考研考博-英语-天津财经大学考试押题三合一+答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-天津财经大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Theseearlyclocks,operatedbyweights,werenotparticularlyaccurate,anditwasnotuntilthesixteenthcentury______.

问题1选项

A.anygreatreliabilityattainedit

B.thenattainedanygreatreliability

C.thatanygreatreliabilitywasattained

D.whenanygreatreliabilityattained

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定句型。Itisnotuntil…that…“直到……才”，所以C选项“thatanygreatreliabilitywasattained”符合题意。句意：这些早期的钟通过砝码运行，并不是特别准确，直到16世纪才准确。其余选项不符合语法，故错误。因此C选项正确。

2.单选题

Thegeneralmanagerofourcompanyisagoodlistener.Healways（）ourproposalsenthusiastically.

问题1选项

A.takesin

B.takeson

C.takesup

D.takesto

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项takesin“接受，吸收，领会，欺骗”；B选项takeson“承担，呈现，具有”；C选项takesup“拿起，开始从事，占据（时间，地方）”；D选项takesto“喜欢，走向”。句意：我们公司的总经理是个善于倾听的人。他总是热情地（）我们的建议。根据题意，可以推测出，总经理是个善于倾听的人，所以他会热情地接受我们的建议，因此A选项符合题意。

3.单选题

Americawillneveragainhaveasanationthespiritofadventureasit（）beforetheWestwassettled.

问题1选项

A.could

B.was

C.would

D.did

【答案】D

【解析】考查助动词替代。题干中的as作为连词，引导方式状语从句，意为“像……一样”。根据平行结构原则，从句中应填入实义动词had，但主句中已有了一个have，为了避免重复，可用助动词did代替had，例如：StudyasLenindid(did用来代替studied)．像列宁那样学习。因此D选项正确。

4.翻译题

1.Themanwhoselifeiscenteredaroundproducing,sellingandconsumingcommoditiestransformshimselfintoacommodity.Hebecomesincreasinglyattractedtothatwhichisman-madeandmechanical,ratherthantothatwhichisnaturalandorganic.Manymentodayaremoreinterestedinsportscarsthaninwomen;ortheyexperiencewomenasacarwhichonecancausetoracebypushingtherightbutton.2.Altogethertheyexpecthappinessisamatteroffindingtherightbutton,nottheresultofaproductive,richlife,alifewhichrequiresmakinganeffortandtakingrisks.Intheirsearchforthebutton,somegotothepsychoanalyst,somegotochurchandsomeread“self-help”books.Butwhileitisimpossibletofindthebuttonforhappiness,themajorityaresatisfiedwithpushingthebuttonsofcameras,radios,televisionsets,andwatchingsciencefictionbecomingreality.

Oneofthestrangestaspectsoftheirapproachtolifeisthewidespreadlackofconcernaboutthedangeroftotaldestructionbynuclearweapons?Apossibilitypeopleareconsciouslyawareof.3.Theexplanation,Ibelieve,isthattheyaresofrightenedofthepossibilityoftheirpersonalfailureandhumiliationthattheiranxietyaboutpersonalmatterspreventthemfromfeelinganxietyaboutthepossibilitythateverybodyandeverythingmaybedestroyed.Perhapstotaldestructionisevenmoreattractivethantotalinsecurityandnever-endingpersonalanxiety.

AmIsuggestingthatmodernmanisdoomedandthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcentury“freeenterprise”capitalism?Certainlynot.4.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucraticallymanagedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandconsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandthefulldevelopmentofhispotentialities—thoseofloveandofreason—aretheaimsofallsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisend,andshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.

Directions:Readthefollowingpassage,andthentranslatetheunderlinedpartsnumberedfrom(1)to(4),fromEnglishintoChinese.PleasewriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.

