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第1讲谓语动词考点一动词的时态Atfirst,XiaoMingdidn’tlike①schoolandwas①addictedtocomputergames.Everytimehismotherasked①himwhathewasdoing②beforegoingtobed,theanswerwasthathewasplaying②computergames.Hisfatherhadbeaten③himmanytimesbeforeXiaoMingwenttomiddleschool,soXiaoMingpromisedthathewouldstudy④hardandwouldn’tplaygames.However,XiaoMinghaschanged⑤alotinthepastthreeyears.Whenothersaskabouthim,hismotheralwaysanswers⑥proudly,“Heisdoinghomework⑦athome.Hehasbeenstudying⑧forseveralhours.”XiaoMingwillenter⑨agoodcollegeifhekeepsworkinghardlikethis.Maybeafter3yearshewillbestudying⑩inafamousuniversity.①是一般过去时,结构为:谓语动词用动词的一般过去式形式。②是过去进行时,结构为:was/were+现在分词。③是过去完成时,结构为:had+过去分词。④是过去将来时,结构为:would+动词原形。⑤是现在完成时,结构为:has/have+过去分词。⑥是一般现在时,结构为:谓语动词为动词原形或动词的单数第三人称形式。⑦是现在进行时,结构为:am/is/are+现在分词。⑧是现在完成进行时,结构为:have/hasbeen+现在分词。⑨是一般将来时,结构为:will+动词原形。⑩是将来进行时,结构为:will+be+现在分词。一、词形变化在时态的变化中,动词的形式需要发生相应的变化。动词形式不正确已经成为英语写作中重要的扣分因素。因此,要注意在不同时态中的词形变化。形式变化规则构成方法例词原形see,finish,teach,touch三单一般情况直接加-slook—lookswrite—writes以-ch,-sh,-s,-x结尾加-esteach—teachesfinish—finishesguess—guessesmix—mixes以“辅音+o”结尾加-esdo—doesgo—goes以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i加-estry—triescry—cries过去式一般情况直接加-edstay—stayedlook—looked以不发音-e结尾直接加-ddecide—decidedhope—hoped以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母双写辅音字母加-edstop—stoppedadmit—admitted以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i加-edcarry—carriedtry—tried现在分词一般情况直接加-inggo—goingread—reading以不发音-e结尾去e加-inghave—havingwrite—writing以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母双写辅音字母加-ingcut—cuttingrun—running二、核心考点高考中通常把时态和语境结合起来考查(常在语法填空和短文改错两个题型中考查)。题干中往往没有明确的时间状语,需要考生搜索出时间参照信息。英语有16种时态,中学阶段常用的是10种。1.一般现在时(1)常常表示人的习惯或经常性发生的动作。常用的时间状语有always,usually,often,sometimes,everyday等。Iusuallydomyhomeworkintheeveningeveryday.我通常每天晚上做作业。(2)在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。They’llstandbyyouevenifyoudon’tsucceed.即使你不成功,他们也会支持你。(3)表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。Practicemakesperfect.熟能生巧。2.一般过去时(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常与yesterday,lastyear,theotherday等时间状语连用。Hearrivedatschoolat9∶00amyesterday.他昨天上午九点到学校。(2)根据上下文或主从句提示。Ididn’tpasstheexam,whichmademyparentsveryangry.我没有通过考试,这让我父母很生气。3.一般将来时表示未来的动作或状态或临时做出的决定,常用will/shall+动词原形或者is/am/aregoingtodo,常与表示将来的时间状语tomorrow,nextweek等连用。Itissaidthathewillretirenextmonth.据说他将于下月卸任。点对点练习1单句语法填空1.Thecurtainsareabouttoopen,andinafewminutestheactionanddialoguewilltell(tell)youthestory.2.Whilerunningregularlycan’tmakeyouliveforever,thereviewsaysitis(be)moreeffectiveatlengtheninglifethanwalking,cyclingorswimming.(2018·全国Ⅰ)3.Pickingupher“LifetimeAchievement”award,proudIrenedeclared(declare)shehadnoplanstoretirefromher36-year-oldbusiness.(2019·全国Ⅱ)4.现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作,也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。Heisplayingbasketballontheplayground.他正在操场上打篮球。(2)某些表示位置移动的动词,如go,come,leave,arrive,start,move等可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。JohnaswellashissisterissettingoffforTokyotomorrowmorning.约翰和姐姐明天早上要动身去东京。5.过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作,或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作。