考研考博-英语-上海欧华职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-上海欧华职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Respectforthelawisthefoundationofcivilizedliving.（）breaksitwillbepunished.

问题1选项

A.Who

B.Nomatterwho

C.Whoever

D.Peoplewho

【答案】C

【解析】语法题。如果选A，此处缺少先行词；如果选D缺少连词；nomatterwho引导让步状语从句，句子表达需完整；whoever引导名词性从句，可放于句首，符合题意。

2.单选题

（）theopportunity,hemightwellhavebecomeanoutstandingcartoonist.

问题1选项

A.Given

B.Togive

C.Giving

D.Beinggiven

【答案】A

【解析】考查过去分词作状语。giventheopportunity是过去分词短语作状语，相当于一个与过去情况相反的虚拟条件句，等于ifhehadbeengiventheopportunity。句意：如果有机会，他很可能会成为一位杰出的漫画家。因此A选项正确。

3.单选题

Plasticheartvalvesandotherhuman“spareparts”have（

）possiblemanyrecentdevelopmentsinsurgery.

问题1选项

A.madeit

B.beenmade

C.made

D.become

【答案】C

【解析】考查语态。句子的主语为Plasticheartvalvesandotherhuman“spareparts”（塑料心脏瓣膜和其他人体器官“零件”），宾语为manyrecentdevelopments（最近许多的发展），主语与宾语之间为主动关系，故排除B选项。句子的宾语在possible后面不需要形式宾语，故排除A选项。havebecomepossible表示“……成为可能”，havemadepossible表示“使……成为可能”，根据句意可知C选项符合语境。句意：塑料心脏瓣膜和其他人体器官“零件”使最近许多的发展成为可能。

4.单选题

Shamanismisthebeliefinaspiritualworldinwhichalllivingthingsareconnected.ItistheoldestformofsystematicbeliefinhumanhistoryasthereisevidenceofshamanismexistinginNeolithictimesthousandsofyearsago.PeopleinmostancientculturespracticedShamanisminsomeformduringtheirhistories.Whilesomefeaturesarecommontothepracticeofshamanism,mostculturesaddedtheirownuniqueaspects.Overtime,however,organizedreligionsbegantospringupinancientcivilizations,soshamanismwaseithersuppressedordisappearedentirely.Inmoderntimes,eventhoughsomepeoplepracticeit,mainstreamsocietymostlyviewsitskeptically.

Theriseofshamanisminancienttimescanbeattributedtomankind’sdesiretounderstandhowtheworldaroundhimworked.Lackingmodernscientificmethodsaswellastheknowledgetounderstandtheworld,peopleinancienttimescametobelievetherewasaspiritualconnectionbetweenman,animals,plants,themoon,thesunandthecosmosinitsentirety.Someculturesattributedthisspiritualpowertoadeityorpantheonofdeitieswhileotherscreditedittonatureasawhole.Overtime,someculturescreatedelaboratesetsofbeliefsandrituals—nowcalledshamanism—concerningthisspiritworld.Centraltothesebeliefsinmostcultureswasthenotionthatanindividualwithadeepconnectiontothespiritworld—ashaman—couldactasaguideandadvisortoothers.

Inmostcultures,shamansweremenwhoheldpositionsofprominence,butwomencouldbeshamansinsomeinstances.Ashaman’srolevariedfromculturetoculture,butsomeaspectsofitwerenearlyuniversal.Amongthemweretheperceivedabilitiestocommunicatewiththespiritualworld,totraveltothatworld,toseethefuture,tohealthesick,andtoguidethedeadtotheirfinalrestingplace.Shamansweretypicallycalledupontoactasadvisorsforagroup’sleaders,tousetheirskillstoaskforhelpduringtimesofneed,andtobethekeepersoftheircommunities’oralhistoryandtraditions,whichtheywouldpassontothenextgeneration.Typically,shamansworeelaboratecostumesthatreflectedtheirroleinsociety.AnimalmotifsintheiroutfitswerecommontoshamansinIndiantribesintheAmericas,yettheirgarbdifferedinotherregions.

