考研考博-英语-唐山科技职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-唐山科技职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.翻译题

通过资料查阅、实地调研、数据分析和专家会商等途径，筛选出适用于该地区的古树健康诊断形态指标，确立各指标的分级依据，构建古树健康诊断标准，并依据该标准对滇中地区86株古树（树名暂略）的健康状况进行诊查。结果表明：古树的健康状况大多为良和一般，不同树种有些许差异，其结果与古树长势强弱成正相关,能够反映古树健康的真实状况，应用效果良好。此外，对影响古树健康状况的原因进行分析，并提出相应解决方法。

【答案】Bymeansofdataconsulting,fieldresearch,dataanalysisandexpertconsultation,thispaperscreenedoutthediagnosticmorphologicalindexesofancienttreessuitableforthisarea,establishedthegradingbasisofeachindex,constructedthediagnosticcriteriaofancienttrees'health,andbasedonthecriteria,diagnosedthehealthstatusof86ancienttrees(treenamesaretemporarilyabbreviated)incentralYunnan.Theresultsshowedthatthehealthstatusofancienttreeswasmostlygoodandaverage,withsomedifferencesamongdifferenttreespecies.Theresultswerepositivelycorrelatedwiththegrowthstrengthofancienttrees,whichcouldreflecttherealhealthstatusofancienttrees,andtheapplicationeffectwasgood.Inaddition,thereasonsthataffectthehealthstatusofancienttreesareanalyzed,andcorrespondingsolutionsareputforward.

2.单选题

Ifweacquiesce,we’llbeborrowing（）forthefuture.

问题1选项

A.pit

B.trouble

C.pitfall

D.storm

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项pit“矿井，深坑，陷阱”；B选项trouble“麻烦，烦恼，故障，动乱”；C选项pitfall“陷阱，圈套，缺陷，诱惑”；D选项storm“暴风雨，大动荡”。句意：如果我们默许，那么我们将在未来陷入到借贷麻烦中。因此B选项正确。

3.单选题

Likemanyothersmallboys,Iwasfascinatedbycars,notleastbecausemyoldestbrotherwasabitofacarguyandsubscribedtocoolmagazineslikeCarandDriverandMotorTrend.Everysooften,oneofthosemagazineswouldrunanarticleonthe“CaroftheFuture”.Theyfeaturedunconventionalstylingandthingslikesmallnuclearreactorsaspowersources.Yet,frankly,mycardoesn’tdoanythingthatmybrother’sStudebakerdidn’tdo.Itgoes,itstops,itburnsgasoline,itplaysmusic.Istillhavetosteerit,anditstillrunsintothingsifIdon’tsteeritcarefully.

Butguesswhat?Allofthesethingsaresubjecttochangeinthenot-so-distantfuture.Itwillstillgoandstop,butitmaynotburngasoline.Imaynothavetosteerit,anditmaybealotbetteratnotrunningintothings.

Airbagsaren’tthebe-allandend-allinsafety.Infact,consideringtherecentnewsaboutpeopleoccasionallybeingkilledbytheirairbagsinlow-speedcollisions（碰撞）,theyobviouslystillneedsomedevelopment.Buttheyaren’tgoingaway,andinfactyoucanexpecttoseecarsappearingwithadditional,side-impactairbags,somethingsomeEuropeancarmanufacturersalreadyoffer.

Betterthansystemstominimize（使减少到最低限度）injuryintheeventofanaccident,however,aresystemsthatminimizethelikelihoodofanaccidenthappeninginthefirstplace.Futurecarsmaybeabletoeliminatemanyofthemajorcausesofaccidents,includingdrunk-driving,tailgatingandsleepiness.Carscouldbeequippedwithsensorsthatcandetectalcoholinadriver’ssystemandpreventthecarfrombeingstarted,forexample.Manyaccidentsarecausedbypeoplefollowingthecarinfronttooclosely.Asearlyasnextyear,you’llbeabletobuycarswithradar-equippedcontrolsystems.Iftheradardeterminesyou’reclosingtooquicklywiththecarinfront,itwilleaseuponthethrottle.Forcitystreets,expectotherradardevicesthatwillgiveadvancewarningthatthecarinfrontofyouhasslowedsuddenlyandyoushouldsteponthebrakes—orthatmayevenbrakeforyou.