MrsGreenwaspreparinglunchateleventhismorning.格林太太今天上午11点正准备午餐。(2)表示动作在另一个过去的动作发生时正在进行,常与when,while引导的时间状语从句连用。Theteachercameinwhiletheboywasreadinganovel.那个男孩正在读小说时老师进来了。6.将来进行时表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作,常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。Don’tphonemebetween5and6.We’llbehavingdinnerthen.五点至六点之间不要给我打电话,那时我们在吃饭。点对点练习2单句语法填空1.Lisawasworking(work)asanurseinthehospitalwhenIvisitedhermomlastmonth.2.NextFridayIwillgotoanotherconcert.Theywillbeplaying(play)somethingbyMozartatthattime.3.—Hi,let’sgoskating.—Sorry,I’mbusyrightnow.Iamfilling(fill)inanapplicationformforanewjob.7.现在完成时(1)表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间,但现在已经完成,且结果仍对现在有影响。—I’msorry,butIdon’tquitefollowyou.DidyousayyouwantedtoreturnonSeptember20?—Sorry,Ihaven’tmademyselfclear.WewanttoreturnonOctober20.——对不起,我没完全明白你的话。你是说你们打算9月20号回来吗?——对不起,我没有表达清楚。我们打算10月20号回来。(2)表示一个动作从过去开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去。Hisfirstnovelhasreceivedgoodreviewssinceitcameoutlastmonth.他的第一部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。(3)考查现在完成时,往往有较为明显的时间状语。如already,just,yet,since,for,uptonow,untilnow,eversince,sofar,recently,lately,inthepast/lastfewyears等。IhavelearnedabouttwohundredEnglishwordsinthepastthreehours.在过去的3小时里我已经学了200多个英语单词了。(4)下列句型中常用现在完成时。Ithasbeen+一段时间+since从句This/That/Itisthefirst/second...timethat+现在完成时This/That/Itisthebest/finest/mostinteresting...+名词+that+现在完成时ThisisthefirsttimethatIhavemadeaspeech.这是我第一次做演讲。ItisthemostinterestingnovelthatIhaveeverread.这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。8.过去完成时(1)表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。在by,bytheendof,bythetime,until,before,since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。Ihadputawaymycellphonebeforemyfathercameback.在我爸爸回来之前我已经把手机收起来了。(2)在hardly/scarcely...when...,nosooner...than...句式中,主句常用过去完成时,表示“一……就……”。当hardly,scarcely,nosooner置于句首时,其后要用部分倒装。Nosoonerhadtheyrushedoutofthehousethanitburntdown.他们刚从房子里跑出来房子就烧塌了。点对点练习3单句语法填空1.Beforegettingintothecar,IthoughtIhadlearned(learn)theinstructor’sorders,butonceIstartedthecar,mymindwentblank.Iforgotwhathehadsaid(say)tomealtogether.(2017·全国Ⅰ)2.Beingraisedinafamilyofteachers,Ihavegot(get)plentyofchancestoconnectmyselfwithliteraturesinceayoungage.3.Nosoonerhadwebeen(be)seatedthanthebusstarted.9.过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。Shesaidshewouldretirethenextyear.她说她明年就退休了。Iwonderedwhatmysonwouldsaythenextmoment.我不知道儿子紧接着要说什么。10.现在完成进行时(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间,一直延续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。Alltheseyearstheyhavebeencontributingarticlestoourmagazine.这些年来,他们一直为我们杂志写稿。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。Wehavebeenseeingeachotherquitealotrecently.最近我们常常见面。点对点练习4单句语法填空1.—WhereisPeter?Ican’tfindhimanywhere.—Hewenttothelibraryafterbreakfastandhavebeenwriting(write)hisessaythereeversince.2.AlbertEinsteinwasbornin1879.Asachild,fewpeopleguessedthathewouldbe(be)afamousscientistwhosetheorieswouldchange(change)theworld.