【答案】1.以生产、销售、消费商品为中心的男人把自己也转化为一种商品了。他对人造的、机械的东西越来越感兴趣，对天然的、有机的东西却无动于衷。如今，许多男人对跑车的痴迷超过了对女人的痴迷，或者把女人当作只要按对按钮就会奔驰的汽车。

2.总而言之，他们认为幸福是个找对按钮的问题，而不是源自硕果累累、丰富多彩、需要付出努力和承担风险的生活。在寻找按钮的过程中，有些人去找心理分析学家；有些人去做礼拜；还有一些人去读“自助”书籍。不过他们虽然找不到赐予幸福的按钮，但大多数人满足于按收音机、电视机和照相机的按钮，满足于看着科幻小说变成现实。

3.我认为，可以这样解释：他们非常担心会遭遇个人的失败并蒙受羞辱。由于他们对个人问题感到忧虑，这就妨碍他们对所有的人和所有的东西可能会遭到毁灭感到忧虑。也许彻底的毁灭比十分的不安和个人永无休止的忧虑更有吸引力。

4.想通过倒退到人们已经走过的阶段来解决问题是永远行不通的。我建议改造我们的社会制度，将其从一个官僚机构管理下的工业化社会体制转化为一个人本主义的工业化社会体制。在前一种体制中，最高产量和最高消费为主要目的；在后一种体制中，一切社会活动的目的都是为了人，为了使人的各种潜力——爱的潜力和运用理性的潜力——获得充分的发展。

5.单选题

OurhospitalhasanaffiliationwiththemedicalschooloftheCityUniversity.

问题1选项

A.organization

B.administration

C.connection

D.cooperation

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项organizationn.组织，团体，机构；B选项administrationn.管理，行政机构；C选项connectionn.连接，关系，人脉；D选项cooperationn.合作，协作。句意：我们医院和城市大学医学院有良好的合作关系。因此，D项为正确答案。

6.不定项选择题

Anyhopeofafountainofyouthtostoppeoplefromgettingolderisalongwayoff,withsciencejustbeginningtounderstandthecomplexgenetic,physicalandhormonalcausesofaging.Butexpertssaidtherewereinterestingtargetsforstudy,includinggenesinvolvedinAlzheimer'sdisease,thehormoneDHEAandtheroleofexercisesinkeepingpeopleyoung.

StevenLambertsandcolleaguesnotedthatlevelsofDHEAweremuchlowerinolderpeople.OnestudyinadultsshowedtakingDHEAtablets“inducedaremarkableincreaseinperceivedphysicalandphysiologicalwellbeinginbothmenandwomenwithouthavinganeffectonsex”.OtherstudiesonratsshowedgivingthemDHEAcouldpreventobesityanddiabetes.Buttheysaidmuchmorestudywasneeded.

CableFinchandRudophTanzisaiditwasconceivablethatgeneticengineeringexperimentscouldtransfergenesfromonespeciestoanothertoalterlifespan.However,itseemsunlikelythatafewgenesdeterminethe25folddifferenceinlifespansbetweenratsandhumans.Aninstructiveexampleisthe10-folddifferenceinlifespansoffemaleworkerbeesandqueensofthesamegenotype,whichshowmuchsloweragingduringlifespansofmanyactiveyearsofeggproduction.Thedifference—whatthebeeswerefedasjuveniles.

OneinterestinggeneticcandidatewastheAPOEgene,mutationsofwhicharelinkedwithAlzheimer'sdisease.Oneversionofthisgenedoesseemtobelinkedwithlonglife,althoughmanymorestudiesareneeded.

Forthosewhodonotwanttowait,Lamberts'teamsaidexercisecanbekeytopreventingthefrailtythatagingbrings.Lossofmusclestrengthisanimportantfactorintheprocessoffrailty.Onestudyinhomefortheelderlyshowedasedentarylifestylegreatlycontributestothis.Supervisedresistanceexercisetrainingcoulddoublemusclestrengthandsignificantlyincreasegaitvelocityandstair-climbingpower.Thisdemonstratesthatfrailtyintheelderlyisnotanirreversibleeffectofaginganddiseaseandcanbereducedandperhapsevenprevented.

1.ThespecificpurposeofsettingAlzheimer'sdiseaseastheresearchtargetisto（）.

2.ThesecondparagraphimpliesthattakingDHEAtabletswould（）.

3.IntheexamplecitedbyFinchandTanzi,lifespanwasmostlikelyaffectedby（）.

4.Inthesentence“Onestudyinhomefortheelderlyshowed…”(inPara.5),thelastword“this”refersto（）.