Shamansusedavarietyofmethodstocalluponthespiritualworldforguidanceorassistancewiththesick.Theyemployedmusic,singing,andchanting,andtheysometimestookplantsthatinducedpsychedelictrances.Mostshamanswereskilledatrecognizingwhichplantswereusefulasmedicines,sothisaidedthemintheirrolesashealers.Mostshamanisticpracticesandskillswerekeptsecretfromoutsiders—evenfromothertribesinthesameculture—andshamansleftnowrittenrecords,soitisdifficultformodernanthropologiststounderstandmanyaspectsofshamanisminancientcultures.Eveninmoderntimes,manyprimitivetribesthatpracticeshamanism,suchasthoseintheAmazonRainforest,arereluctanttodivulgetheirsecretstooutsiders.

Whileshamanismprevailedduringprehistorictimes,itwentintoalongdeclinethathaslastedforthousandsofyears.TheriseofcivilizationandtheestablishingofstrongcentralgovernmentsinMesopotamianandEgyptwerethefirstinaseriesofstepsthatledtothefoundingoforganizedreligionandtherepressingofshamanism.ThedevelopmentofChristianityandthespreadofEuropeanbeliefsandculturearoundtheworldfurtherhelpedcontinuethetrendofshamanismbecomingirrelevant.Forinstance,theEuropeansoftenforciblyconvertednativesinNorthandSouthAmericantoChristianityandmadethemabandontheirshamanisticpractices.

Shamanismneverdiedoutentirelydespitesomepeople’sbesteffortstomakethishappen.Infact,manytribesresistedeffortstostampitoutandcontinuedobservingtheirbeliefsinprivate.Today,shamanismhasbecomemoreaccepted,anditispracticedopenlyinnumerousplacesaroundtheworld,includinginmodernsocietiesinNorthAmerica,SouthAmericaandAsia.Forexample,theHmongpeopleofsoutheastAsiabroughtshamanismtotheUnitedStateswhentheymigratedthereinlargenumbersinlate1900s.Still,despitethisslightrenewalinshamanisticbeliefs,manypeopleregarditassuperstitionfromamoreprimitiveage.

16.Instatingthatorganizedreligionsbegantospringup,theauthormeansthattheorganizedreligions________.

17.Theauthor’sdescriptionofshamanisminparagraph1mentionsallofthefollowingEXCEPT________.

18.Thewordperceivedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto________.

19.Accordingtoparagraph4,anthropologistshaveproblemsunderstandingshamanismbecause________.

20.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthefinalparagraphofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.gainedpopularity

B.wereestablished

C.inspiredpeople

D.causedproblem

问题2选项

A.Manyculturesaroundtheworldoncepracticedsomeformofshamanism

B.Shamanismhasexistedasahumanbeliefsystemforseveralmillennia

C.Itwastheinspirationforanumberoforganizedreligionsthatwerefounded

D.Certainaspectsofshamanismtendtobedifferentfromculturetoculture

问题3选项

A.innate

B.supposed

C.invaluable

D.imaginary

问题4选项

A.fewbooksthatshamansrecordedtheirknowledgeinhavebeenfound

B.itisdifficulttounderstandthemindsofshamansfromthepast

C.theknowledgethatpastshamanspossessedwasneverrecorded

D.mostshamanstodayareunwillingtoimparttheirknowledgetoothers

问题5选项

A.TheonlyplacesonEarthwhereshamanismcontinuestosurvivearetheAmericasandAsia.

B.Thereareseveralcontinentswhereshamanismispracticedintheopenwithoutfearofrepression.

C.Evenintheworld’smostmodernsocieties,somepeopleareopen-mindedenoughtoacceptshamanism.