Willcarseventuallybeabletodrivethemselves?There’snoreasontothinkitwon’tbetechnicallypossible,andMercedesisworkingonasystemthatcanbrake,accelerateandsteeravehicledownahighwayonitsown.Nobodyreallyexpectspeopletogiveupallcontroltotheircars,butsuchsystemscouldbeusedasfailsafe（安全的）systemstokeepcarsontheroadandbringthemsafelytoastopevenifthedriversuddenlybecamedisabled.

1.Theauthorwasfascinatedbycarsbecause_____.

2.Bysay“mycardoesn’tdoanythingthatmybrother’sStudebakerdidn’tdo”(Line-5-6,para.1),theauthormeansthat.

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueofairbags?

4.Whatwillfuturecarsdoifthesensorsdetectalcoholinthedriver’ssystem?

5.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.othersmallboyslikedtoownacaroftheirown,too

B.hereadexoticthingsaboutcarsinhisbrother’smagazines

C.hisoldestbrotherlovedtotakehimtoplacesinhiscar

D.hesubscribedtocoolcarmagazines

问题2选项

A.mycarisfarbetterthanmybrother’swas

B.mycarisnotasgoodasmybrother’swas

C.notmuchhaschangedintheperformanceofcarssofar

D.muchimprovementhasbeenmadeinthedesignofcarsrecently

问题3选项

A.Theyareinneedoffurtherimprovement.

B.Theyaregoingtodisappeargradually.

C.Theykillpeopleinsteadofprotectingtheminlow-speedcollisions.

D.TheyareastandardfeatureofEuropeancars.

问题4选项

A.Theywillgiveawarninginadvance.

B.Theywillbrakeautomatically.

C.Theywilleaseuponthrottle.

D.Theywillnotstart.

问题5选项

A.Peoplewillgiveupallcontroltotheircars.

B.Carswillbeabletodrivethemselves.

C.Nocarswilleverbreakdownontheroads.

D.Carswillallbeequippedwithfailsafesystems.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。根据第一段第一句“Likemanyothersmallboys,Iwasfascinatedbycars,notleastbecausemyoldestbrotherwasabitofacarguyandsubscribedtocoolmagazineslikeCarandDriverandMotorTrend.”和许多其他小男孩一样，我对汽车很着迷，尤其是因为我的哥哥是个汽车迷，订阅了《汽车与司机》和《汽车趋势》等很酷的杂志。由此可知，选项A“和其他男孩一样想拥有自己的车”和原文不符，作者只是说自己和其他男孩一样对汽车着迷；选项B“作者在哥哥的杂志上读到有关汽车的新奇事物”符合原文；选项C在文中没有提及；选项D是作者哥哥订阅的杂志而不是他自己，所以错误。

第2题:语义题。这句话的意思是“我的车不能做任何我哥哥的车所不能做的事”。根据下文的内容“Itgoes,itstops,itburnsgasoline,itplaysmusic.Istillhavetosteerit,anditstillrunsintothingsifIdon'tsteeritcarefully.”它前进，它停止，它燃烧汽油，它播放音乐。我仍然需要操纵它，如果我不小心操纵，它仍然会撞到东西。以及第二段首句“Butguesswhat?Allofthesethingsaresubjecttochangeinthenot-so-distantfuture.”但你猜怎么着？所有这些都可能在不久的将来发生变化。也就是说，到目前为止，汽车的性能并没有发生改变，它还是需要人来操控。所以选项C为正确答案。

第3题:细节事实题。根据第三段第二句“consideringtherecentnewsaboutpeopleoccasionallybeingkilledbytheirairbagsinlow-speedcollisions,theyobviouslystillneedsomedevelopment.”考虑到最近的新闻，安全气囊在低速碰撞中偶尔会使人丧生，显然安全气囊仍然需要一些改进。选项A符合原文。选项B与原文“Buttheyaren’tgoingaway.”不符；根据第二句中的关键词“occasionally”可知，选项C表述太绝对；选项D在文中没有提及。