考点二动词的语态XiaoMing’sCellphoneXiaoMing’scellphonewasbroken①byhisfatheryesterdayevening.Icouldn’tgetthroughtohimbecausethecellphonewasbeingrepaired②then.Beforethis,hiscellphonehadbeenbroken③fourtimesbecausehewascareless.XiaoMinglikedcellphonegamessomuchthathedidn’tstudyhard.Cellphonesarewidelyused④nowadays.However,manyofthemarebeingused⑤toplaygamesbyteenagers.Sofar,manyquestionshavebeenraised⑥bytheirparents.Shouldtheybeused⑦bystudents?XiaoMing’scellphonewillberepaired⑧wellsoon.MaybebynextSundaythecellphonewillhavebeenbrought⑨homeandwillbebeingused⑩toplaygamesagain.①是被动语态的一般过去时,结构为:was/were+过去分词。②是被动语态的过去进行时,结构为:was/were+being+过去分词。③是被动语态的过去完成时,结构为:hadbeen+过去分词。④是被动语态的一般现在时,结构为:is/am/are+过去分词。⑤是被动语态的现在进行时,结构为:is/amare+being+过去分词。⑥是被动语态的现在完成时,结构为:have/hasbeen+过去分词。⑦是带情态动词的被动语态,结构为:情态动词+be+过去分词。⑧是被动语态的一般将来时,结构为:will+be+过去分词。⑨是被动语态的将来完成时,结构为:will+havebeen+过去分词。⑩是被动语态的将来进行时,结构为:will+bebeing+过去分词。1.不及物动词及短语没有被动语态。Anaccidenthappenedonthewayhomelastnightandfivepeoplewerekilled.昨晚在回家的路上发生了一起意外事故,死了五个人。Abigfirebrokeoutinourschoollastweek.上周我们学校发生了一场大火。2.被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介/副词。如:Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer.夏天不应该种树。Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.这个男孩被他的同学取笑了。3.汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中可用被动结构表示,构成Itis+done...形式。如:Itissaid/reportedthat...据说/据报道……Itiswellknownthat...众所周知Itmustbepointedoutthat...必须指出……Itmustbeadmittedthat...人们必须承认……Itisgenerallyconsidered/supposed/hoped/believedthat...人们普遍认为/希望/相信……Itisgenerallyconsideredthatthekeytolearningaforeignlanguagewellisnothingbutpractice.人们普遍认为学好一门外语的关键就是练习。Itisreportedthatthetemperaturewilldeclinesharplyinoneortwodays.据报告,近两日气温将明显下降。4.下面的主动形式常表示被动意义。如:(1)feel/taste/smell/look/sound+adj.Junkfoodtastesdeliciousbutitdoesn’tcontainenoughnutrition.垃圾食品吃起来美味但营养不足。Yourideasoundswonderfulbutitisn’tpractical.你的想法听起来很棒但不切实际。(2)want/need/requiredoingThewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.这扇窗户需要修理。Yourcompositionstillrequirespolishingtobepublished.你的文章出版前还需润色。(3)wash/sell/write/read+adv.Theclotheswasheswell.这些衣服很好洗。Hernewbookwasinterestingandsoldwell.她的新书很有趣并且卖得不错。点对点练习单句语法填空1.Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswhohadbeentrapped(trap)inthemountainsfortwodays.2.Mywashingmachineisbeingrepaired(repair)thisweek,soIhavetowashmyclothesbyhand.3.Nowadays,cycling,alongwithjoggingandswimming,isregarded(regard)asoneofthebestall-roundformsofexercise.4.Ifyouleavetheclub,youwon’tbeallowed(not,allow)backin.5.Igotcaughtintherainonmywayhomeandmynewsuitwasruined(ruin).单句语法填空1.IlovecominghereandseeingmyfamilyandallthefriendsI(make)overtheyears.(2019·全国Ⅱ)答案havemade解析根据该定语从句中的时间状语“overtheyears”可知,此处用现在完成时态。2.TheChineseMinistryofAgriculturefindsthatbetween2005—whenthegovernment(start)asoil-testingprogrammethatgivesspecificfertilizerrecommendationstofarmers—and2011,fertilizerusedroppedby7.7milliontons.(2018·全国Ⅱ)答案started解析根据上下文可知作者在说2005年发生的事情,应用动词的一般过去式。3.Steamengines(use)topullthecarriagesanditmusthavebeenfairlyunpleasantforthepassengers,withallthesmokeandnoise.(2017·全国Ⅱ)答案wereused解析文章叙述的是过去的事,且主语Steamengines与use为被动关系,意为“蒸汽机被用来拉动车厢”,用一般过去时的被动语态。4.I(walk)acrossAltrinchamRoadonemorningwhenacyclistwentroundmeandonbeingaskedwhathewasdoingheshoutedatme.(2015·湖南)答案waswalking解析根据语境,句子是was/weredoing...when...固定句型。1.掌握独特的时间状语标志(1)题干中如用always,often,seldom,sometimes,usually等,用一般现在时。(2)题干中如用yesterday,lastnight,afewdaysago,theotherday等,用一般过去时。