D.Thankstopeopleonsomecontinents,shamanismhasnotbeenforgottenbutisstillpracticedtoday.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】16.语义推测题。springup的意思是“出现”，根据第一段第二句Itistheoldestformofsystematicbeliefinhumanhistory（萨满教是人类历史上最古老的系统信仰形式）和五句Overtime,however,organizedreligionsbegantospringupinancientcivilizations,soshamanismwaseithersuppressedordisappearedentirely.（然而，随着时间的推移，有组织的宗教开始在古代文明中涌现，所以萨满教要么被压制，要么完全消失。），可知在这之前其他宗教没有出现，推测这里指其他宗教被建立，所以B选项“被建立”符合题意。A选项“得到普及”，C选项“鼓舞人们”和D选项“引起问题”语义不符，故错误。因此B选项正确。

17.事实细节题。A选项“世界上许多文化都曾经存在过某种形式的萨满教”：根据第一段第三句PeopleinmostancientculturespracticedShamanisminsomeformduringtheirhistories.（在大多数古代文化中，人们在他们的历史中都以某种形式信奉萨满教。），可知许多文化都存在过某种形式的萨满教，故错误。B选项“萨满教作为人类的信仰体系已经存在了几千年”：根据第一段第二句thereisevidenceofshamanismexistinginNeolithictimesthousandsofyearsago（有证据表明，萨满教存在于几千年前的新石器时代），可知萨满教已存在几千年，故错误。D选项“各文化萨满教在某些方面的倾向于不同”：根据第一段第四句mostculturesaddedtheirownuniqueaspects（大多数文化都添加了自己独特的方面），可知各个文化的萨满教不尽相同，故错误。C选项“这是许多有组织的宗教建立的灵感”：文章没有提到其他宗教的建立和萨满教的关系，因此C选项正确。

18.语义推测题。根据第三段第三句Amongthemweretheperceivedabilitiestocommunicatewiththespiritualworld,totraveltothatworld,toseethefuture,tohealthesick,andtoguidethedeadtotheirfinalrestingplace.（其中包括与精神世界沟通的感知能力，去那个世界旅行，看到未来，治愈病人，引导死者到他们最后的安息之地），perceived意思是感知到的，结合句意可知这种感知能力是一种天赋，所以A选项innate“天生的”符合题意，故正确。B选项supposed“假设的；期望的”，C选项invaluable“无价的”和D选项imaginary“想象的”语义不符，故错误。因此A选项正确。

19.事实细节题。根据第四段倒数第二句shamansleftnowrittenrecords,soitisdifficultformodernanthropologiststounderstandmanyaspectsofshamanisminancientcultures（萨满教没有留下任何书面记录，因此现代人类学家很难了解古代文化中萨满教的许多方面），可知现在人们很难了解古萨满是因为没有书面记录，所以C选项“在过去，从来没有记录关于萨满的知识”正确，A选项“很少找到记载关于萨满的知识的书籍”错误。B选项“很难理解久远的萨满教思想”和D选项“如今，大多数萨满不愿意把他们的知识传授给别人”：文章没有提到，故错误。因此C选项正确。

20.主旨大意题。根据第六段第三句Today,shamanismhasbecomemoreaccepted,anditispracticedopenlyinnumerousplacesaroundtheworld,includinginmodernsocietiesinNorthAmerica,SouthAmericaandAsia.（如今，萨满教已经被越来越多的人接受，并且在世界各地的许多地方公开运用，包括在北美、南美和亚洲的现代社会。），可知萨满教在现在也有人接受，所以C选项“即使在世界上最现代的社会，一些人也足够开明，接受萨满教”正确。A选项“世界上只有美洲和亚洲的萨满教仍然存在”：这里没有提到萨满教存在的地区，故错误。B选项“有几个大洲的萨满教在思想开放的地区运用，所以不怕被镇压”：文章没有提到萨满教是否怕被镇压，故错误。D选项“因为一些大陆上的人们，萨满教没有被遗忘，仍然存在”：没有强调因为大陆上的人所做的行为让萨满教继续存在，主要是各部落的努力，故错误。因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

（）theexceptionofinstitutionscontrolledbychurch,municipalorprivatecorporations.LatinAmericanuniversitiesareregulatedbyfederallaws.