问题1选项

A.discoverawaytodecodeallthehumangenes

B.findoutsomethingaboutthegeneticcauseofaging

C.locatethefountainofyouthinhumanbodies

D.probeintotheroleofexerciseinretainingyouth

问题2选项

A.certainlymakepeopleyounger

B.helpyoulosesomeweight

C.promotenoincreaseinsexdrive

D.showlittlehealtheffectlikegreaterbodystrength

问题3选项

A.transferringcertaingenes

B.differentstrainsbetweenspecies

C.natureofone'slifelongwork

D.thedietonetakes

问题4选项

A.exercisetraining

B.preventionoffrailty

C.lossofmusclestrength

D.processofcuringthedisease.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.ThespecificpurposeofsettingAlzheimer’sdiseaseastheresearchtargetisto______.1.将阿尔茨海默病作为研究对象的具体目的是______。

A.discoverawaytodecodeallthehumangenesA.找到一种解码所有人类基因的方法

B.findoutsomethingaboutthegeneticcauseofagingB.找出导致衰老的遗传原因

C.locatethefountainofyouthinhumanbodiesC.在人体中找到青春的源泉

D.probeintotheroleofexerciseinretainingyouthD.探讨运动在保持青春中的作用

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第四段的内容“一个有趣的候选基因是APOE基因，这种基因的突变与阿尔茨海默病有关。这种基因的一个版本似乎确实与长寿有关，尽管还需要更多的研究。”，从中可知，APOE基因与长寿有关，而该基因的变异与Alzheimer疾病有关。说明阿尔茨海默病会造成衰老。所以阿尔茨海默病是为了找出衰老的基因，B项符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A项“找到一种解码所有人类基因的方法”中的all太夸张，曲解原文；

C项“在人体中找到青春的源泉”表述错误，研究阿尔茨海默病是为了找出导致衰老的基因，而不是保持青春的基因，曲解原文；

D项“探讨运动在保持青春中的作用”与阿尔茨海默病研究无关，张冠李戴。

第2题:2.【选项释义】

2.ThesecondparagraphimpliesthattakingDHEAtabletswould______.2.第二段暗示服用脱氢表雄酮片剂______。

A.certainlymakepeopleyoungerA.当然让人更年轻

B.helpyoulosesomeweightB.帮助你减肥

C.promotenoincreaseinsexdriveC.不会增加性欲

D.showlittlehealtheffectlikegreaterbodystrengthD.会像增强身体力量一样对健康没有什么影响

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】首先定位至文章第二段，第二句提到“一项针对成年人的研究表明，服用脱氢表雄酮片可以显著提高男性和女性的身体和生理健康水平（aremarkableincreaseinperceivedphysicalandphysiologicalwellbeing），但不会对性生活产生影响（withouthavinganeffectonsex）”，从中可知，服用脱氢表雄酮片对男女身心健康都有极大的促进，但是对性生活没什么影响，C项“不会增加性欲”符合原文。故该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A项“当然让人更年轻”没有体现，无中生有；

B项“帮助你减肥”，第二段提到的是“注射脱氢表雄酮可以预防肥胖和糖尿病”，预防肥胖不代表可以帮助减肥，该项曲解原文；

D项“会像增强身体力量一样对健康没有什么影响”与原文不符，文中提到服用脱氢表雄酮片可以显著提高身体健康，该项曲解原文。

第3题:3.【选项释义】

3.IntheexamplecitedbyFinchandTanzi,lifespanwasmostlikelyaffectedby______.3.在芬奇和坦齐引用的例子中，寿命最有可能受到______的影响。

A.transferringcertaingenesA.某些基因转移

B.differentstrainsbetweenspeciesB.物种间的不同菌株

C.natureofone’slifelongworkC.一生工作性质

D.thedietonetakesD.饮食

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第三段列举的工蜂和蜂王的例子可知，蜂王在积极地大量产卵期间，生命老化得较慢；这也就是说寿命受到终身工作的影响。C项“一生工作性质”符合原文。

【干扰项排除】

A项“某些基因转移”是基因工程的实验，与题干无关，张冠李戴；

B项“物种间的不同菌株”没有提到，无中生有；

D项“饮食”，第二段最后一句提到“区别在于，蜜蜂幼年时吃的是什么”，根据常识，蜂王幼年时只吃蜂王浆，而工蜂幼年时吃花粉等其他蜜蜂食物，所以“蜜蜂幼年时吃的是什么”决定了它们在以后的工作职业将是什么，归根到底寿命的长短还是受到终身工作的影响，该项只是解释蜂王和工蜂的区别，与题干无关，张冠李戴。