(3)题干中如用tomorrow,nextyear,inaweek等,用一般将来时。(4)题干中如用now,atpresent等,用现在进行时。(5)题干中如用atthattime,then,atsixo’clockyesterday等,用过去进行时。(6)题干中如用atthistimetomorrow,from1o’clockto3o’clocktomorrow等,用将来进行时。(7)题干中如用since,sofar,uptonow,in/over/duringthelastyear/pastfewyears等,用现在完成时。2.熟记固定句型中的时态(1)bedoing...when...,when前面的句子常用过去进行时,when后面的句子常用一般过去时。(2)Itis/hasbeen+时间段+since...表示“自从……以来已……”,主句用现在完成时或一般现在时,从句用一般过去时。(3)祈使句+and/or+陈述句,陈述句常用一般将来时。3.分清主动被动,辨析语态看到主语为物,且动词为及物动词,要想到用被动语态。考点三主谓一致1.语法一致原则Ilive①inBeijingwhilemygirlfriendlives①inShanghai,andwehaven’t①seeneachotherforalongtime.Toseehereverydayis②mydream.WhatIwanttodois③giveupmypresentjobandworkinhercity.However,allmyrelativesexceptmyunclesupport④myidea.Someonetells⑤methatitisnotworthwhiletogiveupmyjob,whichbrings⑥me10,000yuaneverymonth.该原则要求谓语动词必须与主语在语法形式上保持一致,即主语是单数形式则动词用单数形式;主语是复数形式则动词用复数形式:①根据主语的人称和数,来确定谓语动词的单复数。②主语是不定式或动名词,动词用单数。③主语是从句,动词一般用单数。④主语后面跟有with,togetherwith,except,but,aswellas,ratherthan,besides,including等引起的短语,谓语动词跟这些词前面的主语一致。⑤主语为someone,anyone,everyone等不定代词时,谓语动词往往用单数。⑥定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词的数保持一致。2.意义一致原则Ihavebeentravellingonabudgetforfourmonths.Fourmonthsis①notashorttime.Thoughalargenumberofpeopledon’t②understandme,themajorityofpeopleImetonmywayare③friendly.Theolddon’t④supportmycrazybehaviour,buttheyoungadmire④me.Atfirstmyfamilywere⑤worriedaboutme,butnowtheyhavebeenusedtothis.①表示时间、数量、长度及价格的名词,尽管有时是复数形式,但常被看作是一个整体,谓语动词用单数。②“anumberof+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数。③themajorityof,therestof,分数/百分数+of+名词,要根据名词的数或者是否可数来确定谓语动词的数。④“the+adj.”往往表示一类人,谓语动词用复数。⑤family,group,team,class,government等集体名词,当其表示集体意义,强调整体概念时,谓语动词用单数;当其表示集体中各个组成部分,强调个体概念时,谓语动词用复数。3.就近一致原则Thereare①manygirlshavingatasteforsweetfood,butneithermysisternorIam②interestedincandies.①here/there引导一个句子而且主语不止一个时,通常根据“就近一致”原则,即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。②由or,notonly...butalso...,neither...nor...,either...or...,whether...or...,not...but...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,通常根据“就近一致”原则,即谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在数上保持一致。1.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念,谓语动词用单数,否则用复数。如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位诗人兼作家来了。(一个人)Ahammerandasawareusefultools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具。(两样物)注意:用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体,如:breadandbutter(黄油抹面包),knifeandfork(刀叉)等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。2.若主语中有morethanone或manya/an,尽管从意义上看是复数,但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+thanone作主语时,谓语动词仍用复数。如:Manyaboylikesplayingbasketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球。Morethanonestudentwaslate.不止一个学生迟到。Morepersonsthanonecometohelpus.不止一个人来帮助我们。3.形复意单名词如:news;以-ics结尾的学科名称如:physics,mathematics,economics;国名如:theUnitedStates;报纸名如:theNewTimes;书名如:ArabianNights《天方夜谭》;以及theUnitedNations联合国等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。点对点练习单句语法填空1.Theteacherandpoetoftengives(give)lecturesaroundthecity.2.Two-thirdsofthebooksare(be)aboutscience.3.NobodybutJimandMikeis(be)ontheplaygroundnow.4.AsfarasIknow,hisfamilyisnotverylargebutthefamilyareallmusiclovers.