上海市奉贤区2022届高三上学期期末调研测试 省赛获奖

上海市奉贤区2022届高三第一学期期末质量监测英语试卷（2022,12）考生注意：1．本试卷分为第I卷(第1-13页)和第II卷(第14页)两部分。全卷共14页。满分150分。考试时间120分钟。2．答第I卷前，考生务必在答题卡和答题纸上用钢笔或圆珠笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号（区统一编号，9位），并用铅笔在答题卡的相应位置上正确涂写准考证号。3．第I卷（1—16小题，25—80小题）由机器阅卷，答案必须全部涂写在答题卡上。考生应将代表正确答案的小方格用铅笔涂黑。注意试题题号和答题卡编号一一对应，不能错位。答案需要更改时，必须将原选项用橡皮擦去，重新选择。答案不能涂写在试卷上，涂写在试卷上一律不给分。第I卷中的17—24小题，第81-84小题和第II卷的试题，其答案用钢笔或水笔写在答题纸上，如用铅笔答题，或写在试卷上一律不给分。第I卷（105分）I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1.A.Inareadingroom.B.Atabookstore.C.Atapublishinghouse.D.InProf.Jackson’soffice.2.A.Seeadocumentary.B.Watchtelevision.C.Changethechannel.D.Gotoamovie.3.A.Asizefiveandahalf.B.Asizesix.C.Asizeseven.D.Asizesevenandahalf.4.A.Shecanusehisphoneifshewants.B.There’snochargeforphonecalls.C.Hisphoneisoutofordertoo.D.Shecancallhimlater.5.A.Amydidn’tseemtobenervousduringherspeech.B.Amyneedsmoretraininginmakingpublicspeeches.C.Themandidn’tthinkhighlyofAmy’spresentation.DThemancanhardlyunderstandAmy’spresentation.6.A.ThemanisplanningatriptoAustin.B.Themanhasn’tbeentoAustinbefore.C.Themandoesn’tlikeAustin.D.ThemanhasbeentoAustinbefore.7.A.Findalargerroom.B.Selltheoldtable.C.Buytwobookshelves.D.Rearrangesomefurniture.8.A.Thechoiceofcourses.B.Adaycourse.C.Aneveningcourse.D.Theirwork.9.A.Itwasalonglecture,buteasytounderstand.B.Itwasnotaseasyasshehadexpected.C.Itwasasdifficultasshehadexpected.D.Itwasinterestingandeasytofollow.10.A.Shefeltitwastiring.B.Shefeltitwasverynice.C.Shefeltittooklesstime.D.Shethoughtitwasexpensive.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassages,andyouwillbeaskedthreequestionsoneachofthepassages.Thepassageswillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Childrenwhodon’tliketogotoschool.B.Childrenwhoareslowinstudy.C.Childrenwhowatchtoomuchtelevisionduringtheday.D.Childrenwhospendpartofeachdayalone.12.A.Tired.B.Frightened.C.Lonely.D.Free.13.A.Latchkeychildrenenjoyhavingsuchalargeamountoftimealone.B.Latchkeychildrentrytohidetheirfeelings.C.Mostparentsdon’tknowtheimpactonthechildrenwhentheyleavethemalone.D.LatchkeychildrenoftenwatchTVwiththeirparents.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.canincreaseyourhappinesslevelsbyattendingtheclass.B.Mostofusarehappierthanourparentssinceweearnmore.C.Earnmorethanyoucanifyouwanttobehappy.D.BothBillGatesandKerryPakerareexamplesofthosewhoareextremelyrichbutobviouslyunhappy.15.A.Alwaysthinkhighlyofyourself.B.Compareyourselftofamouspersons.C.Compareyourselftopeoplewhoareinferiortoyou.D.Earnmorethanyourbankaccount.16.A.Happinessiseverything.B.Wealthisthefoundationofhappiness.C.HavefunattheHappinessInstitute.D.Moneydoesn’talwaysmeanhappiness.SectionCDirections:InSectionC,youwillheartwolongerconversations.Theconversationswillbereadtwice.Afteryouheareachconversation,youarerequiredtofillinthenumberedblankswiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Completetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.Onepossiblereasonfortheirbeinglate:Theymighthavegot17intraffic.ThetransportationTerryandSusanmighttake:18.Theirtelephonenumber:Itis19.Anotherpossiblereasonfortheirbeinglate:Theymighthaveforgottenaboutthe20.Blanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Completetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Whathasthewomanjustfinished?Shehasjustfinished21.Whereisthenewmodernartexhibitionheld?In22.Whichcitywilltheartexhibitiongotonextweek?23.Whatisnextdoortothemodernartmuseum?Anew24.