问题1选项

A.By

B.For

C.With

D.To

【答案】C

【解析】考查介词词义辨析。A选项By“由；被；通过”；B选项For“给；对；为了”；C选项With“和；随着”；D选项To“朝；位于……”。句意：……由教会、市政或私人公司控制的机构的例外，拉丁美洲的大学由联邦法律管理。根据句意可知，这里填入C选项符合句意，表示除了……。因此答案为C选项。

6.单选题

Ifyourevealyourfriend’ssecrets,youwill（

）him.

问题1选项

A.lure

B.disturb

C.alienate

D.control

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项lure“诱惑”；B选项disturb“打扰，妨碍”；C选项alienate“使疏远”；D选项control“控制”。句意：如果你揭露朋友的秘密，你将会和他疏远。选项C符合句意。

7.单选题

“WhatdotheyeatinHawaii?”

“______eatriceratherthanpotatoes.”

问题1选项

A.Mostofpeople

B.Mostofthepeople

C.Themostofpeople

D.Themostpeople

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。从4个选项看，所希望表达的意思是“大多数人”，填在句中的空白处，意为“大多数人喜欢吃米饭而不是土豆”。但从一问一答来看，这里“大多数人”是针对问句中的they而言的，是特指的“他们”中的大多数，只有Mostofthepeople从结构上表达了这个意思。A选项的结构错误在于如果泛指，只能用Mostpeople。C选项和D选项的结构错误在于，如果most只是用于指数量，它是一个不定量的限定词，不能放在定冠词的后面共同修饰名词；如果most用于指程度，它前面可带定冠词共同修饰形容词，构成形容词最高级themost+adj.。因此B选项正确。

8.单选题

ButneitherarepeoplewhobelieveintheUPOnarrativesirrational,much（

）crazy,astheyaresometimesdepicted.

问题1选项

A.more

B.less

C.as

D.like

【答案】B

【解析】考查语义。前面部分说到“两者都并非非理性的”，相应的空格这部分的修饰词也应选择否定意义。四个选项中只有B选项less符合要求，muchlesscrazy“更不用说疯狂的”。

9.单选题

Ifwe（）ourrelationswiththatcountry,we’llhavetofindanothersupplierofrawmaterials.

问题1选项

A.diffuse

B.diminish

C.terminate

D.preclude

【答案】C

【解析】句意:如果我们终止与那个国家的关系，那么我们将必须找到另一个原材料供应商。

考查动词辨析。diffuse传播，普及，使分散;diminish使减少，使变小;terminate使终止，使结束，解雇;preclude排除，妨碍，阻止。根据后半句句意可知C符合句意。

10.问答题

Asimpleideaunderpinsscience:"trust,butverify".Resultsshouldalwaysbesubjecttochallengefromexperiment.Thatsimplebutpowerfulideahasgeneratedavastbodyofknowledge.Sinceitsbirthinthe17thcentury,modernsciencehaschangedtheworldbeyondrecognition,andoverwhelminglyforthebetter.

Butsuccesscanbreedcomplacency.Modernscientistsaredoingtoomuchtrustingandnotenoughverifying—tothedetrimentofthewholeofscience,andofhumanity.

Toomanyofthefindingsthatfilltheacademicetheraretheresultofshoddyexperimentsorpooranalysis(seearticle).Aruleofthumbamongbiotechnologyventure-capitalistsisthathalfofpublishedresearchcannotbereplicated.Eventhatmaybeoptimistic.Lastyearresearchersatonebiotechfirm,Amgen,foundtheycouldreproducejustsixof53"landmark"studiesincancerresearch.Earlier,agroupatBayer,adrugcompany,managedtorepeatjustaquarterof67similarlyimportantpapers.A

leadingcomputerscientistfretsthatthree-quartersofpapersinhissubfieldarebunk.In2000―2010roughly80,000patientstookpartinclinicaltrialsbasedonresearchthatwaslaterretractedbecauseofmistakesorimproprieties.