第4题:4.【选项释义】

4.Inthesentence“Onestudyinhomefortheelderlyshowed…”(Para.5),thelastword“this”refersto______.4.在第五段的“Onestudyinhomefortheelderlyshowed…”中，最后一个单词“this”指的是______。

A.exercisetrainingA.运动训练

B.preventionoffrailtyB.预防衰弱

C.lossofmusclestrengthC.肌力丧失

D.processofcuringthediseaseD.治疗疾病的过程

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】首先，根据题干定位至第五段第三句“一项针对老年人的家庭研究表明，久坐的生活方式在很大程度上对此（this）起了极大作用”，结合上文“肌肉力量的丧失（Lossofmusclestrength）是衰弱过程中的一个重要因素”，从中可知，this指的就是上文提到的“肌肉力量的丧失（Lossofmusclestrength）”，故该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】A项“运动训练”、B项“预防衰弱”和D项“治疗疾病的过程”不符合上下文连接，曲解原文。

7.单选题

Whichissafer-stayingathome,travelingtoworkonpublictransport,orworkingintheoffice?Surprisingly,eachofthesecarriesthesamerisk,whichisverylow.However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!Infact,theaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome.

Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthiswhichmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy.Fortunately,theyareextremelyrare.ThemostfamousoneshappenedatTexasCity(1947),Flixborough(1974),Seveso(1976),Pemex(1984)andBhopal(1984).

Someofthesearealwaysinthemindsofthepeopleeventhoughthelossoflifewassmall.NoonediedatSeveso,andonly28workersatFlixborough.TheworstaccidentofallwasBhopal,whereupto3,000werekilled.TheTexasCityexplosionoffertilizerkilled552.ThePemexfireatastorageplantfornaturalgasinthesuburbsofMexicoCitytook542lives,justamonthbeforetheunfortunateeventatBhopal.

Someexpertshavediscussedtheseaccidentsandusedeachaccidenttoillustrateaparticulardanger.ThustheTexasCityexplosionwascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate(硝酸铵),whichissafeunlessstoredingreatquantity.TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep.Whenthepoisonousgasdriftedoverthetown,localleaderswereincapableoftakingeffectiveaction.ThePemexfirewasmadeworsebyanoverloadedsiteinanovercrowdedsuburb.Thefiresetoffachainreactionofexplodingstoragetanks.Yet,byamiracle,thetwolargesttanksdidnotexplode.Hadthesecaughtfire,then3,000strongrescueteamandfirefighterswouldallhavedied.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

2.Chemicalaccidentsareusuallyimportantenoughtobereportedasnewsbecause（）.

3.Accordingtopassage,thechemicalaccidentthatcausedbythefaultofmanagementhappenedat（）.

4.Fromthepassageweknowthatammoniumnitrateisakindof（）.

5.Fromthediscussionamongsomeexpertswemayconcludethat（）.

问题1选项

A.Workingattheofficeissaferthanstayingathome.

B.Travellingtoworkonpublictransportissaferthanworkingattheoffice.

C.Stayingathomeissaferthanworkinginthechemicalindustry.

D.Workinginthechemicalindustryissaferthantravelingbyair.

问题2选项

A.theyareveryrare

B.theyoftencauselossoflife

C.theyalwaysoccurinbigcities

D.theyarousetheinterestofallthereaders

问题3选项

A.Texascity

B.Flixborough

C.Seveso

D.MexicoCity

问题4选项

A.naturalgas,whichcaneasilycatchfire

B.fertilizer,whichcan’tbestoredinagreatquantity

C.poisonoussubstance,whichcan’tbeusedinovercrowdedareas

D.fuel,whichisstoredinlargetanks

问题5选项

A.toavoidanyaccidentsweshouldnotrepairthefacilitiesinchemicalindustry

B.thelocalauthoritiesshouldnotbeconcernedwiththeproductionofthechemicalindustry

C.alltheseaccidentscouldhavebeenavoidedorcontrolledifeffectivemeasurehadbeentaken