(be)5.Thepoorwere(be)lookeddownuponintheolddays.6.NeitherhisparentsnorIam(be)abletopersuadehimtochangehismind.7.Listeningtoloudmusicandrockconcertshascaused(cause)hearinglossinsometeenagerssofar.8.Barbaraiseasytorecognizeassheistheonlyoneofthewomenwhowears(wear)eveningdress.单句语法填空1.“Thisreallyexcitesscientists,”CarlePieters,ascientistatBrownUniversity,says,“becauseit(mean)wehavethechancetoobtaininformationabouthowthemoonisconstructed.”(2020·全国Ⅰ)答案means解析考查时态和主谓一致。根据直接引语中的excites可判断用一般现在时;主语是it,故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。2.Often,onlyasmallpartofamuseum’scollection(be)ondisplay.Mostofitisstoredawayorusedforresearch.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)答案is解析考查时态和主谓一致。主语是asmallpart,谓语动词用单数;此处说明事实,故用一般现在时的第三人称单数形式。1.找准句子中的主语,看主语是单数还是复数。2.牢记特殊用法的结构,用对谓语动词的数。3.注意结合时态和语态。考点四情态动词1.can/couldMary—MNancy—NM:Can①youreadthisword?N:Sorry,Ican’t①.M:Can/Could②Iuseyourdictionary?N:Ofcourseyoucan③,butwaitaminute.Whereismydictionary?M:Can④itbeinyourdormitory?N:No,itcan’t④be.Ineverstudyinmydormitory.M:Couldyouhavelent⑤ittoyourdeskmate?N:No,mydeskmatecouldn’thaveborrowed⑤adictionarybecausehehatesEnglish.ItmightbeinJane’sdesk,butIcan’t⑥touchherbookswithoutpermission.M:Anorganizedpersoncan⑦forgetthings.can/could的意义及用法①can表能力,意为“能够”。②can表请求,could表示委婉语气。③can表许可。④can表推测,意为“可能”,常用于疑问句/否定句。⑤couldn’thavedone意为“不可能做过某事”,couldsb./sth.havedone...?意为“某人做过某事吗?”,表示对过去的推测,用于疑问句或否定句。⑥can’t表示客观条件不允许。⑦can表示客观上存在这种可能性但不一定发生。2.may/mightMike—MTeacher—TM:May/Might①Icomein?T:Yes,youmay②.You’realmostlate,andwhereisyourdeskmate?M:Hmm,Idon’tknow.Hemay/might③beonthewaytoschool.T:Hemight③be;thatis,hemightnot③beonhiswaytoschool.Mike,youmayaswell④tellmethetruth.Whyhasn’thecomeyet?M:Hemighthavestayed⑤uplatelastnight,andhemightnothaveset⑤thealarmclock.may/might的意义及用法①表示请求。②表示许可,不用might。③表示对现在的猜测,might表示语气更不肯定。④mayaswell还是……好。⑤mighthavedone表示对过去的猜测,意为“可能做了某事”。mightnothavedone意为“可能没做某事”,常用于疑问句或否定句。3.mustJane—JMother—MJ:Mom,must①Itakethismedicine?M:Yes,youmust①.J:Must①Itakeitrightnow?M:No,youneedn’t②.Youcantakeitlater.J:Butitmustbe③bitter.M:I’vetoldyoutowearyourcoat,butyoumust④wearyourT-shirt.Besides,youmusthaveplayed⑤outdoors.Youmustn’t⑥doitagain.must的意义及用法①must表必须,肯定回答用must。②否定回答用needn’t。③mustbe表示对现在的猜测,只用于肯定句。④must表示非要,偏偏。⑤musthavedone表示对过去的推测,只用于肯定句中,意为“一定做过某事”。⑥mustn’t表示禁止,不表示推测。4.shouldBoss—BJane—JSteven—SB:It’sninenowandeveryoneshould①behere.WhereisSteven?Heshouldhavearrived②tenminutesago.J:Reallystrange,Ican’timagineMrPunctualshould③belateforwork.B:Herehecomes.Whyareyoulate,Steven?S:I’mterriblysorry,sir.Ishouldn’thavedrunk②toomuchcoffeeyesterdayevening.Ikeptmyeyesopenuntilfouro’clockinthemorning.B:Apersonlikeyoushouldn’tdrink④toomuchcoffee,teaeither.S:Yes,Ioughttobepunctualasusual.should的意义及用法①表示推测,意思为“按理说应当”。②shouldhavedone意为“本应做而没做”,shouldn’thavedone表示“本不应做却做了”,含有虚拟的意味。③表竟然。④should(not)dosth.=ought(not)todosth.(不)应该做某事。5.shallMan—MWoman—WM:Hi,whereareyougoing?W:Ishall①gotoNewYork.M:Metoo!Oh,yoursuitcaseisheavy.Shall②Icarryitforyou,Miss?(carryingthesuitcasetothewoman’sseatandsittingbesidethewoman)W:Thankyouforhelpingme,butit’srequiredthateveryoneshall③sitonhisownseat.M:Itdoesn’tmatter.W:Stayawayfromme,orIwillcallthepolice.Youshall④besorryforwhatyoudo.Sir,Ineedyourhelp.(wavingtoapoliceman)shall的意义及用法①用于第一人称,表将要做某事。②用于第一、三人称疑问句,表请求。③用于第三人称肯定句,表示按照正式的规定要做的事。