Evenwhenflawedresearchdoesnotputpeople'slivesatrisk—andmuchofitistoofarfromthemarkettodoso—itsquandersmoneyandtheeffortsofsomeoftheworld'sbestminds.Theopportunitycostsofstymiedprogressarehardtoquantify,buttheyarelikelytobevast.Andtheycouldberising.

Onereasonisthecompetitivenessofscience.Inthe1950s,whenmodernacademicresearchtookshapeafteritssuccessesintheSecondWorldWar,itwasstillararefiedpastime.Theentireclubofscientistsnumberedafewhundredthousand.Astheirrankshaveswelled,to6m—7mactiveresearchersonthelatestreckoning,scientistshavelosttheirtasteforself-policingandqualitycontrol.Theobligationto"publishorperish"hascometoruleoveracademiclife.Competitionforjobsiscutthroat.FullprofessorsinAmericaearnedonaverage$135,000in2012—morethanjudgesdid.EveryyearsixfreshlymintedPhDsvieforeveryacademicpost.Nowadaysverification(thereplicationofotherpeople'sresults)doeslittletoadvancearesearcher'scareer.Andwithoutverification,dubiousfindingsliveontomislead.

Careerismalsoencouragesexaggerationandthecherry-pickingofresults.Inordertosafeguardtheirexclusivity,theleadingjournalsimposehighrejectionrates:inexcessof90%ofsubmittedmanuscripts.Themoststrikingfindingshavethegreatestchanceofmakingitontothepage.Littlewonderthatoneinthreeresearchersknowsofacolleaguewhohaspeppedupapaperby,say,excludinginconvenientdatafromresults"basedonagutfeeling".Andasmoreresearchteamsaroundtheworldworkonaproblem,theoddsshortenthatatleastonewillfallpreytoanhonestconfusionbetweenthesweetsignalofagenuinediscoveryandafreakofthestatisticalnoise.Suchspuriouscorrelationsareoftenrecordedinjournalseagerforstartlingpapers.Iftheytouchondrinkingwine,goingsenileorlettingchildrenplayvideogames,theymaywellcommandthefrontpagesofnewspapers,too.

Conversely,failurestoproveahypothesisarerarelyevenofferedforpublication,letaloneaccepted."Negativeresults"nowaccountforonly14%ofpublishedpapers,downfrom30%in1990.Yetknowingwhatisfalseisasimportanttoscienceasknowingwhatistrue.Thefailuretoreportfailuresmeansthatresearcherswastemoneyandeffortexploringblindalleysalreadyinvestigatedbyotherscientists.

Thehallowedprocessofpeerreviewisnotallitiscrackeduptobe,either.Whenaprominentmedicaljournalranresearchpastotherexpertsinthefield,itfoundthatmostofthereviewersfailedtospotmistakesithaddeliberatelyinsertedintopapers,evenafterbeingtoldtheywerebeingtested.

Allthismakesashakyfoundationforanenterprisededicatedtodiscoveringthetruthabouttheworld.Whatmightbedonetoshoreitup?Onepriorityshouldbeforalldisciplinestofollowtheexampleofthosethathavedonemosttotightenstandards.Astartwouldbegettingtogripswithstatistics,especiallyinthegrowingnumberoffieldsthatsiftthroughuntoldoodlesofdatalookingforpatterns.Geneticistshavedonethis,andturnedanearlytorrentofspeciousresultsfromgenomesequencingintoatrickleoftrulysignificantones.

Ideally,researchprotocolsshouldberegisteredinadvanceandmonitoredinvirtualnotebooks.Thiswouldcurbthetemptationtofiddlewiththeexperiment'sdesignmidstreamsoastomaketheresultslookmoresubstantialthantheyare.(Itisalreadymeanttohappeninclinicaltrialsofdrugs,butcomplianceispatchy.)Wherepossible,trialdataalsoshouldbeopenforotherresearcherstoinspectandtest.