D.naturalgasstoredinverylargetanksisalwayssafe

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.客观细节题。由D选项关键词“chemicalindustry”可以定位到文章第一段第三、四句However,whataboutflyingcomparedtoworkinginthechemicalindustry?Unfortunately,theformeris65timesriskierthanthelatter!（然而，坐飞机和在化工行业工作相比怎么样呢？不幸的是，前者的风险是后者的65倍！），说明在化工行业工作比坐飞机更安全。因此D选项“在化工行业工作比坐飞机更安全。”正确。A选项“在办公室工作比待在家里更安全”，B选项“乘公共交通工具去上班比在办公室工作更安全”，由原文可知待在家里、乘坐公共交通工具上班和在办公室工作的风险是相同的，没有谁比谁更安全，所以A，B错误。由第一段最后一句theaccidentrateofworkersinthechemicalindustryislessthanthatofalmostanyofhumanactivity,andalmostassafeasstayingathome（化工行业工人的事故率比几乎任何人类活动都要低，几乎和待在家里一样安全），说明化工行业和待在家里一样安全，所以C选项“待在家里比在化工行业工作更安全”错误。

2.客观细节题。由题干关键词“reportedasnews”可以定位到文章第二段第一、二句Thetroublewiththechemicalindustryisthatwhenthingsgowrongtheyoftencausedeathtothoselivingnearby.Itisthiswhichmakeschemicalaccidentssonewsworthy.（化工行业的问题是，一旦出现问题，往往会导致附近居民死亡。这也使得化学事故具有新闻价值。），说明新闻报道化学事故是因为它们会导致人员死亡。因此B选项“它们经常造成生命损失”正确。A选项“它们非常罕见”，C选项“它们总是发生在大城市”，D选项“它们引起了所有读者的兴趣”在文中均没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。

3.客观细节题。由题干关键词“faultofmanagement”可以定位到文章第四段第三句TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.（弗利克斯伯勒的火灾是管理层的失误造成的，因为他们冒着风险在重要维修期间继续生产。），说明由管理失误造成的化学事故发生在弗利克斯伯勒。因此B选项“弗利克斯伯勒”正确。A选项“得克萨斯城”，C选项“塞维索”和D选项“墨西哥城”的事故不是因为管理失误，所以A，C，D错误。

4.客观细节题。由题干关键词“ammoniumnitrate”可以定位到文章第四段第二句ThustheTexasCityexplosionwascausedbytonsofammoniumnitrate,whichissafeunlessstoredingreatquantity.（因此，得克萨斯城的爆炸是由数吨硝酸铵引起的，大量储存硝酸铵是不安全的。），说明硝酸铵不能大量储存，另外文章第三段第四句TheTexasCityexplosionoffertilizerkilled552.（得克萨斯城的肥料爆炸造成552人死亡。）说明造成得克萨斯城爆炸事故的硝酸铵是一种肥料。因此B选项“不能大量储存的化学肥料”正确。A选项“天然气，很容易着火”是墨西哥城火灾事故的原因，C选项“有毒物质，不能在人满为患地区使用”，由文章可知塞维索的事故是毒气造成的，D选项“燃料，它被储存在大的油箱里”在文中没有提及，所以A，C，D错误。

5.推理判断题。由A选项关键词“repair”可以定位到文章第四段第三句TheFlixboroughfireballwasthefaultofmanagement,whichtookriskstokeepproductiongoingduringessentialrepairs.（弗利克斯伯勒的火灾是管理层的失误造成的，因为他们冒着风险在重要维修期间继续生产。），说明维修设备很重要，不能冒着风险在维修设备时继续生产。因此A选项“为了避免事故，我们不应该维修化工设施”错误。由B选项关键词“localauthorities”可以定位到文章第四段第四、五句TheSevesoaccidentshowswhathappensifthelocalauthoritieslackknowledgeofthedangerontheirdoorstep.Whenthepoisonousgasdriftedoverthetown,localleaderswereincapableoftakingeffectiveaction.（塞维索事故表明，如果地方当局对其家门口的危险缺乏了解，将会发生什么。当毒气飘过城镇上空时，当地领导无法采取有效行动。），说明地方当局需要了解当地化工生产的情况。因此B选项“地方当局不应关心化学工业的生产”错误。由D选项关键词“tanks”可以定位到第四段倒数第三句Thefiresetoffachainreactionofexplodingstoragetanks.（大火引起储存罐爆炸的连锁反应。），说明储存罐里的天然气也会发生气体爆炸的事故。因此D选项“储存在大型储罐中的天然气总是安全的”错误。第四段列举了各种原因引发的事故，同时也相对应采取的措施，因此C选项“如果采取有效措施，所有这些事故都是可以避免或控制的”正确。

8.单选题

AferventChristian,Kaundabasedhispoliticalcareerontheendingofracialismandonthepromotionofhumanism.