第4题:细节事实题。根据关键词“alcohol”定位到倒数第四段“Carscouldbeequippedwithsensorsthatcandetectalcoholinadriver’ssystemandpreventthecarfrombeingstarted,forexample.”例如，汽车可以配备传感器，检测驾驶员身体中的酒精含量，从而防止汽车启动。由此可知，选项D“它们不会启动”正确。

第5题:细节事实题。根据最后一段第一句“Willcarseventuallybeabletodrivethemselves?There’snoreasontothinkitwon'tbetechnicallypossible...”汽车最终能自动驾驶吗？没有理由认为这在技术上是不可能的。由此可知，选项B正确；根据最后一段第三句“Nobodyreallyexpectspeopletogiveupallcontroltotheircars.”没有人真的希望人们完全放弃对汽车的控制，所以选项A不正确；选项C和D在文中没有提及。

4.单选题

Bythetimethetourends,thefootballteam（）twentymatchesinfourcountries.

问题1选项

A.willplay

B.willbeplaying

C.willhaveplayed

D.willhavebeenplaying

【答案】C

【解析】考查语法时态。根据前一句Bythetimethetourends“到巡回赛结束时”，表示巡回赛还在进行，By接的是将来的时间，那么主句也需要用将来完成时。将来完成时的构成willhavedone。句意：到巡回赛结束时，足球队将在4个国家踢20次比赛。因此C选项符合题意。

5.单选题

Low-levelslash-and-burnfarmingdoesn'tharmrain-forest.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovesforestsoils.ThisistheunorthodoxviewofaGermansoilscientistwhohasshownthatburntclearingsintheAmazon,datingbackmorethan1,000years,helpedcreatepatchesofrich,fertilesoilthatfarmersstillbenefitfromtoday.

Mostrain-forestsoilsarethinandpoorbecausetheylackmineralsandbecausetheheatandheavyrainfalldestroymostorganicmatterinthesoilswithinfouryearsofitreachingtheforestfloor.Thismeanstopsoilcontainsfewoftheingredientsneededforlong-termsuccessfulfanning.

ButBrunoGlaser,asoilscientistoftheUniversityofBayreuth,hasstudiedunexpectedpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon.Thesesoilscontainlotsoforganicmatter.Glaserhasshownthatmostofthisfertileorganicmattercomesfrom"blackcarbon"——theorganicparticlesfromcampfiresandcharred（烧成炭的）woodleftoverfromthousandsofyearsofslash-and-burnfanning.“Thesoils,knownasTerraPreta,containedupto70timesmoreblackcarbonthanthesurroundingsoil，”saysGlaser.Unbumtvegetationrotsquickly,butblackcarbonpersistsinthesoilformanycenturies.RadiocarbondatingshowsthatthecharredwoodinTerraPretasoilsistypicallymorethan1,000yearsold.

“Slash-and-burnfarmingcanbegoodforsoilsprovideditdoesn’tcompletelyburnallthevegetation,andleavesbehindcharredwood,”saysGlaser.“Itcanbebetterthanmanure（粪肥）Burningtheforestjustoncecanleavebehindenoughblackcarbontokeepthesoilfertileforthousandsofyears.Andrain-forestseasilyregrowaftersmall-scaleclearing.Contrarytotheconventionalviewthathumanactivitiesdamagetheenvironment,Glasersays:“BlackcarboncombinedwithhumanwastesisresponsiblefortherichnessofTerraPretasoils.”

TerraPretasoilsturnupinlargepatchesallovertheAmazon,wheretheyarehighlyprizedbyfanners.Allthepatchesfallwithin500squarekilometersinthecentralAmazon.Glasersaysthewidespreadpresenceofpotteryconfirmsthesoil’shumanorigins.ThefindingsaddweighttothetheorythatlargeareasoftheAmazonhaverecoveredsowellfrompastperiodsofagriculturalusethattheregrowthhasbeenmistakenbygenerationsofbiologistsfor“virgin”forest.Duringthepastdecade,researchershavediscoveredhundredsoflargeearthworksdeepinthejungle.Theyareupto20metershighandcoveruptoasquarekilometer.Glaserclaimsthattheseearthworks,builtbetweenAD400and1400,wereattheheartofurbancivilizations.NowitseemstherichnessoftheTerraPretasoilsmayexplainhowsuchcivilizationsmanagedtofeedthemselves.

