考研考博-英语-保山学院考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-保山学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Labourissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto（）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis（）.

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthanequipment.

C.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees’ownbusiness.

D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.

问题2选项

A.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.

C.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutivesinthefirms.

D.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirms.

问题3选项

A.workerswhocanoperatenewequipment

B.topexecutives

C.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills

D.technologicalandmanagerialstaff

问题4选项

A.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees

B.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

C.theintroductionofnewtechnologies

D.theimprovementofworkers’basicskills

问题5选项

A.Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.

C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’shierarchy.

D.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是：下面哪一项适用于美国公司的人力资源管理？根据原文第一段第三句Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.（技能的获得被认为是个人的责任。）由此可知，C选项“公司认为员工获得技能是他们自己的事”符合原文。

2.细节事实题。题目问的是：在美国公司中人力资源管理主管的地位怎样？根据原文第二段第三、四句Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).（人力资源管理主管这一职位通常是一项专门的工作，处于公司等级制度的边缘。持有该职位的主管在重大战略决策上不需要征询他的意见，他也没有机会晋升为首席执行官。）由此可知，美国公司人力资源管理的主管在管理层中是非常没有地位的，在重大决策中是没有发言权的，所以A选项“他在公司里做重要决定时没有发言权”正确。

3.细节事实题。题目问的是：大多数美国公司投入培训的资金主要用于什么？根据文章第三段第二句Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.（他们投资的资金也更多地集中在专业人员和管理人员身上。）由此可知，D选项“技术和管理人员”正确。

4.细节事实题。题目问的是：保持一个公司竞争优势的决定性因素是什么？文章首段第一句话指出Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.（如果持续的竞争优势取决于劳动者的技能，那么美国公司就有麻烦了。）而第三段又提到thebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.（基本技能使得吸收掌握新技术成为可能。）由此可知，D选项“提高工人的基本技能”符合原文，所以正确。

5.主旨大意题。文章主要谈论如果竞争的优势取决于工人的技术，那么美国的公司就遇到麻烦了。美国公司不正确的人才管理战略，使它们的竞争能力受到了挑战。所以A选项“美国公司的人力资源管理策略影响了它的竞争力”正确。

2.单选题

ThepressinAmericaisparticularlyimportantbecause,（1）thaninanyothercountry,itisrecognizedashavingaresponsibleroleto（2）inrelationtooneaspectoftheprocessofgovernment.Thepress（3）isanAmericaninvention,anditbegantobeimportant（4）theformofameetingbetweenPresidentand（5）inwhichthePresident（6）question.Pressconferencestakeplaceall（7）theworldnow,butthepresidentialpressconferenceisaninstitution（8）givesusakey（9）thespecialroleAmerica（10）tothepressandtothenewspapermen.TheBritishparliamenthasitsquestiontime（11）eachdayMembersofParliament（12）questiontoministersinchargeof（13）departments,andsomeEuropeanparliamentshavesomethingof（14）kind.Thereisnopossibility（15）suchadeviceintheUnitedStatesCongressbecauseheadsofexecutivedepartmentsarenotmembersof（16）Thustheexecutivehasnopoliticalplatform（17）whichtoexplainits（18）andgiveinformation.PresidentFranklinRooseveltshowedtheadvantagesofusingthePressforsuch（19）whenhecalledregularmeetingsofnewspapermen（20）whichheinvitedquestions.