Themostenlightenedjournalsarealreadybecominglessaversetohumdrumpapers.Somegovernmentfundingagencies,includingAmerica'sNationalInstitutesofHealth,whichdishout$30billiononresearcheachyear,areworkingouthowbesttoencouragereplication.Andgrowingnumbersofscientists,especiallyyoungones,understandstatistics.Butthesetrendsneedtogomuchfurther.Journalsshouldallocatespacefor"uninteresting"work,andgrant-giversshouldsetasidemoneytopayforit.Peerreviewshouldbetightened—orperhapsdispensedwithaltogether,infavourofpost-publicationevaluationintheformofappendedcomments.Thatsystemhasworkedwellinrecentyearsinphysicsandmathematics.Lastly,policymakersshouldensurethatinstitutionsusingpublicmoneyalsorespecttherules.

Sciencestillcommandsenormous—ifsometimesbemused—respect.Butitsprivilegedstatusisfoundedonthecapacitytoberightmostofthetimeandtocorrectitsmistakeswhenitgetsthingswrong.Anditisnotasiftheuniverseisshortofgenuinemysteriestokeepgenerationsofscientistshardatwork.Thefalsetrailslaiddownbyshoddyresearchareanunforgivablebarriertounderstanding.

【答案】Inthispassage,theauthorpointsoutaseriousproblemexistinginmodernscience,thatis,scientistsaredoingtoomuchtrustingandnotenoughverifying,whichhasdeterioratedthewholescienceandhumanity.

Inthelatterpassage,theauthoranalyzedthereasonswiththedetailedexamplesasproofs.Thefirstreasonisthecompetitivenessofscience.Thegreatlyincreasingpopulationofthescientistsimposedfiercecompetitionandforcedthemtopublishtheirarticlesregardlessoftheacademicquality.What'smore,highrejectionratesoftheleadingjournalsencouragenegativelyresearcherstoexcludeinconvenientdatafromresultsbasedonlyonsensationstooptimizetheirresearchandwintheopportunitytobepublished.

Lateron,theauthorofferssomesuggestionstosolvetheproblem.Onepriorityistomakedisciplinestightenstandards.Journalsshouldsparespacefor"uninteresting"workandacceptthosepapersconcernedwiththe"negativeresults".Governmentfundingagenciesshouldsetasidemoneytosupportandencouragereplication.Peerreviewshouldbetightened.Lastly,policymakersshouldensurethatinstitutionsusingpublicmoneyalsorespecttherules.

Atlast,theauthorrestatesandemphasizestheimportanceforsciencetoberightanditscapacitytobecorrected.Thefalseresearchescanonlyhindertheprocessofunderstanding.

11.单选题

InWesternhistory,workwasnotonlyausefulactivity,but（）whichcarriedwithitaprofoundsatisfaction.

问题1选项

A.theone

B.one

C.activity

D.work

【答案】B

【解析】考查语法结构。当先行词是不定代词theone，something等时，不能用引导词which而应该用that，所以A选项可首先排除；填空处应填入代词来指代前面提到的work，所以选项B正确；填入D选项重复，所以不正确。句意：在西方历史上，工作不仅是一种有用的活动，而且还带来了一种深深的满足感。本题选择B选项。

12.单选题

WiththeextensionofdemocraticrightsinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturyandtheensuingdeclineoftheFederalistestablishment,anewconceptionofeducationbegantoemerge.Educationwasnolongeraconfirmationofapre-existingstatus,butaninstrumentintheacquisitionofhigherstatus.Foranewgenerationofupwardlymobilestudents,thegoalofeducationwasnottopreparethemtolivecomfortablyintheworldintowhichtheyhadbeenborn,buttoteachthemnewvirtuesandskillsthatwouldpropelthemintoadifferentandbetterworld.Educationbecametraining;andthestudentwasnolongerthegentleman-in-waiting,butthejourneymanapprenticefor-upwardmobility.