1.Welearnfromthepassagethatthetraditionalviewofslash-and-burnfarmingisthat（

）.

2.Mostrain-forestsoilsarethinandpoorbecause

（

）.

3.Glasermadehisdiscoveryby

（

）.

4.WhatdoesGlasersayabouttheregrowthofrain-forests?

5.Fromthepassageitcanbeinferredthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.itdoesnoharmtothetopsoiloftherain-forest

B.itdestroysrainforestsoils

C.ithelpsimproverain-forestsoils

D.itdiminishestheorganicmatterinrain-forestsoils

问题2选项

A.thecompositionofthetopsoilisratherunstable

B.blackcarboniswashedawaybyheavyrains

C.organicmatterisquicklylostduetoheatandrain

D.long-termfarminghasexhaustedtheingredientsessentialtoplantgrowth

问题3选项

A.studyingpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon

B.examiningpotteryleftoverbyancientcivilizations

C.test-burningpatchesoftreesinthecentralAmazon

D.radiocarbon-datingingredientscontainedinforestsoils

问题4选项

A.Theytakecenturiestoregrowafterbeingburnt.

B.Theycannotrecoverunlessthevegetationisburntcompletely.

C.Theirregrowthwillbehamperedbyhumanhabitation.

D.Theycanrecovereasilyafterslash-and-burnfarming.

问题5选项

A.humanactivitieswilldogravedamagetorain-forests

B.Amazonrain-forestsoilsusedtobetherichestintheworld

C.farmingisresponsibleforthedestructionoftheAmazonrain-forests

D.thereonceexistedanurbancivilizationintheAmazonrain-forests

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。由题干可知，我们需要找的是“thetraditionalviewofslash-and-burnfarming对于刀耕火种的传统观点”，这一信息出现在文章第一段“Low-levelslash-and-burnfarmingdoesn'tharmrain-forest.Onthecontrary,ithelpsfarmersandimprovesforestsoils.低水平的刀耕火种并不会损害雨林。相反，它有助于农民和改善森林土壤。”文中出现了onthecontrary就说明出现了观点对比，且后面补充说到“Thisistheunorthodoxview这是一种非正统的观点”因此本句就是与传统观点相悖的地方。由此推出传统观点“刀耕火种会损害雨林”。B选项“它破坏雨林土壤”符合题意。

2.事实细节题。由题干关键信息“thinandpoor薄且贫瘠”定位到文章第二段第一句“Mostrain-forestsoilsarethinandpoorbecausetheylackmineralsandbecausetheheatandheavyrainfalldestroymostorganicmatterinthesoilswithinfouryearsofitreachingtheforestfloor.大多数雨林土壤都很贫瘠，因为它们缺乏矿物质，而且高温和强降雨会在土壤中的大部分有机物到达森林地面后的四年内将其破坏。”因此原因在于高温和强降雨会使土壤中有机物质迅速流失，这一点与C选项同义。

3.事实细节题。Glaser的研究结论由何而来，由题干定位到第三段第一句“ButBrunoGlaser,asoilscientistoftheUniversityofBayreuth,hasstudiedunexpectedpatchesoffertilesoilsinthecentralAmazon.但是，拜罗伊特大学的土壤科学家布鲁诺•格拉泽(BrunoGlaser)研究了亚马逊中部出人意料的肥沃土壤。”说明Glaser是研究了亚马逊中部意外发现的肥沃土壤才有了上述结论，因此A选项“研究亚马逊中部的肥沃土壤”正确。

4.观点态度题。题干关键信息“theregrowthofrain-forests雨林的再生”出现在文章第四段倒数第二句“Andrain-forestseasilyregrowaftersmall-scaleclearing.雨林在小规模的清理后很容易再生。”对比四个选项发现D选项“在刀耕火种后，他们很容易恢复。”符合文意。