④用于第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。6.need/dareMike—MJack—JM:Doyoudaretotake①yourcellphonetotheexamination?J:No,Idarenotdo②it;Ineedn’tdo③iteither.M:Youstudywell,soyoudon’tneedtocheat④.Iamdifferent.J:Stopthinkingaboutcheating,andyoucan’tgetawaywithit.Youneedto⑤studyhard.Nopains,nogains.need/dare的意义及用法•dare和need在作情态动词时,没有人称和时态的变化,常用于疑问句和否定句。疑问句直接把dare和need提前,否定句直接在其后加not,如用法第②和③。•dare和need作实意动词时,有人称和时态的变化,常用于肯定句中。如果构成疑问句和否定句,需要加助动词do/does,且其后要加todo。如用法第①④⑤。•其用法简单总结为:有助有to,无助无to。7.will/wouldTom—TMary—MM:Howaboutthenewwatch?T:Iwill①neveruseitanymore.Itjustwon’t②givethecorrecttime.M:Hush!Grandmaissleeping.Shewill③haveanapatthistimethesedays.T:Atnine’clockinthemorning?Shewould/usedto④haveanapintheafternoon.M:Thephoneisringing,butIambusywithmywork.T:Okay,Iwill⑤answerit.will/would的意义及用法①表示意愿。②表示物的属性。③表示人现在的习惯,意为“常常做某事”。④would/usedto表示过去的习惯。⑤表示临时起意。1.用于固定习语中:can’t...too/enough(无论……也不过分;越……越好)Youcan’tbetoocarefulwhencrossingabusystreet.=Youcan’tbecarefulenoughwhencrossingabusystreet.你横穿马路的时候,再怎么小心都不为过/越小心越好。2.情态动词+havedone对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测(1)musthavedonesth.“(过去)一定做了某事”;语气比较肯定;用于肯定句中(2)may(might)havedonesth.“(过去)可能/也许做了某事”;语气不确定;用于肯定句和否定句中(3)can(could)nothavedonesth.“(过去)不可能做某事”;用于否定句和疑问句,表示对过去发生的行为的怀疑或不确定表示“与过去事实相反”(1)couldhavedonesth.(过去)本可以做某事但实际上没做(2)needn’thavedonesth.(过去)本不必做某事但实际上做了(3)oughtto/shouldhavedonesth.(过去)本应该做某事但实际上没做(4)oughtn’tto/shouldn’thavedonesth.(过去)本不应该做某事但实际上做了(5)mighthavedonesth.(过去)可能做某事但实际上没做点对点练习用适当的情态动词填空(必要时加not)1.—Idon’treallylikeJames.Whydidyouinvitehim?—Don’tworry.Hemightnotcome.Hesaidhewasn’tcertainwhathisplanswere.2.Ican’tthankyoutoomuchforallyourhelptomysonwhilewewereawayfromhome.3.Hecan’tbeourmanager.OurmanagerhasgonetoBeijing.4.Youcouldhavedonebetter,butyoudidn’ttryyourbest.5.Ididn’tseeherinthemeetingroomthismorning.Shecouldn’thavespokenatthemeeting.6.Everyonepresentwillnotbelievesuchagentlemanshoulddothat.7.Youmustn’tplaywiththeknife,oryoumayhurtyourself.8.Youshallbepunishedforwhatyouhavedone.9.Itmusthaverainedlastnight,fortheroadisquitemuddy.10.Ineedn’thavetakentheumbrella,fortheweatherisfine.考点五虚拟语气1.wish/wouldrather/asif/ifonlyMrZhang—ZMrWang—W(Besidetheriver,MrZhangandMrWangarequiveringasiftheywere①incoldwinter.)Z:IwishIhad①somethinghottodrink.W:IwouldratherIhadn’tinvited②youtogoout.Z:Howbigafish!IfonlyIhadcaught②it.W:Ifonlyyouhadn’tfallen②intotheriver!Ifonlywehad①dryclothesnow!NowIwishyourwifewouldn’tblame③thisonme.asif好像,wish希望,wouldrather宁可,ifonly要是……就好了,这四组词后的从句往往用虚拟语气。①对现在的虚拟,从句谓语用过去式(be的过去式用were)。②对过去的虚拟,从句谓语用had+过去分词。③对将来的虚拟,从句谓语用would/could/might+动词原形。2.条件状语从句中的虚拟语气MrZhang—ZWife—W(inthehospital)Z:Whatfineweather!IfIwerenotill,Iwouldgofishing.①W:Ifyouhadn’tgonefishingyesterday,youwouldn’thavecaughtacold.②Z:Iwouldhavestayedathome,butMrWanginvitedmetogo.③Hetoldmetohurry,otherwiseIwouldn’thaveforgottentowearwarmcoats.④W:IsitallLaoWang’sfault?Butfor/WithoutMrWang,youwouldhavebeendrowned.⑤Z:Haditnotbeenforthebigfish,Iwouldn’thavefallenintothewater.⑥I’dcatchitifIshouldrecovertomorrow.⑦•①②⑦为if条件句引导的虚拟语气,从句和主句的结构为:对现在的虚拟:If+主语+did/were...,主语+would/could/should/mightdo...对过去的虚拟:If+主语+haddone...,主语+would/could/should/mighthavedone...对将来的虚拟:If+主语+did/should/weretodo...,主语+would/could/should/mightdo...