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:BeneatheachofthefollowingsentencestherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheoneanswerthatbestcompletesthesentence.25.Thelargegrassland,reachingoutfaraway,seemsextremelybeautiful______theblueandcleanskyA.amongB.betweenC.againstD.in26.Howoldyougrowisafactorthatyoucaninfluence,______thatisdeterminedbyyourlifestyle.A.whatB.oneC.somethingD.anything27.Themorethingsamanisinterestedin,______. A.themorehewillhaveopportunitiesofhappiness B.themoreopportunitiesofhappinesshewillhave C.themoreopportunitiesofhappinesswillhehave D.muchmoreopportunitiesofhappinesshewillhave28.IadviseyoutostayawayfromMaria.Althoughsheisusuallyeasy-going,she______bequiteannoyingsometimes.A.canB.needC.mustD.should29.Astudyofancientwritingsandevidence______thatforthepast5000years,catshavebeenkeptaspets.A.showB.showsC.showedD.hadshowed30.AtonepointImadeupmymindtotalktoUncleSam.ThenIchangedmymind,______thathecoulddonothingtohelp.A.torealizeB.realizedC.realizingD.beingrealized31.Theyoungcouplearetryingtosaveasmuchmoneyaspossible______theycanaffordtheflatbytheendofthisyear.A.sothatB.asifC.eventhoughD.incase32.______globaltemperaturerising,theUNClimateChangeConferencewasheldinCancun,A.PreventedB.PreventingC.HavingpreventedD.Toprevent33.—Mum,whydoyoukeepstaringatme?HaveIdoneanythingwrong?—Youlookstupid!Thewayyouaredressedis______annoysmemost.A.whichB.whereC.howD.what34.Aftergraduation,hewentontodosomeofthemostimportantscientificresearchever______.A.beingcarriedoutB.carriedoutC.tobecarriedoutD.wascarriedout35.Inourdailylife,weoftencomeacrossoccasion______wehavetotellwhiteliestoavoidhurtingothers.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where36.Theywereaheadduringthefirsthalfofthematch,butthey______inthelastfiveminutes.A.werebeatingB.werebeatenC.beatD.hadbeenbeaten37.Ifthingsareleft______theyare,theproblemswillneverbesettled,I’mafraid.A.howB.asC.whereD.what38.Ithasbeenprovedthat______vegetablesinchildhoodhelpstoprotectyouagainstseriousillnessinlaterlife.A.eatB.tobeeatingC.eatenD.eating39.WasitinOctober,2022,ifImayask,______thenewShanghai-HangzhouExpressRailwaywasputintouse?A.whichB.whenC.thatD.how40.Themostimportantthingwemustconsiderbeforecarryingouttheplanis______itispossibleforustocarryiton.A.whenB.whyC.whetherD.thatSectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.publicB.approachC.establishD.speechE.achieveF.structureG.communicateH.definiteI.programmingJ.equalAccordingtothelatestresearchintheUnitedStatesofAmerica,menandwomentalksuchdifferentlanguagesthatitislikepeoplefromtwodifferentculturestryingto41.ProfessorDeborahTannenofGeorgetownUniversity,hasnoticedthedifferenceinthestyleofboy’sandgirl’sconversationsfromanearlyage.Shesaysthatlittlegirls’conversationisless42thanboys’andexpressesmoredoubts.Littleboysuseconversationto43statuswiththeirlistenersThesedifferencescontinueintoadultlife,shesays.In44conversations,mentalkmostandinterruptotherspeakersmore.Inprivateconversations,menandwomenspeakin45amounts—althoughtheysaythingsinadifferentstyle.ProfessorTannenbelievesthat,forwoman,privatetalkingisawaytoestablishandtestintimacy(亲切感).Formen,privatetalkingisawaytoexplorethepower46ofarelationship.Teachingisonejobwherethedifferencesbetweenmen’sandwomen’swaysoftalkingshow.Whenamanteachesawoman,saysProfessorTannen,hewantstoshowthathehasmoreknowledge,andhencemorepowerinconversation.Whenawomanteachesanotherwoman,however,sheismorelikelytotakeasharing47andtoencourageherstudenttojoinin.ButProfessorTannendoesnotbelievethatwomenarenaturallymorehelpful.Shesayswomenfeelthey48powerbybeingabletohelpothers.Althoughtheresearchsuggestsmentalkandinterruptpeoplemorethanwomen,ProfessorTannensays,womenactuallyencouragethistohappenbecausetheybelieveitwillleadtomoreintimacyandhelptoestablisharelationship.Somescientistswhoarestudyingspeechthinkthatthebrainispreprogrammedforlanguage.Asweareusuallytaughttospeakbywomen,itseemslikelythatthebrainmusthaveasexualtendencyinits49,otherwisemalespeechpatternswouldnotariseatall.