问题1选项

A.less

B.more

C.rather

D.greater

问题2选项

A.perform

B.conduct

C.do

D.make

问题3选项

A.session

B.meet

C.meeting

D.conference

问题4选项

A.at

B.with

C.in

D.for

问题5选项

A.minister

B.officials

C.opponents

D.journalists

问题6选项

A.replied

B.repliedto

C.answeredto

D.returned

问题7选项

A.over

B.round

C.up

D.though

问题8选项

A.where

B.what

C.which

D.it

问题9选项

A.for

B.at

C.towards

D.to

问题10选项

A.resigns

B.assigns

C.designs

D.assists

问题11选项

A.when

B.on

C.for

D.in

问题12选项

A.answer

B.respond

C.address

D.serve

问题13选项

A.executive

B.management

C.execution

D.direction

问题14选项

A.same

B.asame

C.thesame

D.thesimilar

问题15选项

A.for

B.to

C.about

D.of

问题16选项

A.it

B.them

C.importance

D.significance

问题17选项

A.with

B.through

C.for

D.in

问题18选项

A.views

B.points

C.stands

D.locations

问题19选项

A.sake

B.save

C.intentions

D.purposes

问题20选项

A.in

B.on

C.at

D.for

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:D

第6题:B

第7题:A

第8题:C

第9题:D

第10题:B

第11题:A

第12题:C

第13题:A

第14题:C

第15题:D

第16题:A

第17题:B

第18题:A

第19题:D

第20题:C

【解析】第1题:考查逻辑关系。由前面的“新闻在美国尤其重要”可推测此处表示比较，比在其他国家更重要，因此填more。

第2题:考查固定搭配。performarole意为“扮演角色”。

第3题:考查固定搭配。thepressconference意为“新闻发布会，记者招待会”，后面句子也提到了Pressconferences。

第4题:考查固定搭配。intheformof意为“以……的形式”。

第5题:考查逻辑关系。根据上下文，可知此处为记者招待会，故应为总统与记者的见面，因此选D。

第6题:考查动词辨析。answer作动词时，后面直接跟宾语；rely一般作不及物动词，后面接to，replyto意为“回答，答复”。

第7题:考查固定搭配。allovertheworld意为“全世界”。

第8题:考查定语从句。从句中缺少主语，先行词aninstitution表示物，因此用which引导定语从句。

第9题:考查固定搭配。akeyto...意为“……的关键”。

第10题:考查固定搭配。assign...to意为“赋予（某功能或价值）”。

第11题:考查定语从句。先行词time表示时间，因此用关系副词when引导定语从句。

第12题:考查动词辨析。answer意为“答复”；respond意为“回答，响应”；address意为“对……发话”；serve意为“（为……）服务”。此处表示议员向行政官员发问，因此选C。

第13题:考查逻辑关系。此处表示负责行政部门的部长，与后文中的headsofexecutivedepartments相对应，因此选A。

第14题:考查固定搭配。same一般与定冠词the连用，thesame意为“一样的”。

第15题:考查介词辨析。of意为“……的”，此处表示……的可能性。

第16题:考查逻辑关系。根据上下文可知行政部门不是UnitedStatesCongress（美国国会）的成员，因此用it指代美国国会，选A。

第17题:考查介词辨析。此处表示这些行政官员没有地方通过论坛的形式解释他们的观点，因此填through（通过）。

第18题:考查逻辑关系。由后面的giveinformation（提供信息）可知此处与explainviews（解释观点）像对应。

第19题:考查逻辑关系。此处表示利用新闻达到这样的目的，因此填purpose。

第20题:考查固定搭配。空格后的which指的是meeting，此处表示在会议上，总统要求大家提出问题。atthemeeting意为“在会议上”。

3.单选题

Completesilenceisfoundonlyinlaboratoriescalledanechoicrooms.Thewallsandceilings,madeofblocksofspecialsound-suckingmaterials,aremorethanthreefeetthick,whilefloorcoveringsaresix-footlayersoffeathersorcottonwool.Silenceherecanbeaspainfultotheearsasthedin(continuousloudnoise)ofasteelworksorarocketblast-off,yetscientistsgetusedtothisandstayinthesesilentroomsforhoursatatime,usingmicrophonesandelectronicequipmenttotestthevariousmaterialsbeingdevelopedtomaketheworldalessnoisyplace.

Architectshaveusedscientificdiscoveriestosolvenoiseprobleminanumberofways.Wallsarehollowed(havingemptyspaceinside)andthenfilledwithsound-suckingmaterialssimilartocottonwool.Extra-thickcarpetscoverthefloors,andthickwoolencurtainscoverthewindows.Airconditioningandheatingchannelsaremadelessnoisybysound-suckingmaterials．

Unfortunately,thesetechniquesandothersoftenworktoowellinsomebuildings.Noise-proofroomsbecomealmostanechoicandpeoplelivinginthemaredisturbedbythelackofsound．Onewayofhandlingthisproblemistousewhattheycall“soundperfume”—artificial(similarlyproduced,madebyman)noiseispipedtoroomsthroughsmallloudspeakers.