5.判断推理题。A选项“人类活动将对热带雨林造成严重破坏”不符合文意，本文只是论述“刀耕火种创造的肥沃土壤使亚马逊中的文明得以存在”这一观点；B选项“亚马逊雨林的土壤曾经是世界上最肥沃的”文中并未提及；C选项“农业对亚马逊雨林的破坏负有责任”不属于文章论述的主要观点；D选项“在亚马逊雨林中曾经存在着一种城市文明”出现在文章最后一段，研究者发现亚马逊雨林中存在陶器及上百座大土方，推知古代在这里存在过人类文明。因此D选项正确。

6.翻译题

过去十年间，中国手机网络的发展可谓有目共睹，几乎每年都会新增约八千万用户，但据英国广播公司报道，在某种程度上，真正的通讯革命才刚刚开始。

今年，中国将取代美国成为世界最大的智能手机市场。对很多中国人来说，智能手机使他们第一次拥有了通向互联网的私人路径。这对于信息技术开发商、尤其是移动手机应用程序开发商来说是非比寻常的机遇。

那么，应用程序开发商是怎么在中国赚到钱的呢？一种方法就是尝试“应用内销售”一一他们推出免费的应用程序，一旦用户被吸引，再以较低的价格卖给他们体验增强版。虽然中国的用户只愿意出几分钱来购买升级服务，但只要想想用户多达数百万，加在一起很快就是一大笔钱。不过，对于非游戏类应用程序开发商来说，要发展就得依靠广告收益。

【答案】ThemobilenetworkgrowthinChinahasbeenremarkable,withsome80millionnewusersjoiningeveryyearforthepastdecade.Buttosomeextent,therealcommunicationsrevolutionhasonlyjustbegun,BBCreported.

Thisyear,ChinawillovertakeAmericaastheworld'sbiggestSmartphonemarket.FormanyChinese,theSmartphoneoffersthemtheirfirstpersonalaccesstoInternet.Thisisanextraordinaryopportunityforinformationtechnologydevelopers,especiallymobileappdevelopers.

SohowthendoesanappdevelopermakemoneyinChina?Onewayistotryin-appsales—theyofferfreeappsandonceusersarehooked,theywillsellthemanenhancedversionoftheexperienceatalowerprice.AlthoughusersinChinamaybeonlywillingtopayafewcentsfortheenhancedservice,whenyou'retalkingmillionsofusers,thatcansoonadduptoalotofmoney.But,fornon-gameappdevelopers,theremustbeadvertisingrevenuetomoveforward.

7.单选题

PoliceandlandlordsinWincantonandCasteCaryhaveunitedtosendaveryclearmessagethatdrugswillnotbe（）inthetowns,aftertracesofClassAsubstanceswerediscoveredonpubpremises.

问题1选项

A.transported

B.tightened

C.tolerated

D.threatened

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。transported运输的；tightened变紧的；tolerated可接纳的；threatened受到威胁的。句意：在酒吧场所发现a类物质的踪迹后，Wincanton和CasteCary的警察和酒吧老板联合发出了一个非常明确的信息，即镇上将不再容许毒品。C项符合句意。

8.单选题

Itshardlyevernecessarytoaskahungryboytocometodinnertwicebecausehehasahearty

A

B

C

appetitethatgetshimtothetablequickly.

D

问题1选项

A.Itshardlyever

B.tocometo

C.tocometo

D.tocometo

【答案】A

【解析】考查it形式主语。It’s+形容词+todo表示“做某事怎么样”。it在句中做形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式。

试题答案：A;it’shardlyevernecessary

9.单选题

Thecourseleaderrequeststhatallthesesarehandedinbefore5:00p.m.nextFriday.

A

B

C

D

问题1选项

A.theses

B.are

C.in

D.nextFriday

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。当表示“建议、请求、命令、要求”等主观意向的词（suggest，advise，propose，recommend，demand，request等）引导宾语从句时，从句需用虚拟语气：（should）+动词原形，should可以省略。

试题答案：B;be

10.单选题

She’salwaysbeenkindtome—Ican’tjustturn（

）onhernowthatsheneedsmyhelp.

问题1选项

A.myback

B.myhead

C.myeye

D.shoulder

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配。turnmybackonsomeone意为对某人不理睬。

11.单选题

Iamafraidwehaveto（）asetofrulescalledetiquetteandpolitenesstomakeourfrequentmeetingstolerable.