问题1选项

A.devoted

B.ardent

C.submissive

D.courageous

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项devoted“忠诚的”；B选项ardent“热心的”；C选项submissive“顺从的”；D选项courageous“勇敢的”。句意：卡翁达是一名热心的基督徒，他的政治生涯建立在结束种族主义和促进人文主义的基础上。划线部分fervent是热心的意思。因此B选项正确。

9.单选题

Thegirlinthephotowearsabroadsmile,herwavyhair______overhershoulders.

问题1选项

A.flows

B.flow

C.flowing

D.flowed

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.flows流动，飘垂（单数形式）B.flow流动，飘垂（原形）

C.flowing流动，飘垂（现在分词）D.flowed流动，飘垂（过去分词）

【考查点】独立主格结构。

【解题思路】这个句子已经有主谓宾，所以空格处的动词只能以非谓语的形式出现；而空格处的逻辑主语与主句的逻辑主语不一致，所以后半部分应该为独立主格结构。独立主格结构的形式是：名词/代词+分词/不定式/介词短语/名词/副词，这里flow和hair之间是主动关系，所以用flowing，C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A、B选项不是非谓语形式，不符合句子语法结构；

D选项表示被动，不符合语义逻辑。

【句意】照片中的女孩笑容灿烂，波浪般的头发飘垂在肩上。

10.单选题

Justforfun,theydecidedtotryavery（

）countryroadinsteadofthemoredirectsuper-highway.

问题1选项

A.ambiguous

B.circuitous

C.deciduous

D.nefarious

【答案】B

【解析】查形容词辨析。ambiguous意为“含糊的，不明确的”；circuitous意为“迂回的，绕行的”；deciduous意为“每年落叶的，非永久性的”；nefarious意为“极坏的，恶毒的”。由insteadof（而不是）可知“______countryroad（乡村道路）”与“directsuper-highway（直达高速公路）”相比较，因此选B。

句意：仅是为了好玩，他们决定尝试一条非常迂回的乡村公路，而不是更直接的高速公路。

11.单选题

Itisonlywhenyounearlylosesomeone（

）fullyconsciousofhowmuchyouvaluehim. 

问题1选项

A.doyoubecome

B.thenyoubecome

C.thatyoubecome

D.haveyoubecome

【答案】C

【解析】【试题解析】考查语法结构。本题结构为“Itis+强调部分+(that)其余部分…”强调句，这里强调的是时间状语onlywhenyounearlylosesomeone，剩余的部分是主句，结构不需要倒装。句意为：只有当你差点失去某个人，你才能充分认识到你是多么地在乎他。故选项C正确。

12.单选题

Histestimonyisofno____tothecase.

问题1选项

A.relevance

B.relation

C.substance

D.connection

【答案】A

【解析】【选项释义】

A.relevance相关性B.relation关系

C.substance根据D.connection关联

【答案】A

【考查点】名词辨析

【解题思路】原句句意为“他的证词与此案没有____”，根据选项推测，原句想表达的是“没有关系；不相关”，即他的证词与这个案件不相关，对这个案件没有帮助，A选项relevance“相关性”，最符合要求。某物与某一情境的相关性（relevance）是指它对该情境的重要性或意义。

【干扰项排除】

B选项relation“关系”，侧重于指两者之间的关系，比如艺术与生活之间的关系；

C选项substance“根据”，不符合原句语义衔接；

D选项connection“关联”，与relation相似，侧重于指两者之间的关系。

【句意】他的证词与此案并不相关。

13.单选题

9.Ifthereisanyendeavourwhosefruitsshouldbefreelyavailable,thatendeavourissurelypubliclyfinancedscience.Morally,taxpayerswhowishtoshouldbeabletoreadaboutitwithoutfurtherexpense.Andscienceadvancesthroughcross-fertilizationbetweenprojects.Barrierstothatexchangeslowitdown.