1.Scientistsuseanechoicroomfor（）.

2.Thewriterimpliesthat（）.

3.Peoplesufferinanechoicroomsprobablybecause（）.

4.Thearticlesuggeststhat（）.

问题1选项

A.measuringnoiselevelsofsteelworks

B.measuringblocksoffeathers

C.testingsound-absorbingmaterials

D.testingelectronicequipment

问题2选项

A.untrainedpeoplecannotstaylonginanechoicrooms

B.performingexperimentsinanechoicroomscanbeafrighteningexperience

C.architectsmakepracticaluseoftheinformationgatheredbyscientists

D.scientistsdonotcarefornoiseproblem

问题3选项

A.theyareallowedtomoveandspeak

B.theyareusedlohearingnoisearoundthem

C.thegreaterairpressurehurtstheirears

D.alloftheabove

问题4选项

A.loudspeakersareasimportantassound-proofingmaterials

B.anechoicroomswillbeincludedinallnewbuildings

C.scientificdevicesaresometimestoosuccessful

D.alloftheabove

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第一段最后一句“...scientistsgetusedto...testthevariousmaterialsbeingdevelopedtomaketheworldalessnoisyplace.”科学家习惯待在这些安静的房间里数小时，使用麦克风和电子设备来测试各种减少噪音的材料。选项C符合原文。

2.细节推理题。根据第一段最后一句“Silenceherecanbeaspainfultotheearsasthedin(continuousloudnoise)ofasteelworksorarocketblast-off...”这里的安静对于耳朵来说是痛苦的，就好像钢铁厂里或者火箭发射时所产生的连续不断的噪音。由此可推断，在这种环境下做实验是非常可怕的经历。所以选项B正确。

3.细节推理题。根据最后一段第二一句“peoplelivinginthemaredisturbedbythelackofsound.”住在里面的人因为没有声音而感到不安。人们在消音室里觉得很痛苦是因为人们不习惯周围一点儿噪音都没有，所以选项B符合原文。

4.事实细节题。根据最后一段的内容可知，住在完全消音的房间里，人们往往会因为没有声音而感到不安，这时候就可以使用人造噪音通过小喇叭传到房间里。也就是说扬声器和隔音材料同样重要。选项A正确。选项C是事实，不是文章给出的建议，所以不选。

4.填空题

Doyouknowhowwecanget（

）toholdanoutdoorconcertoncampus?

【答案】permission

【解析】固定搭配。Getpermissionto获得权限。

5.单选题

Consumersarebeingconfusedandmisledbythehodge-podge（大杂烩）ofenvironmentalclaimsinhalebyhouseholdproducts,accordingtoa“greenlabeling”studypublishedbyConsumersInternationalFriday.

Amongthereport'smoreoutrageous(令人无法容忍的)findings-aGermanfertilizerdescribeditselfas“earthwormfriendly”abrandoffloursaiditwas“non-polluting”andaBritishtoiletpaperclaimedtobe“environmentallyfriendlier”.

ThestudywaswrittenandresearchedbyBritain’sNationalConsumerCouncil(NCC)forlobbygroupConsumerInternational.ItwasfundedbytheGermanandDutchgovernmentsandtheEuropeanCommission.

“Whilemanygoodandusefulclaimsarebeingmade,itisclearthereisalongwaytogoinensuringshoppersareadequatelyinformedabouttheenvironmentalimpactofproductstheybuy,”saidConsumersInternationaldirectorAnnaFielder.

The10-countrystudysurveyedproductpackaginginBritain,WesternEurope,ScandinaviaandtheUnitedStates.ItfoundthatproductssoldinGermanyandtheUnitedKingdommadethemostenvironmentalclaimsonaverage.

Thereportfocusedonclaimsmadebyspecificproductssuchasdetergentinsectspraysandbysomegardenproducts.Itdidnottesttheclaims,butcomparedthemtolabelingguidelinessetbytheInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)inSeptember,1999.

Researchersdocumentedclaimsofenvironmentalfriendlinessmadebyabout2,000productsandfoundmanytoovagueortoomisleadingtomeetISOstandards.

“Manyproductshadspecially-designedlabelstomakethemseemenvironmentallyfriendly,butinfactmanyofthesesymbolsmeannothing,”saidreportresearcherPhilipPage.