问题1选项

A.confideto

B.dedicateto

C.concuron

D.dispensewith

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。confideto“信赖，透露”；dedicateto“献身，把（时间、精力）用于……”；concuron“同意，一致”；dispensewith“免除，省掉”。句意：恐怕必须要省掉一些所谓的礼仪和规矩才能使我们忍受得住源源不断的会议。选项D符合题意。

12.单选题

Difficultasitis,Englishstudyisinthelongrun（）toalearnerinhisorhercareerdevelopment.

问题1选项

A.rewarding

B.advantageous

C.profitable

D.earning

【答案】A

【解析】形容词词义辨析。rewarding“有益的,值得的,有报酬的”;advantageous“有利的,有益的”;profitable“有利可图的,赚钱的”;earning“收入,所赚的钱”。尽管英语学习很困难,但从长远来看,它对于学习者的职业发展来说是值得的。选项A符合语境。

13.单选题

Jazztendstobeacasualdialogueformofdancequite（）inthereceptiveandmechanicalformsofthewaltz.

问题1选项

A.lacked

B.lacking

C.forlackof

D.lackof

【答案】B

【解析】考查语法知识。空格处词语用来修饰前面的dance，所以是形容词性。lack与dance之间是主动关系，因此应使用动词的现在分词形式来修饰。因此B选项符合题意。

14.单选题

Antisocialpersonalitiesusuallyfailtounderstandthattheirbehaviorisdysfunctionalbecausetheirabilitytofeelremorsefulisimpaired.

问题1选项

A.offensive

B.sensible

C.regretful

D.inquisitive

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。remorseful表示“懊悔的，悔恨的”；A项offensive“攻击的，冒犯的，无礼的”，B项sensible“明智的，通情达理的，合乎情理的”，C项regretful“后悔的，遗憾的，惋惜的”，D项inquisitive“好奇的，好问的，爱打听的”。句意：反社会人格通常无法理解他们的行为是不正常的，因为他们感到懊悔的能力受到了损害。因此，根据句意可知C选项正确。

15.单选题

Overthepasttenyears,naturalgasproductionhasremainedsteady,but（）hasrisensteadily.

问题1选项

A.consumption

B.dissipation

C.disposal

D.expenditure

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。consumption“消费”；dissipation“浪费，消散”；disposal“处理，支配”；expenditure“支出，花费”。句意：在过去十年里，天然气产量保持稳定，但是销量却稳步上升。A项符合题意。

16.单选题

Motorcyclistsshouldwearhelmetsto（）themfrominjury.

问题1选项

A.save

B.shield

C.shelter

D.defend

【答案】B

【解析】动词词义辨析。save意为“使……免于受到……的损伤”；shield指用某种手段作为防御工具以防危险或伤害；shelter通常指寻找安全地方躲避危害；defend指用武力或其他措施使人或物不受损害。题中是指运用头盔这种工具躲避伤害。选项B符合题意。

17.填空题

（1）ofaseriesofunforeseenproblems,ProfessorBandiniandhisresearchgroupdon’thave（2）moneytofinishtheircurrentproject.Bandinihas（3）totheministryfor（4）funds.

【答案】1.Because

2.enough

3.appliedto

4.more

【解析】1.固定搭配。Becauseof因为。

2.语义题。enough足够的。

3.固定搭配。applyto申请

4.语义题。More更多的

18.单选题

Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.So,asapoliceofficer,Ihavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople.

DaysafterdaysmymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.Akeyingredientisdisappearing,andIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability.

Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences.

Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether—honesty,kindness,andsoon—accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutit,therecanbenorespect,notrust,nolaw—and,ultimately,nosociety.

Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuse,orhaveneverlearned,toimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknows,externalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguilt,shameandembarrassment.

Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities—smallertowns,usually—whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim:“Inthisfamilycertainthingarenottolerated—theysimplyarenotdone!”

Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasgone.Heconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewants,includingyourlifeifyouenragehim.

Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome.

Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminal,evenpartly,fromaccountability,webecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything.

WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.

1.Whatthewisemansaidsuggeststhat______.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,ifapersonisfoundguiltyofacrime,______.

3.Comparedwiththoseinsmalltowns,peopleinlargecitieshave______.

