意。

2.根据文章第二段第二句话‘threequarters(75percent)feltthatlongworkinghoursmadeitdifficulttospendenoughtimewiththeirfamily.四分之三(75%)的人认为长时间的工作让他们很难有足够的时间和家人在一起。’确定C选项‘四分之三’符合题意。

3.根据文章倒数第二段确定TimGill的观点是当今的孩子们的压力比之前的大得多，所以C选项符合题意，正确。

4.根据文章最后一句‘Happily,therearesignsthatsomeparents,schoolsandevenpoliticiansarenowstartingtowiseup.高兴地是，已经有兆头显示有一些父母和学校甚至政治家已经意识到这个问题‘确定A选项‘在这个问题上看到一些变化是乐观的’正确。

23.不定项选择题

Beforeabigexam,asoundnight’ssleepwilldoyoubetterthanporingovertextbooks.That,atleast,isthefolkwisdom.Andscience,intheformofbehavioralpsychology,supportsthatwisdom.Butsuchbehavioralstudiescannotdistinguishbetweentwocompetingtheoriesofwhysleepisgoodforthememory.Onesaysthatsleepiswhenpermanentmemoriesform.Theothersaysthattheyareactuallyformedduringtheday,butthen“edited”atnight,toflushawaywhatissuperfluous.

Totellthedifference,itisnecessarytolookintothebrainofasleepingperson,andthatishard.Butafteradecadeofpainstakingwork,ateamledbyPierreMaquetatLiegeUniversityinBelgiumhasmanagedtodoit.TheparticularstageofsleepinwhichtheBelgiangroupisinterestedisrapideyemovement(REM)sleep,whenbrainandbodyareactive,heartrateandbloodpressureincrease,theeyesmovebackandforthbehindtheeyelidsasifwatchingamovie,andbrainwavetracesresemblethoseofwakefulness.Itisduringthisperiodofsleepthatpeoplearemostlikelytoreliveeventsofthepreviousdayindreams.

Dr.MaquetusedanelectronicdevicecalledPETtostudythebrainsofpeopleastheypracticedataskduringtheday,andastheysleptduringthefollowingnight.Thetaskrequiredthemtopressabuttonasfastaspossible,inresponsetoalightcomingoninoneofsixpositions.Astheylearnthowtodothis,theirresponsetimesgotfaster.Whattheydidnotknowwasthattheappearanceofthelightssometimesfollowedapattern-whatisreferredtoas“artificialgrammar”.Yetthereductionsinresponsetimeshowedthattheylearntfasterwhenthepatternwaspresentthanwhentherewasnot.

Whatismore,thosewithmoretolearn(i.e.,the“grammar”,aswellasthemechanicaltaskofpushingthebutton)havemoreactivebrains.The“editing”theorywouldnotpredictthat,sincethenumberofirrelevantstimuliwouldbethesameineachcase.Andtoeliminateanydoubtsthattheexperimentalsubjectswerelearningasopposedtounlearning,theirresponsetimeswhentheywokeupwereevenquickerthanwhentheywenttosleep.

Theteam,therefore,concludedthatthenerveconnectionsinvolvedinmemoryarereinforcedthroughreactivationduringREMsleep,particularlyifthebraindetectsaninherentstructureinthematerialbeinglearnt.Sonow,ontheeveofthatcrucialtest,mathsstudentscansleepsoundlyintheknowledgethatwhattheywillrememberthenextdayarethebasicrulesofalgebraandnottheincoherenttalkfromtheradionextdoor.

6.Researchersinbehavioralpsychologyaredividedwithregardto（）.

7.Asmanifestedintheexperimentalstudy,rapideyemovementischaracterizedby（）.

8.Byreferringtotheartificialgrammar,theauthorintendstoshow（）.

9.Intheirstudy,researchersledbyPierreMaquettookadvantageofthetechniqueof（）.

10.WhatadvicemightMaquetgivetothosewhohaveacrucialtestthenextday?

问题1选项

A.howdreamsaremodifiedintheircourses

B.thedifferencebetweensleepandwakefulness

C.whysleepisofgreatbenefittomemory

D.thefunctionsofagoodnight’ssleep

问题2选项

A.intenselyactivebrainwavetraces

B.subjects’quickerresponsetimes

C.complicatedmemorypatterns

D.revivalofeventsinthepreviousday

问题3选项

A.itssignificanceinthestudy

B.aninherentpatternbeinglearnt

C.itsresemblancetothelights

D.theimportanceofanight’ssleep

问题4选项

A.exposingalong-heldfolkwisdom

B.clarifyingthepredictionsondreams

C.makingcontrastsandcomparisons

D.correlatingeffectswiththeircauses

问题5选项

A.Memorizinggrammarwithgreatefforts.

B.Studytextbookswithcloseattention.

C.Havetheirbrainimagesrecorded.

D.Enjoytheirsleepatnightsoundly.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】6.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】细节事实题。文中第一段Butsuchbehavioralstudiescannotdistinguishbetweentwocompetingtheoriesofwhysleepisgoodforthememory.（但是这样的行为研究并不能区分为什么睡眠对记忆力有好处的两种相互矛盾的理论），所以他们对为什么睡眠对记忆力有好处持有不同的观点，故应选C选项“为什么睡眠对记忆力很有好处”。A选项“梦是如何在课程中被修改的”，不符合题意，可排除。B选项“睡眠和清醒的区别”，不符合题意，可排除。D选项“一个好觉的作用”，过于片面，可排除。因此C选项正确。

7.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。第二段中指出“…whenbrainandbodyareactive”，大脑积极运转是眼珠快速转动的主要特征，且在第三、四段又再次说明。选项B“被研究者更快的反应速度”，选项C“复杂的记忆模式”和选项D“前一天事件的重现”都不是眼球快速运动的主要特征。故应选A“强烈活跃的脑电波痕迹”。因此A选项正确。

8.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节事实题。原文的第三段最后Whattheydidnotknow…followeda