“Laundrydetergentsmadethemostnumberofclaimswith158.Householdcleanersweresecondwith145separateclaims,whilepaintswerethirdonourlistwith73.Thehighnumbersshowhowveryconfusingitmustbeforconsumerstosortthetruefromthemisleading.’’hesaid.

TheISOlabelingstandardscanvagueormisleadingclaimsonproductpackaging,becausetermssuchas“environmentallyfriendly”and“non-polluting”cannotbeverified.“WhatwearenowpushingforistohavemultinationalcorporationsmeetthestandardssetbytheISO”,saidpage.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theNCCfounditoutrageousthat（

）.

2.Asindicatedinthispassage,withsomanygoodclaims,theconsumers

（

）.

3.AstudywascarriedoutbyBritain’sNCCto

（

）.

4.Whatisoneoftheconsequencescausedbythemanyclaimsofhouseholdproducts?

5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthelobbygroupConsumerInternationalwantsto（

）.

问题1选项

A.alltheproductssurveyedclaimtomeetISOstandards

B.consumerswouldbelievemanyofthemanufactures’claim

C.theclaimsmadebyproductsareoftenunclearordeceiving

D.fewproductsactuallyprovetobeenvironmentfriendly

问题2选项

A.arebecomingmorecautiousabouttheproductstheyaregoingtobuy

B.arestillnotwillingtopaymoreforproductswithgreenlabeling

C.arebecomingmoreawareoftheeffectsdifferentproductshaveontheenvironment

D.stilldonotknowtheexactimpactofdifferentproductsontheenvironment

问题3选项

A.examineclaimsmadebyproductsagainstISOstandards

B.informtheconsumersoftheenvironmentalimpactoftheproductstheybuy

C.findouthowmanyclaimsmadebyproductsfailtomeetenvironmentalstandards

D.revisetheguidelinessetbytheInternationalStandardsOrganization

问题4选项

A.Theyarelikelytoleadtoseriousenvironmentalproblems

B.Consumersfinditdifficulttotellthetruefromthefalse

C.Theycouldarousewidespreadangeramongconsumer

D.Consumerswillbetemptedtobuyproductstheydon'tneed

问题5选项

A.warnconsumersofthedangerofso-calledgreenproducts

B.seeallhouseholdproductsmeetenvironmentalstandards

C.makeproductlabelingsatisfyISOrequirements

D.verifytheeffortsofnon-pollutingproducts

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:推理判断题。题目问的是“NCC最不能忍受的是什么？”文章第二段提到“报道中不能让人忍受的是——德国‘蚯蚓之友’化肥，‘无污染’面粉，还有英国的‘环境友好’厕纸”（Amongthereport'smoreoutrageous(令人无法容忍的)findings-aGermanfertilizerdescribeditselfas“earthwormfriendly”abrandoffloursaiditwas“non-polluting”），即不能忍受这些宣传，原因在第七段：近2000种产品并没有像他们标榜的那样对环境无害，很多都不符合ISO的标准（Researchersdocumentedclaimsofenvironmentalfriendlinessmadebyabout2,000productsandfoundmanytoovagueortoomisleadingtomeetISOstandards），由此可知，上面的那些宣传在虚假夸大，选项C“产品的宣传经常很模糊或者带有欺骗性”符合题意。

第2题:细节事实题。题目问的是消费者的反映。文章第四段提到“尽管现在很多产品的宣传都很美好，但是需要清楚的是消费者仍然无法知道他们买的产品对于环境的影响有多大”（Whilemanygoodandusefulclaimsarebeingmade,itisclearthereisalongwaytogoinensuringshoppersareadequatelyinformedabouttheenvironmentalimpactofproductstheybuy），选项D“仍然不知道不同产品对环境的影响”符合题意。

第3题:细节事实题。文章第六段提到了NCC做这个调查的目的：用ISO的标准来检测一些特定的产品，比如杀虫剂，探究这些产品的说明是否符合标准（Thereportfocusedonclaimsmadebyspecificproductssuchasdetergentinsectspraysandbysomegardenproducts.Itdidnottesttheclaims,butcomparedthemtolabelingguidelinessetbytheInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO)inSeptember,1999），选项A符合题意。