4.Thewriterissorrytohavenoticedthat______.

5.Thekeypointofthepassageisthat______.

问题1选项

A.it’sunnecessaryforgoodpeopletodoanythinginfaceofevil

B.it’scertainthatevilwillprevailifgoodmendonothingaboutit

C.it’sonlynaturalforvirtuetodefeatevil

D.it’sdesirableforgoodmentokeepawayfromevil

问题2选项

A.societyistobeheldresponsible

B.moderncivilizationisresponsibleforit

C.thecriminalhimselfshouldbeartheblame

D.thestandardsoflivingshouldbeimproved

问题3选项

A.lessself-discipline

B.bettersenseofdiscipline

C.moremutualrespect

D.lesseffectivegovernment

问题4选项

A.peopleinlargecitiestendtoexcusecriminals

B.peopleinsmalltownsstillsticktoolddisciplineandstandards

C.today’ssocietylackssympathyforpeopleindifficulty

D.peopleindisadvantagedcircumstancesareengagedincriminalactivities

问题5选项

A.stricterdisciplineshouldbemaintainedinschoolsandfamilies

B.moregoodexamplesshouldbesetforpeopletofollow

C.morerestrictionsshouldbeimposedonpeople’sbehavior

D.morepeopleshouldacceptthevalueofaccountability

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第一句Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.（一位智者曾经说过，邪恶获胜的唯一必要条件就是好人什么都不做。），通过阅读全文进一步理解其深层含义，可以推断出这句话暗示着：如果好人对邪恶坐视不管，那它就会盛行猖獗。因此B选项“如果好人不采取行动，邪恶肯定会占上风”正确。A选项“面对邪恶，好人没有必要去做什么”，C选项“美德战胜邪恶是很自然的事”，D选项“善良的人远离邪恶是可取的”均不符合原文内容，所以A,C,D错误。

2.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一段WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit.（我们迫切需要更多的人相信，犯罪的人应该负责。），说明作者指出美国需要更多人认为罪犯实施犯罪行为的责任应归咎于他自身。因此C选项“犯罪者本人应承担相应的责任”正确。A选项“社会要负责任”，B选项“现代文明应对此负责”，D选项“应该提高生活水平”在文中均没有提及，所以A,B,D错误。

3.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到第六段第一句Fortunatelytherearestillcommunities—smallertowns,usually—whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaim（幸运的是，仍然有一些社区——通常是小城镇——在那里，学校维持纪律，家长们坚持标准），接下来第七段第一句说到Yetmoreandmore,especiallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbs,theseinnerrestraintsareloosening.（然而，尤其是在大城市和市郊，这些内在的约束正在越来越多地放松。），说明大城市的人比小城镇的人自律性更差。因此A选项“自律性较差”正确。B选项“更好的纪律意识”，C选项“更多的相互尊重”，D选项“政府的效率较低”在文中均没有提及，所以B,C,D错误。

4.客观细节题。由题干可以定位到文章倒数第三段Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsago,ifacrimewascommitted,societywasconsideredthevictim.Now,inashockingreversal,it’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringing,bytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoread,bythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidance,bytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome.（这种崩溃的主要原因是人们态度的根本转变。30年前，如果犯罪发生了，社会被认为是受害者。现在有一个令人震惊的逆转，罪犯会被认为是受害者：他贫困的成长环境，学校没有教他读书，没有给他道德指导的教堂，没有给他提供稳定家庭的父母。），说明从前人们谴责的是罪犯，而现在则相反，人们认为罪犯是他不良成长环境的受害者，可知人们在宽恕罪犯。因此A选项“大城市的人们倾向于为罪犯开脱罪责”正确。B选项“小镇里的人仍然坚持旧的纪律和标准”，由原文可知，作者认为小城镇坚持旧的纪律和价值标准是好的，所以B错误。C选项“当今社会对处于困境的人缺乏同情心”，由原文可知，作者认为人们在宽恕罪犯正是由于公众对罪犯给予了过多的同情，所以C错误。D选项“处境不利的人都在从事犯罪活动”，由原文可知，作者提到很多处在困境中的人并没有犯罪，说明人并不是遇到逆境都会犯罪，犯罪是缺乏责任感的表现，所以D错误。