10.Thereisawidespreadfeelingthatthejournalpublisherswhohavemediatedthisexchangeforthepastcenturyormorearebecominganimpedimenttoit.OneofthelatestconvertsistheBritishgovernment.OnJuly16itannouncedthat,from2013,theresultsoftaxpayer-financedresearchwouldbeavailable,freeandonline,foranyonetoreadandredistribute.

11.Britain’sgovernmentisnotalone.OnJuly17theEuropeanUnionfollowedsuit.Itproposesmakingresearchpaidforbyitsnextscientific-spendinground-whichrunsfrom2014to2020,andwillhandoutabout€80billion,or$100billion,ingrants-similarlyeasytogetholdof.InAmerica,theNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH,thesinglebiggestsourceofcivilianresearchfundsintheworld)hasrequiredopen-accesspublishingsince2008.AndtheWellcomeTrust,aBritishfoundationthatistheworld'ssecond-biggestcharitablesourceofscientificmoney,aftertheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,alsoinsiststhatthosewhoreceiveitssupportmaketheirworkavailablefree.

12.Criticismofjournalpublishersusuallyboilsdowntotwothings,Oneisthattheirprocessestakemonths,whentheinternetcouldallowthemtotakedays,Theotheristhatbecauseeachpaperislikeamini-monopoly,whichworkersinthefieldhavetoreadiftheyaretoadvancetheirownresearch,thereisnoincentivetokeepthepricedown.Thepublishersthushavescientists•or,moreaccurately,theiruniversities,whichpaythesubscriptions-inanarmlock.That,combinedwiththefactthattherawmaterial(manuscriptsofpapers)isfree,leadstogenerousreturns.In2011Elsevier,alargeDutchpublisher,madeaprofitof£768monrevenuesof£2.06billion-amarginof37%.Indeed,Elsevier'sprofitsarethoughtsoegregiousbymanypeoplethat12,000researchershavesigneduptoboycottthecompany’sjournals.

13.Publishersdoprovideaservice.Theyorganizepeerreview,inwhichpapersarecriticizedanonymouslybyexperts(thoughthoseexperts,liketheauthorsofpapers,areseldompaidforwhattheydo).Theyalsosortthescientificsheepfromthegoats,bydecidingwhatgetspublished,andwhere.Thatgivesthepublishershugepower.Sinceresearchers,administratorsandgrant-awardingbodiesalltakenoteofwhichworkhasgotthroughthisfilteringmechanism,thecompetitiontopublishinthebestjournalsisintense,andthesystembecomesself-reinforcing,increasingthevalueofthosejournalsstillfurther.

14.Butnot,perhaps,formuchlonger.Supporthasbeenswellingforopen-accessscientificpublishing:doingitonline,inawaythatallowsanyonetoreadpapersfreeofcharge.Themovementstartedamongscientiststhemselves,butgovernmentsarenow,asBritain'sannouncementmakesclear,payingattentionandaskingwhethertheytoomightbenefitfromthechange.

15.TheBritishannouncementfollowedthepublicationofareportbyDameJanetFinch,asociologistattheUniversityofManchester,whichrecommendsencouragingabusinessmodeladoptedbyoneofthepioneersofopen-accesspublishing,thePublicLibraryofScience.Thisorganization,acharitybasedinSanFrancisco,chargesauthorsafee(between$1,350and$2,900,thoughitiswaivedincasesofhardship)andthenmakestheirpapersavailableovertheinternetfornothing.ForPLoS,asthecharityiswidelyknown,thisworkswell.Ithaslaunchedsevenwidelyrespectedelectronicjournalssinceitsfoundationin2000.Forreasonslostinhistory,thisisknownasthegoldmodel.

16.TheNIH’sapproachisdifferent.Itletsresearcherspublishintraditionaljournals,butonconditionthat,withinayear,theyposttheirpapersonafree"repository"websitecalledPubMed.Journalshavetoagreetothis,orbeexcludedfromtheprocess.Thisisknownasthegreenmodel.

17.Bothgoldandgreenmodelsinvolvepre-publicationpeerreview.Butathirddoesawaywitheventhat.Manyscientists,physicistsinparticular,nowuploaddraftsoftheirpapersintopublicarchivespaidforbynetworksofuniversitiesforthegeneralgood.(Themostpopularisknownas"arXivn,themiddleletterbeingaGreekchi.)Here,manuscriptsaresubjecttoaruthlessprocessofopenpeerreview,ratherthanthesecretsorttraditionalpublishersemploy.AnarXivedpapermayendupinatraditionaljournal,butthatismerelytoprovideapublicmarkofapprovalfortheresearchteamwhowroteit.Itsactualpublicationanditsvaluetootherscientistsdatefromitsoriginalarrivalonline.