第4题:细节事实题。文章倒数第二段最后一句话提到“如此高的数字表明消费者很难从这些误导人的产品中分辨出正确的产品”（Thehighnumbersshowhowveryconfusingitmustbeforconsumerstosortthetruefromthemisleading），选项B“消费者很难分清真伪”符合题意。

第5题:推理判断题。文章最后一段最后一句提到“我们现在正在推动让跨国公司达到ISO的标准”（WhatwearenowpushingforistohavemultinationalcorporationsmeetthestandardssetbytheISO），选项C“让产品标签符合ISO的标准”符合题意。

6.单选题

NearlytwothousandyearshavepassedsinceacensusdecreedbyCaesarAugustusbecomepartofthegreateststoryevertold.Manythingshavechangedintheinterveningyears.Thehotelindustryworriesmoreaboutoverbuildingthanovercrowding,andiftheyhadtomeetanunexpectedinflux,fewinnswouldhaveamanagertoaccommodatethewearyguests.Nowitisthecensustakerthatdoesthetravelinginthefondhopethatahighlymobilepopulationwillstaylongenoughtogetagoodsampling.Methodsofgathering,recording,andevaluatinginformationhavepresumablybeenimprovedagreatdeal.AndwherethenitwasthemodestpurposeofRometoobtainasimpleheadcountasanadequatebasisforlevyingtaxes,nowbatteriesofcomplicatedstatisticalseriesfurnishedbygovernmentalagenciesandprivateorganizationsareeagerlyscannedandinterpretedbysagesandseerstogetacluetofutureevents.TheBibledoesnottellushowtheRomancensustakersmadeout,andasregardsourmoreimmediateconcern,thereliabilityofpresentdayeconomicforecasting,thereareconsiderabledifferencesofopinion.Theywereairedatthecelebrationofthe125thanniversaryoftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation.TherewasthethoughtthatbusinessforecastingmightWellbeonitswayfromanarttoascience,andsomespeakerstalkedaboutnewfangledcomputersandhigh-falutinmathematicalsystemintermsofexcitementandendearmentwhichwe,atleastinouryoungeryearswhenthesethingsmattered,wouldhaveassociatedmorereadilywiththedescriptionofafairmaiden.ButotherspointedtothedeplorablerecordofhighlyesteemedforecastsandforecasterswithabattingaveragebelowthatoftheMets,andthePresident-electoftheAssociationcautionedthat“highpoweredstatisticalmethodsareusuallyinorderwherethefactsarecrudeandinadequate,theexactcontraryofwhatcrudeandinadequatestatisticiansassume.”Welefthisbirthdaypartysomewherebetweenhopeanddespairandwiththeconviction,notreallynewlyacquired,thatproperstatisticalmethodsappliedtoascertainablefactshavetheirmeritsineconomicforecastingaslongasneitherforecasternorpublicisdeludedintomistakingthedelineationofprobabilitiesandtrendsforapredictionofcertaintiesofmathematicalexactitude.

43.TaxationinRomandaysapparentlywasbasedon______.

44.TheAmericanStatisticalAssociation______.

45.Themessagetheauthorwishesthereadertogetis______.

46The“greateststoryevertold”referredtointhepassageisthestoryof______.

问题1选项

A.wealth

B.mobility

C.population

D.censustakers

问题2选项

A.isconvertingstatisticalstudyfromanarttoascience

B.hasanexcellentrecordinbusinessforecasting

C.isneitherhopefulnorpessimistic

D.speakswithmathematicalexactitude

问题3选项

A.statisticianshavenotadvancedsincethedaysoftheRoman

B.statisticsisnotasyetascience

C.statisticianslovetheirmachine

D.computerishopeful

问题4选项

A.Christmas

B.TheMets

C.Moses

D.RomanCensusTakers

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:A

【解析】43.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“罗马时代的税收显然是基于……”。文章第六句指出AndwherethenitwasthemodestpurposeofRometoobtainasimpleheadcountasanadequatebasisforlevyingtaxes（那时罗马计算人头作为征税的适当基础，目的很简单）可知，罗马时代的税收是基于人口，C项“人口”正确。B项“流动性”是人口的特点，D项“人口普查员”是普查人口的执行者，这两项都不符合题干；A项“财富”没提到。因此，该题选择C项正确。