•⑥为条件虚拟语气的省略与倒装,结构为:Had+主语+done,主语+wouldhavedone...Were+主语+todo/Would+主语+do,主语+woulddo...•③④⑤为含蓄虚拟语气,结构如下:主语+wouldhavedone...,but过去的事实主语+woulddo...,but现在的事实without/butfor+n.,主语+woulddo(与现在相反)without/butfor+n.,主语+wouldhavedone(与过去相反)现在的事实,otherwise+主语+woulddo过去的事实,otherwise+主语+wouldhavedone3.名词性从句和定语从句中的虚拟语气Yesterday,Mikeinsistedthathehadn’tcheatedintheexamwiththecellphoneandthatheshouldnotbepunished.①Theteacherorderedthatheshouldtakeoutthecellphoneandcommandedthatheshouldphonehisparentsrightnow.①Mikerequestedthattheteachershouldnotcallhisparents.①Hedemandedthattheteachershouldgivehimanotherchance.①Theteachersaiditwasrequiredthatstudentsshouldnottakecellphonestoschool.②Hersuggestion/advicewasthatMikeshouldstudyhardinsteadofcheatingintheexams.③Itishightimethatheshouldprepareforthecollegeentranceexamination.④•某些特定的动词之后的宾语从句常用含有should的虚拟语气。如①,这类动词包括“一坚持”insist,“二命令”order/command,“三要求”require/request/demand,“四建议”suggest/advise/recommend/propose。•上述动词用于Itis/was+过去分词+that从句时,从句使用带should的虚拟语气,如②。•上述动词的名词形式如requirement,suggestion等,其后的表语从句或同位语从句用含有should的虚拟语气,如③。•Itishigh/abouttimethatsb.did/shoulddosth.也是常见的虚拟语气形式,如④。4.Itis+adj.+thatsb.shoulddo...Englishteacher:Itisimportant/essential/necessarythatyoushouldlearnEnglishwell.Student:Why?AsaChinese,IthinkitisstrangethatIshouldlearnEnglishwell.某些Itis/was+形容词+that引导的主语从句中,主语从句要用虚拟语气,即“should+动词原形”,这类形容词包括important,essential,necessary,strange等等。1.当suggest表示“暗示,表明”之意,insist表示“坚持说”之意时,suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气,而使用陈述语气。(1)Thesmileonhisfacesuggestedthathewassatisfiedwithourwork.他脸上的笑容表明他对我们的工作很满意。(2)Theoldmaninsistedthathewasnotillandthatheshouldnotbesenttohospital.这个老人坚持说他没有病,坚持认为他不应该被送到医院。2.错综时间条件句当从句、主句所表示的行为发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所在的时间作出相应的调整。Ifyouhadlistenedtotheteacheryesterday,youwouldn’tsuffersomuchnow.如果你昨天听老师的,你现在就不会受这么多苦。点对点练习单句语法填空1.TheAntarcticaissomysticallydescribedbysomepeople.IfonlyIhadbeen(be)therebefore!2.Ouronlyrequestisthatthis(should)besettled(settle)assoonaspossible.3.Ibelievehemusthavehadanaccident;otherwisehewouldhavearrived(arrive)ontime.4.Ifitshouldrain/weretorain/rained(rain)tomorrow,theywouldnotgooutforapicnic.5.Ifyouhadtaken(take)myadvice,youwouldnothavefailedintheexam.单句语法填空1.Jimsayswestayinhishouseaslongasweleaveitcleanandtidy.(2020·天津)答案can解析考查情态动词。句意为:吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里,只要我们保持它干净整洁。根据后面的“aslongasweleaveitcleanandtidy”可知,Jim许可我们待在他的房子里,即:我们“能,可以”待在他的房子里。故填can。2.You(not)havescoldedhimforhispoorperformance.Afterall,hehaddonehisbest.(2020·天津)答案shouldn’t解析考查情态动词+havedone。句意为:你本不应该因为他表现不好而责骂他。毕竟,他已经尽力了。根据前后句关系可知,此处表示“本不该”,是指做了本不该做的事,故填shouldn’t。3.IfIhadn’tbeenfacedwithsomanybarriers,I(not,be)whereIam.(2020·江苏)答案wouldn’tbe解析考查虚拟语气。句中条件句和主句时间并不一致,条件是对过去的虚拟,结果是对现在的虚拟,所以要用would+do。情态动词和虚拟语气解题“两注意”注意一:若句中谓语动词为原形,在其前设纯空格题时,注意考虑情态动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态动词。注意二:一旦判断所给动词在句中作谓语,就要考虑其时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等,特别是注意虚拟语气中的时态。判断虚拟语气,除了常见的if虚拟条件句,还应注意其他常搭配虚拟语气的句型。层级一基础达标练单句语法填空1.Itisthefirsttimethatmyson(meet)ZhongNanshan,therenownedChineseherofacetoface.答案hasmet解析Itisthefirsttimethat+sb.have/hasdone,这是某人第几次做某事。所以答案为现在完成时,且主语为myson,所以填hasmet。