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Wealllaugh.Weallhurt.Weallmakemistakes.Wealldream,that’slife.It’sajourney.Pleasefollowtheserulestomakethejourneyofyourlifeajourneyofjoy!50positivethroughthecoldseasoncouldbeyourbest51againstgettingill,newstudyfindingssuggest.Inanexperimentthat52healthyvolunteerstoacoldorfluvirus,researchersfoundthatpeoplewitha53sunnycharacteristicwerelesslikelyto54ill.Thefindings,publishedinthejournalPsychosomaticMedicine,buildonevidencethata“positiveemotionalstyle”canhelp55thecommoncoldandotherillnesses.Researchersbelievethereasonsmaybebothobjectiveasinhappinessincreasingimmune(免疫的)functionandsubjectiveasinhappypeoplebeingless56byascratchythroatorrunnynose.“Peoplewithapositiveemotionalstylemayhavedifferentimmune57tothevirus,”explainedtheleadstudyauthorDrSheldonCohenofCarnegieMellonUniversityinPittsburghCohenandhiscolleagueshadfoundina59studythathappierpeopleseemedlesslikelytocatchacold,butsomequestionsremainedastowhethertheemotionaltendencyitselfhadtheeffect.Forthenewstudy,theresearchershad193healthyadultswithcompletestandardmeasuresofpersonalitytendency,health-consciousnessandemotional“style”.Thosewho60behappy,energeticandeasy-goingwerejudgedashavingapositiveemotionalstyle,61thosewhowereoftenunhappy,tenseandunfriendlyhadanegativestyle.Theresearchersgavethemdropsthroughtheirnoses62eitheracoldvirusoraparticularfluvirus.Overthenextsixdays,the63reportedonanyaches,pains,sneezingtheyhad,whiletheresearcherscollected64data,likedailymucus(黏液)production.Cohenandhiscolleaguesfoundthatbasedonobjectivemeasuresofnasalwoes(鼻部的不适),happypeoplewerelesslikelytodevelopacold.50.A.LivingB.StayingC.PullingD.Surviving51.A.safeguardB.opportunityC.cautionD.defense52.A.excludedB.exploredC.exposedD.escaped53.A.generallyB.commonlyC.frequentlyD.perfectly54.A.changeB.fallC.turnD.remain55.A.keepB.avoidC.denyD.remove56.A.sufferedB.troubledC.disturbedD.hinted57.A.functionB.abilityC.responseD.action58.A.thinkB.relateC.interpretD.translate59.A.formalB.currentC.previousD.precious60.A.tendedtoB.opposedtoC.usedtoD.stuckto61.A.whileB.howeverC.what’smoreD.therefore62.A.implyingB.matchingC.containingD.occupying63.A.patientsB.adultsC.volunteersD.researchers64.A.objectiveB.impressiveC.positiveD.effectiveSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CorD.Choosetheonethatsuitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.（A）Ineededtobuyadigitalcamera,onethatwassimplygoodattakinggoodsnaps(快照),maybeoccasionallyformagazines.Beingthecautioustype,Ifanciedareliablebrand.SoIwentonthenet,spent15minutesreadingproductreviewsongoodwebsites,wrotedownthenamesofthreetoprecommendationsandheadedformynearestbigfriendlycamerastore.Thereinthecupboardwasoneofthecamerasonmylist.Anditwasonspecialoffer.Ohjoy!Ipointedatitandaskedanassistant,“CanIhaveoneofthose?”