44.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“美国统计协会……”。根据文中第六句开始讲的观点：…nowbatteriesofcomplicatedstatisticalseriesfurnishedbygovernmentalagenciesandprivateorganizationsareeagerlyscannedandinterpretedbysagesandseerstogetacluetofutureevents.TheBibledoesnottellushowtheRomancensustakersmadeout,andasregardsourmoreimmediateconcern,thereliabilityofpresentdayeconomicforecasting,thereareconsiderabledifferencesofopinion.Theywereairedatthecelebrationofthe125thanniversaryoftheAmericanStatisticalAssociation.TherewasthethoughtthatbusinessforecastingmightWellbeonitswayfromanarttoascience,andsomespeakerstalkedaboutnewfangledcomputersandhigh-falutinmathematicalsystemintermsofexcitementandendearment…（现在，政府机构和私人组织的一系列复杂的统计数字，由智者和先知人物殷切地浏览和解释以取得预先外未来事件的线索。圣经并没有告诉我们罗马的人口调查员是怎么调查统计的。至于我们当前更加关心的问题：目前经济预测的可靠性，意见分歧很大。美国统计协会125周年庆祝活动上，人们在大肆宣扬这些不同观点。有一种说法是经济预测可能正从文科转向理科发展。有些人兴高采烈大谈新型计算机和非常高级数学系统……）可知，美国统计协会正把统计学从文科转向理科发展，所以A项“正把统计研究从文科转变成理科”正确。文中提到ButotherspointedtothedeplorablerecordofhighlyesteemedforecastsandforecasterswithabattingaveragebelowthatoftheMets…（但也有人指出，那些备受尊敬的预测和预测者的平均成功率还低于Mets的糟糕记录）可知，B项“在商业预测方面有出色的记录”不正确。C项“不乐观也不悲观”文章没有提到，只提到了他们半喜半忧地离开协会。由最后一句thatproperstatisticalmethodsappliedtoascertainablefactshavetheirmeritsineconomicforecastingaslongasneitherforecasternorpublicisdeludedintomistakingthedelineationofprobabilitiesandtrendsforapredictionofcertaintiesofmathematicalexactitude.（只要预测者和公众都不会把对概率和趋势的描述误认为是具有数学精确性的确定性的预测，适用于可确定事实的恰当统计方法在经济预测中还是有其优点的。）可知，D项“以精确的数学说话”不正确。因此，该题选择A项正确。

45.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“作者希望读者得到的信息是……”。根据文中的描述：…andthePresident-electoftheAssociationcautionedthat“highpoweredstatisticalmethodsareusuallyinorderwherethefactsarecrudeandinadequate,theexactcontraryofwhatcrudeandinadequatestatisticiansassume.”Welefthisbirthdaypartysomewherebetweenhopeanddespairandwiththeconviction,notreallynewlyacquired,thatproperstatisticalmethodsappliedtoascertainablefactshavetheirmeritsineconomicforecastingaslongasneitherforecasternorpublicisdeludedintomistakingthedelineationofprobabilitiesandtrendsforapredictionofcertaintiesofmathematicalexactitude.（连统计协会的主席也告诫说高能统计法在实际材料原始和不允许的地方一般发挥正常。这跟低级的，不合适的统计员所假定的正好相反。我们怀着喜忧参半的心情离开周年庆祝宴会，怀着确实不是新近才有的信念，相信只要预测者和公众都不会把对概率和趋势的描述误认为是具有数学精确性的确定性的预测，适用于可确定事实的恰当统计方法在经济预测中还是有其优点的。），可知只要不把对概率和趋势的描述误认为是具有数学精确性的确定性预测，那么统计法在经济预测中就有它的贡献，从中我们可以推知，统计学还不是一门科学（理科），所以B项“统计学还不是一门科学”正确。A项“统计学家从罗马时代起就没有进步”和C项“统计学家喜欢他们的计算机”没有提到过。D项“电脑是有希望的”，文中只讲了有些人怀着兴高采烈的心情大讲新型计算机和非常高级数学“系统”，暗示了计算机大有希望，但不是所有人都这样认为的。因此，该题选择B项正确。