2.Thegirl(shake)herheadhappily,andthepotofmilkonherheadimmediatelyfellontotheground.答案shook解析根据下文“andthepotofmilkonherheadimmediatelyfellontotheground”时态是过去时,前后时态应该一致,所以用过去时。3.Thefatheraswellashiskids(discuss)wheretospendtheweekendnow.答案isdiscussing解析根据该句中的时间状语now可知,此处用现在进行时态。4.Whenfatandsalt(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifitismissingsomething.答案areremoved解析根据句意,此处为客观事实,所以用一般现在时,且主语为fatandsalt,谓语动词为复数。主语fatandsalt与remove为被动关系,故填areremoved。5.Thedayaftertomorrow,I,aswellasmyfriendsZhangMingandLiHua,(be)goingtobuybooks.答案am解析句意为:后天,我和我的朋友张明和李华将会去买书。根据句意可知此处为begoingto句型,aswellas连接两个主语,谓语动词遵循就远原则,和I保持一致。6.Eitherthebeautifulviewsofthismoderncityoritslocalcustom(attract)thousandsofvisitorsduringthepastyears.答案hasattracted解析句意为:无论是这座现代化城市的美丽景色还是当地的风俗习惯在过去的这些年都已经吸引了成千上万的游客。由“duringthepastyears”可知,这句话使用现在完成时。“either...or...”作主语时,谓语动词形式与or后主语保持一致,itslocalcustom是第三人称单数,所以谓语动词也应使用第三人称单数形式。7.Thefactoryused65percentoftherawmaterials,therestofwhich(be)savedforotherpurposes.答案were解析which指代先行词materials。当therest在句中作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词,如果名词是不可数名词,用单数。如果是可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数形式。本句中的materials是可数名词复数形式,故填were。8.Onthestage(be)anumberoffamoussingers,whosesongsarewelcomedbythemajorityofyoungpeople.答案are解析句意为:有许多著名的歌手在舞台上,他们的歌曲受大多数年轻人的喜欢。anumberof修饰可数名词的复数,谓语动词用复数,从“whosesongsarewelcomedby...”可知用一般现在时,故填are。9.Ifyoulistentorapmusic,youwillnoticehowthelyrics(歌词)(speak)inthebackgroundofthesongs.答案arespoken解析notice后是一个由how引导的宾语从句,该从句中缺谓语,而且thelyrics与动词speak之间是被动关系,因此用被动语态。根据语境可知这里讲的是一般情况,故用一般现在时。10.Jennyhavekeptherword.Iwonderwhyshechangedhermind.答案should解析考查情态动词+havedone。句意为:詹妮本应该信守诺言的。我想知道她为什么改变了主意。根据后一句“Iwonderwhyshechangedhermind.”可知,詹妮没有信守诺言,shouldhavedonesth.“本应该做某事却没做”符合句意。11.Accordingtoanewlyreleasedregulationononlinevideoservices,noonegenerate,releaseorspreadfakenewsorinformationbyusingsuchtechnologies.答案shall解析考查情态动词。句意为:根据最新发行的关于网络视频服务的规章,任何人都不可以使用此类技术生成、发行或者传播虚假消息。根据前面的regulation(规定)可知,本题填入shall更加合理。12.Everycoinhastwosides.Beautifulsongs,sometimes,justbenoisetoothers.答案may解析考查情态动词。句意为:任何事物都有两面性。优美的歌曲有时候对别人来说也许是噪音。分析句子可知,此处应该表示可能的推测,故填may。13.Mycomputerdidn’tstartthismorning.Therehavebeensomethingwrongwithit.答案must解析考查情态动词。句意为:我的电脑今早怎么也启动不了了。一定是出了什么问题。musthavedone表示对过去的肯定推测。14.Whatapity!Theparentscouldhavesurvivedtheearthquake,they(not,come)backtosavetheirchild.答案had;notcome解析考查省略if的条件句。句意为:真遗憾!如果不是回来救孩子,这对父母本可以在地震中幸存下来。分析句子可知,此处为if引导的虚拟条件句,与过去事实相反,从句应为:iftheyhadn’tcome...,if可以省略,这时从句要用倒装语序,即把had置于句首,从句可写成“hadtheynotcome...”。15.Hewould(like)torepresenthiscountryinthe1984WinterOlympics,buttherewerealargenumberofcompetitors,andEdwardsdidn’tqualify.答案haveliked解析句意为:他本想代表他的国家参加1984年的冬季奥运会,但参赛者众多,爱德华兹没有获得参赛资格。根据本句后面的“Edwardsdidn’tqualify”可知,爱德华兹没有成功获得参赛资格,故用“wouldhavedone”虚拟语气,表示与过去事实相反的假设,意思是“本来会做”。16.Inthelastfewyears,China(make)greatachievementsinenvironmentalprotection.答案hasmade解析根据该句中的时间状语“Inthelastfewyears”可知,此处用现在完成时。17.Alargepercentageofthepopulationinourcountry(be)farmers.答案is解析根据句意,此处为客观现实,所以用一般现在时。主语是Alargepercentageofthepopulation,谓语动词用单数。18.Itwasquitealongtimebeforehe(spot)hisoldteacherinthecrowd.答案spotted解析Itwasalongtime+before+sb.did...“过了多久之后才...”为固定句型。19.Thepublicati

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