Helookedperturbed(不安).“Doyouwanttotryitfirst?”hesaid.Itdidn’tquitesoundlikeaquestion.“DoIneedto?”Ireplied,“Thereisnothingwrongwithit?”ThismadehimlookabitinsultedandIstartedtofeelbad.“No,no.Butyoushouldtryit,”hesaidencouragingly.“Compareitwiththeothers.”Ilookedacrossattheothers:shelvesofsimilarcamerasplacedalongthewall,offeringawiderangeofslightlydifferentpricesanddiscounts,witheachcompanysellingarangeofmodelsbasedaroundthesamebasicbox.Withsomanymodelstochoosefrom,itseemedthatIwouldhavetospendhoursweighingXagainstY,alwaystryingtotakeZandpossiblyRintoaccountatthesametime.ButwhenIhadfinished,IwouldstillhaveonlythesametwocertaintiesthatIhadenteredthestorewith:first,soonafterIcarriedmynewcameraoutoftheshop,itwouldbeworthhalfwhatIpaidforit;andsecond,mywonderfulcamerawouldveryquicklybereplacedbyanewmodel.Butsomethinginthehumansoulwhispersthatyoucanbeatthesetrapsbymakingtherightchoice,thecleverchoice,thewisechoice.Intheend,IagreedtotrythemodelIhadchosen.Theassistantseemedasincereman.SoIlethimtakeoutofmychosencamerafromcupboard,showhowittookexcellentpicturesofmyfellowshoppersandwhenhestartedtointroducethespecialfeatures,IinterruptedtoaskwhetherIneededtobuyacarry-caseandamemorycardaswell.Whydowethinkthatnewoptions(选择)stillofferusanythingnew?Perhapsitisbecausetheyofferanopportunitytoavoidfacingthefactthatourrealchoicesinthisculturearefarmorelimitedthanwewouldliketoimagine.65.Theshopassistantinsistedthatthewritershould________.A.trythecameratoseeiftherewasanythingwrongwithit.B.comparethecamerahehadchosenwiththeothers.C.getmoreinformationaboutdifferentcompanies.D.trusthimandstopaskingquestions.66.Whatdoesthewritermeanby“itwouldbeworthhalfwhatIpaidforit”(paragraph2)?A.Heshouldgeta50%discount.B.Thepriceofthecamerawasunreasonablyhigh.C.Thequalityofthecamerawasnotgood.D.Thecamerawouldsoonfallinvalue.67.Thewriterdecidedtotrythemodelhehadchosenbecausehe________.A.knewverylittleaboutitB.didn’ttrusttheshopassistantC.wantedtomakesuretheonehechosewouldbethebestD.hadaspecialinterestintakingpicturesofhisfellowshoppers68.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatinthewriter’sopinion,________.A.peoplewastetoomuchmoneyoncamerasB.camerashavebecomeanimportantpartofourdailylifeC.wedon’tactuallyneedsomanychoiceswhenbuyingaproductD.famouscompaniescaremoreaboutprofitthanquality（B）Enjoyconvenience,Premierserviceandathank-yougift.Withabusylifeabroad,youhaveenoughtothinkaboutwithoutworryingaboutyouroffshorebanking.That'swhywe'vedesignedourproductsandservicestobeeasyandconvenient.BankoffshorewithHSBCPremierandenjoy:◆24/7phoneaccesstoaRelationshipManagementteam.◆InternetBankingthatprovidesaccesstoyourHSBCaccountsinover34countriesfromasinglelogonandtheabilitytomaketransfersimmediately,withoutchargeandwithapreferentialrate.◆Theabilitytomanageyourmoneyinalargerangeofemergingmarketcurrencies,useourglobalreachandknowledgeofinternationalbusinessandgetthebesthelpandguidance.◆AnInternationalWealthManagementservicetohelpyoumakethemostofyourmoney.◆Thechoiceofeither12months’AirportAngelmembershiporanAmazonKindle™ifyouopenaPremieraccountbetween20January2022and30April2022(inclusive)anddepositatleast£60,000(oranequalamountofmoney)within90daysofaccountopening.Toqualify,refertothefulltermsandconditions.Toenjoyconvenience,preferentialratesandtheexpertiseandsecurityoftheHSBCGroup,whynotopenapremieraccountnow?69.Youcanchoose12months’AirportAngelmembership,ifyou________.A.depositatleast$60,000within90daysofaccountopeningB.havequalifiedfortheserviceC.depositanequalamountofmoneywithin90daysD.openaPremieraccounton30April70.Theadvertisementismainlyaimedat________.A.peoplewhowanttodobusinessB.peoplewhoareover34yearsoldandstillsingleC.peoplewhohavefriendsandrelativesinforeigncountriesD.peoplewhohavesettleddownabroad71.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtotheadvertisement?A.Youmustknowthedetailedinformationbeforeopeninganaccount.B.Tomakethebestofyourmoney,youaresuretoopenapremieraccount.C.Toenjoytheservice,youmustsurftheInternet.D.Itiscertainthatyoucandealwithyourbankingin24hours.