18.ThesuccessofPLoS,andthepoliticalshifttowardsopenaccess,isencouragingothernewventurestoo.Seeingthewritingonthewall,severalcommercialpublishersareexperimentingwithgold-modelpublishing.Meanwhile,laterthisyearacoalitionoftheWellcomeTrust,theMaxPlanckInstitute(whichrunsmanyofGermany'sleadinglaboratories)andtheHowardHughesMedicalInstitutewillpublishthefirsteditionofeLife,anopen-accessjournalwithambitionstorivalthemostfamousjournalofthelot,Nature.Thedeeppocketsoftheseorganizationsmeanthat,forthefirstfewyearsatleast,thisjournalwillnotevenrequireapublicationfee.

19.Muchremainstobeworkedout.Somefearthelossofthetraditionaljournals*curationandverificationofresearch.EvenSirMarkWalport,thedirectoroftheWellcomeTrustandafierceadvocateofopen-accesspublication,worriesthatasystembasedonthegreenmodelcouldbecomefragmented.ThatmighthappenifthenewlyliberatedpapersendedupindifferentplacesratherthanbeingconsolidatedinthewaytheNIHinsistson.ButresearchjustpublishedinBMCMedicine(anopen-accessjournalfromSpringer)suggestspapersinopen-accessjournalsareaswidelycitedasthoseintraditionalpublications.

20.Arevolution,then,hasbegun.Technologypermitsit;researchersandpoliticianswantit.

Ifscientificpublishersarenottremblingintheirboots,theyshouldbe.

1.TheopeningparagraphsoftextBseemtoindicatethat（

）

2.AccordingtotextB,theBillandMelindaGatesFoundation（

）.

3.TextBstatesthatpeoplewhoareunhappywithpublishersofscientificjournals（

）.

4.Whenscientificpaperspassthroughpeerreview,（

）.

5.Thewordegregiousinparagraph12means（

）.

6.InthepublicationmodelsdescribedintextB,peerreviewoccurs（

）.

7.Paragraph18（

）.

8.TowardstheendoftextB,theauthormentionstheconcernsofSirMarkWalport,who（

）.

9.IfonecomparestextAandtextB,onecanseethat（

）.

问题1选项

A.scientistsareangeredbythepublicationpracticesthattheyconfrontintheirwork.

B.commercialpublishersareincreasinglyseenasanegativefactorinscience.

C.commercialpublishersareneededmorethaneverinordertoseparategoodresearchfrompoorresearch.

D.lessgoodresearchisappearingasaresultofthecontrolexercisedbyjournalpublishers.

问题2选项

A.isaveryimportantprovideroffundingforscientificresearch.

B.requiresthatresearcherssupportedbytheFoundationmaketheirfindingsfreelyavailabletothepublic.

C.followstheexamplesetbytheNIHinAmerica.

D.hasamonopolyonanyresearchresultsproducedbyscientistsitsupports.

问题3选项

A.objecttotheirslownessandthehighcostofthejournals.

B.thinkthatsuchjournalsshouldbeabolishedasanobstacletofreespeech.

C.criticizeabovealltheunfairnessofchoosingsomearticlesforpublicationandnotothers.

D.blamethemfortheslowpaceofscientificprogressinrecentyears.

问题4选项

A.theyarebeinggradedandassignedtodifferentlevelsofpublication.

B.governmentofficialsdecidewhatresearchisworthyofpublication.

C.researchersarebeingpaidtocriticizetheworkoffellowresearchers.

D.scientistsareevaluatingtheworkofotherscientistsintheirfield

问题5选项

A.somewhatunfavorable

B.quiteunnecessary

C.strikinglyunreasonable

D.clearlybizarre

问题6选项

A.beforepublicationinthefirsttwo,afterpublicationinthethird

B.insecretandwithoutthenameofthereviewersbeingknown

C.forpapersinsomescientificfieldsbutnotinothers

D.inexactlythesameway.Peerreviewisnotanissue

问题7选项

A.seemstoindicatethatmostjournalpublishersareresistinganychange.

B.mak