5.主旨大意题。文章围绕accountability“问责”展开论述，并借当今社会人们为罪犯找借口推脱责任的例子指出人们应当对个人行为负责。因此D选项“更多的人应该接受问责的价值”最能体现文章主旨。A选项“在学校和家庭中应保持更严格的纪律性”，B选项“应该树立更多的好榜样供人们学习”，C选项“应该对人们的行为施加更多的限制”在文中均没有提及，所以A,B,C错误。

19.单选题

Andthetopic“fat”isforbidden.Eventheslightestpaunchbetraysthatoneislosingthetrimand（

）ofyouth.

问题1选项

A.vague

B.vigor

C.vogue

D.vulgar

【答案】B

【解析】考查形似词辨析。vague“模糊的；含糊的”，形容词；vigor“活力；精力”，名词；vogue“时尚；流行”，名词；vulgar“粗俗的；通俗的”，形容词。句意：“肥胖”的话题被禁止了。即使是稍微隆起的小肚子都暴露出他正失去青春活力。选项B符合题意。

20.单选题

Lateralthinking（迂回思维），firstdescribedbyEdwarddeBonein1967,isjustafewyearsolderthanEdward’sson.YoumightimaginethatCasparwasraisedtobeanadventurousthinker,butthedeBonewassofamous,Caspar’sparent’sworriedthatanytimehewouldsaysomethingbrightatschool,histeachermightsnap,“Wheredoyougetthatideafrom?”

“Wehadtobecarefulandnotoverdoit.”Edwardadmits.NowCasparisatOxford—whichoncelookedunlikelybecauseheisalsoslightlydyslexic（诵读困难）.Infact,whenhewasapplyingtoOxford,noneofhisschoolteachersthoughhehadachance.“Sothenwedidseveralthinkingsessions,”hisfathersays,“usingmytechniquesand，whenhewentupfortheexam,hedidexactlywell.”Soonafter,EdwarddeBonedecidedtowritehislatestbook,“TeachYourChildHowtoThink,”inwhichhetransformsthethinkingskillshedevelopedforbrain-stormingbusinessmenintoinformalexercisesforparentsandchildrentoshare.

Thinkingistraditionallyregardedassomethingexecutedinalogicalsequence,andknowsthatchildrenaren'tverylogical.Soisn’titanuphillbattle,tryingtoteachthemtothink?

“Youknow,”EdwarddeBonesays,“ifyouexaminepeople’sthinking,itisquiteunusualtofinditoflogic.Butthefaultsofperceptionarehuge!Oftenwethinkineffectivelybecausewetaketoolimitview.”

31.“TeachYourChildHowtoThink”offerslessonsinperceptionimprovement,ofclearlyseetheimplicationsofsomethingyouaresayingandofexploringthealternative.

1.Whatis“TRUEaboutCaspar?

2.CasparsucceededinapplyingtoOxfordbecause（）.

3.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatEdward（）.

4.AccordingtoParagraph3,whichofthefollowingstatementsexpressEdwarddeBone’sview?

5.LateralthinkingreferstothefollowingEXCEPT（）.

问题1选项

A.Hefirstdescribedlateralthinking.

B.Heisoftenscoldedbyhisteacher.

C.HeisEdward’sson.

D.Heisanadventurousthinker.

问题2选项

A.heusedintheexamthetechniquesprovidedbyhisfather

B.hereadthebook“teachYourChildHowtoThink”beforetheexam

C.hewascarefulandoftenoverworked

D.allofhisschoolteachersthoughthehadachance

问题3选项

A.waspromptedtostudylateralthinkingbecausehissonwasslightlydyslexic

B.oncetaughtbusinessmenhowtothinkbeforehewroteforparentsandchildren

C.waslikelytoimprovechildren’slogicwithhisbook

D.gaveadescriptionoflateralthinkingseveralyearsafterhissonwasborn

问题4选项

A.Weoftenthinkineffectivelybecausewetaketoolimitedaview.

B.Thinkingistraditionallyregardedassomethingexecutedinalogicalsequence.

C.Everybodyknowsthatchildrenaren’tverylogic