(C)OnthewestsideoftheislandofManhattaninNewYorkCity,treebytree,leafbyleaf,a2,500squarefootsectoroftheCentralAfricanRepublic’sDzangaNdokiRainforesthasbeentransportedto,orrecreatedat,theAmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory’snewhallofbiodiversity(生物多样性).WhenthehallopensthisMay,visitorswillvisitoneoftheworld’sbiggestandmostaccuratereproductionsofoneofnature’smostthreatenedcreations. TobringtherainforesttoNewYork,ateamofnearlytwodozenscientists—thelargestcollectingexpeditionthemuseumhaseverorganizedforanexhibit—spentfiveweeksintheAfricanrainforestcollectingsoil,plants,andleaves;recordinganddocumentingspecies;studyingtrees;shootingvideotapeandstillphotos;andinterviewinglocalpeople.“Thisareahasbeenexploredverylittle”,saysHoelCracraftwhoestimatesthatthemuseumwilleventuallycollect150to180mammals,morethan300speciesofbirds,hundredsofbutterflies,andhundredsofthousands,ifnotmillions,oforganisms.Theexhibitionmayevenhaveproducedaspecialprize—scientistssuspecttheyhaveuncoveredseveralnewspecies.Togivetheforestasenseofrealness,thebackwalloftheexhibitisanenormousvideoscreen,soundswillcomeoutfromhiddenspeakers,andplansevencallforforestsmells.Computercontrolswillvarytheeffectssothatnotwowalkthroughswilleverbeexactlythesame. AftertheteamreturnedtoNewYork,theforestwasreproducedwiththehelpofthecomputer.Computermodelingprogrammesplotteddistancesandspecialrelationships.Artistsstudiedphotosandbroughtwhattheysawtolife.Plastertreesweremade．Recreatedanimalsbegantostandintherainforestofthehall．Flyingcreatureswillhangfromtheceiling.Thelightintheforest,oneoftheexhibit’scleverestrecreationswillseemreal.Longtubelightswillhavethecorrectcolourandtemperaturetoproduceanaturaleffect.Theplantsandanimalsexhibitedthroughoutthehallexistnaturallyinaperfectbalanceremoveone,andthewholeisimperfectifnotendangered.Theexhibitisprooftothehopethattheworld’srainforestswillneverexistsolelyasacarefullypreservedartifact.72.HowdidthemuseumcollectthedataintheCentralAfricanRepublic?A.Itsentalargeteamofscientiststhere.B.ItcooperatedwithmanyAfricanscientists.C.Ithiredlocalpeopletocollectmammals,etc.D.Itsentcameramentoshootvideotapes.73.Togivetheforestasenseofrealness,allthefollowingareusedEXCEPTthat_______. A.hiddenloudspeakersareusedtoproduceforestsound B.ahugevideoscreenisputuponthebackwall C.specialequipmentisemployedtoproduceforestsmells D.theforestissurroundedbyfrontandbackwalls74.Whatisthemainthemeofthelastparagraph? A.Thelayoutoftherainforestexhibition. B.Thebalancebetweenanimalsandplants. C.Thecleverdesignoflighting. D.Preservationoftherainforestexhibitionasanartifact.75.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout? A.ThehistoryoftheAmerican B.ThereproductionoftherainforestataNewYorkmuseum. C.Visitors’interestintherainforestreproductionataNewYorkmuseum. D.SavingrainforestsintheCentralAfricanRepublic.SectionCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandchoosethemostsuitableheadingfromA-Fforeachparagraph.