46.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】细节推理题。题干意思是“本文中提到的‘有史以来最伟大的故事’是……的故事”。根据题干定位到文章第一句话NearlytwothousandyearshavepassedsinceacensusdecreedbyCaesarAugustusbecomepartofthegreateststoryevertold.（自从凯撒奥古斯都下令进行的人口普查成为有史以来最伟大的故事的一部分以来，已经过去了近两千年），其中提到了凯撒奥古斯都颁布的征税法令，而这个故事是被基督徒称为圣诞故事的经文，所以这是圣诞节的故事，A项“圣诞节”正确。B项“theMets”、C项“摩西”和D项“罗马人口普查员”都不正确。因此，该题选择A项正确。

7.单选题

Youshouldn’tgotoworktoday,itisrainingsohard.（）youstillhaveatemperature.

问题1选项

A.Therefore

B.Nevertheless

C.Moreover

D.Despite

【答案】C

【解析】逻辑关系。根据句意可知，前后构成递进的关系，选项中只有Moreover表示递进，所以选项C正确。

8.单选题

Thegovernment’snewcyber-securityofficialsyesterdayaskedtelecommunicationscompaniesforhelpinbuildingagovernmentcomputernetworkthatwouldhavenoriskofoutsidepenetration—atasksomecomputersecurityconsultantssayisnearlyimpossible.Plansfortheprivatenetwork,calledGovnet,hingeonwhetherareliablenetworkinfrastructurecanbebuiltatanaffordableprice,officialssaid.Computersystemconsultantssaidtheycouldnotestimatehowmuchthenetworkwouldcostbecauseofthegovernment’senormoussizeandsecurityneeds.RichardClarke,whowasappointedspecialadvisertothepresidentforcyberspacesecuritythisweek,saidhebelievesamorereliablesystemcanbebuilt.Ninetypercentofavailablefiber-opticspaceisunusedandfairlyinexpensivetoobtain,hesaid.

GovnetispartofaplanClarkeannouncedearlierthisweektosecureourcyberspacefromarangeofpossiblethreats,fromhackerstocriminalstoterroristgroups,toforeignnations,whichmightusecyber-waragainstusinthefuture.GovnetwouldbecompletelyindependentfromtheInternettohelpkeepouthackersandviruses,accordingtothegovernment’splan.TherequestfromtheGeneralServicesAdministrationasksthattelecommunicationscompaniessubmitproposalsabouthowthenetworkcouldbebuilt,howmuchitwouldcost,andhowlongitwouldtaketoconstruct.

Thisyear,thecurrentnetworkhasbeenbreachedbyhackers,computerwormsandviruses.ThesystemwasalsoroughedupbytheCodeRedcomputerwormandanattackprogramcalled“ILoveYou'.Thevirusesaffectedthousandsofgovernmentcomputers.LastyearareportbytheGeneralAccountingOffice,aninternalgovernmentwatchdog,foundweaknessesinthecomputernetworkthatcouldallowterroristsorhackerstoseverelydamageordisruptnationaldefenseorvitalpublicoperationsorstealsensitivedata.Clarkesaidthegovernment’scurrentvirtualprivatenetworkisvulnerabletovirusesanddenial-of-serviceattacksthatwouldmakeitmoredifficulttoexecuteGovnet.

Aninternalnetwork,suchastheGovnetproposal,isworthinvestigatingbutwillprobablyfalltosophisticatedhackers,saidAmitYoran.chiefexecutiveofthesecurity-servicescompanyRiptechInc.andaformerinformation-securityprogramdirectorattheDefenseDepartment."Itisprobablymorefeasibletoimplementandstronglyenforceglobalsecurityposturesandpracticesratherthangooutandpurchasenewassets.”Yoransaid.“Oncesomeoneisabletogetin,theywillfindaweaklink.Whenyouhaveanetworkthesizeofthegovernment’stherewillbeweaklinks.Someonewillgetin.”

1.Accordingtothepassage,whatisGovnet?

2.ItisimpliedthatsomecomputerconsultantsconsiderGovnettobealmostimpossiblebecause（）.

3.BywhatmeanswillGovnetrealizetheenhancementofthegovernment’scyber-security?

4.WhatAmitYoransaidamountstodenying（）.

5.T