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneed.Themicrowave’sconvenienceinheatingfoodMicrowavebeingawonderThemicrowave’sadvantageoverothercookersWhatamicrowavecancookThemicrowavebeingeconomicHowamicrowavesavestime76.LastTuesday,Icamehomefromschoolhot,tired,andstarving.Ihadbeenthroughaverytiringday,andallIwantedtodowaseat.Iopenedtherefrigeratordoorandsearchedforsomethingeatable.Luckily,Ichancedtofindapieceofleftoverpizzafromthenightbefore.Iputitontoaplateandpoppeditintomymicrowaveoven.Presto!Inlessthantwominutes,mypizzaslicewasreadyformetobiteinto.Thismodern-dayinvention,themicrowaveoven,shouldbeconsideredoneofthe“wondersoftheworld”becauseitisunbeatableasafood,money,andtimesaver.77.Asafoodsaver,amicrowaveovenisdefinitelyhardtobeat.Almostanykindofleftovercanbereheatedinthistypeofoven,andusedproperlythereisnoworryofthefooddryingout.Forexample,spaghettiisamesstotrytoreheatontopofthestove.Itdriesoutterriblyandwillsticktothebottomandsidesofasaucepan.Thespaghettiwillalsoscorch(烧焦)easilyifoneisnotcareful.Butwithamicrowaveoven,thisisadifferentstorywithahappierending.Thespaghettiwillremainsaucy,willnotstick,andwillnotscorch.TheItalianfoodwillbeasgoodasitwasthefirsttimearound.78.Another“wonder”aboutthemicrowaveovenisthemoneythatitsaves.Leftoversthatwouldnormallybethrownoutcanbesavedandreheated.Thissavesfood;thus,itsavesmoney.Also,theseovensarefaster;therefore,theyareelectricity.Inthesedaysthatcanbeablessing.79.Bestofall,however,isthetimethatamicrowaveovencansave.Asageneralrule,microwavecookingtakesone-thirdthetimethataconventionalovendoes.Imaginewhatadelightthiswouldbeafteratiringdayatwork,school,or,betteryet,shopping!Forinstance,tobakeamedium-sizedpotatotakesonlyeighttotenminutesinamicrowaveoven.Sointhetimeitwouldtaketofryupahamburger,onecouldhaveahotbakedpotatotogowithit.Inadditiontospeedycooking,amicrowaveiswonderfulfordefrosting(解冻)meat.Onlowpowerthisovencandefrostanykindofmeatinlessthanfifteenminutes.Thisisareallifesaverwhencompanydropsinrightatdinnertime.80.Indeed,microwaveovensshouldbeconsideredoneofthemodernwondersoftheworld.IknowthatitwasawonderformelastTuesday.Thatsliceofday-oldpizzamademefeellikeanewman!SectionDDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Thescientistsobservedthatthemorejunkfoodtheratsate,themoretheywantedtoeat–abehaviorverysimilartothatofratsaddicted(上了瘾的)toheroin,adangerousdrug.Johnsonsaidtheexperimentshowsthatthebrainchemistryofobesity(肥胖)anddrugaddictionmaybequitesimilar.Intheirexperiment,Johnsonandhisteamstudiedthe“pleasurecenter”ofrats’brains.Thepleasurecenterisacomplicatednetworkofnervecells.Iftheanimalexercisesoreats,thecellsrewardtheanimalbyreleasingchemicalsintothebodythatmakeitfeelgood.Andwhenthebodyfeelsgood,theanimal–orperson–willwanttodothebehavioragain.Fortheexperiment,Johnsonfedfoodslikecheesecaketoonegroupofrats.Foodlikethisishighincaloriesandfat.Anothergroupofratsgotaregulardiet.Theratsthatatejunkfoodstartedtoeatmoreandmore.“They’retakingintwicetheamountofcaloriesasthecontrolrats,”saysPaulKenny,oneofJohnson’scolleagues.KennyandJohnsonwantedtoknowwhatwasgoingoninthebrainsoftheserats.Theyfirstdesignedawaytodeliverasmallelectricalchargetotherats’brains.Thiselectricalchargewouldstimulatethepleasurecenterstoreleasepleasure-causingchemicals.Theratscouldcontrolhowmuchstimulation–andhowmuchpleasure–theyreceivedbyrunningonawheel.Themoretheratran,themorepleasureitreceived.Theratsthathadbeeneatingjunkfoodstartedrunningmoreandmore.Thisbehaviorsuggestedthatthejunk-food-eatingratsneededmorebrainstimulationtofeelgoodcomparedwithratsonanormaldiet.Inotherwords,theirpleasurecenterswerebecominglesssensitiveandthejunkfooddidn’tmakethemfeelgoodunlesstheyatemoreandmore.Experimentslikethisonecouldhelpscientistsunderstandhowchemicalsinthebraincontributetoobesity.Withthatinformation,theymaybeabletohelppeopleavoidobesityinthefirstplace.(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANTENWORDS.)81.Thescientistssuggesteditwasactually___________________thatmadetheratsfeelgood.82.Accordin