Inthenineteenth,centuryacollegeeducationbegantobeseenasawaytogetaheadintheworld.Thefoundingoftheland-grantcollegesopenedthedoorsofhighereducationtopoorbutaspiringboysfromnon-Anglo-Saxon,working-classandlower-middle-classbackgrounds.Themythofthepoorboywhoworkedhiswaythroughcollegetosuccessdrewmillionsofpoorboystothenewcampuses,Andwiththisshift,educationbecamemorevocational:itsobjectwastheacquisitionofpracticalskillsandusefulinformation.

Forthegentleman-in-waiting,virtueconsistedaboveallingraceandstyle,indoingwellwhatwasappropriatetohisposition;educationwasmerelyawayofacquiringpolish.Andvicewasmanifestedingracelessness,awkwardness,inbehavinginappropriately,discourteously,orostentatiously.Fortheapprentice,however,virtuewasevidencedinsuccessthroughhardwork.Therequisitequalitiesofcharacterwerenotgraceorstyle,butdrive,determination,andasharpeyeforopportunity.Whilecasualliberalityandevenprodigalitycharacterizedthegentleman,frugality,thrift,andself-controlcametodistinguishthenewapprentice.Andwhilethegentlemandidnotaspiretoahigherstationbecausehisstationwasalreadyhigh,theapprenticewascontinuallybecoming,striving,strugglingupward.Failurefortheapprenticemeantstandingstill,notrising.

1.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

2.Thedifferencebetween"gentleman-in-waiting"and"journeyman"isthat（

）.

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,land-grantCollege

（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingwasthemostimportantfora“gentleman-in-waiting”？

5.Thebesttitleforthepassageis（

）.

问题1选项

A.Democraticideasstartedwitheducation.

B.Federalistswereopposedtoeducation.

C.Neweducationhelpedconfirmpeople'ssocialstatus.

D.Oldeducationhadbeenintunewithhierarchicalsociety.

问题2选项

A.educationtrainedgentleman-in-waitingtoclimbhigherladders

B.journeymanwasreadytotakewhateverwasgiventohim

C.gentleman-in-waitingbelongedtoafixedandhighsocialclass

D.journeymancoulddopracticallynothingwithouteducation

问题3选项

A.belongedtotheland-owningclass

B.enlargedthescopeofeducation

C.wasprovidedonlytothepoor

D.benefitedallbuttheupperclass

问题4选项

A.Manners.

B.Education.

C.Moral.

D.Personality.

问题5选项

A.EducationandProgress

B.OldandNewSocialNorms

C.NewEducation:OpportunitiesforMore

D.DemeritsofHierarchicalSociety

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.文章第一段第二句Educationwasnolongeraconfirmationofapre-existingstatus,butaninstrumentintheacquisitionofhigherstatus提到教育不再是人们先前存在的地位的确定，而成了获得更高地位的手段。选项D“教育不再是确定社会地位的手段”符合题意。

2.文章第一段最后一句Educationbecametraining;andthestudentwasnolongerthegentleman-in-waiting,butthejourneymanapprenticefor-upwardmobility提到教育成了培训，学生不再是等在那里的绅士，而是要提升自己经济地位的熟练学徒。由此可知，绅士与学徒之间的区别就是：前者不用将教育当成工具去努力争取社会地位，因为他们的社会地位本来就高，选项C符合题意。

3.文章第二段第二句Thefoundingoftheland-grantcollegesopenedthedoorsofhighereducationtopoorbutaspiringboysfromnon-Anglo-Saxon,working-classandlower-middle-classbackgrounds提到国家公立修建的学校为那些来自非盎格鲁-撒克逊血统、工人阶级和中下层背景的贫穷担忧抱负的男孩们敞开大门。选项B“扩大了教育范围”符合题意。

4.文章第三段第一句提到对于绅士，美德首先包含高雅和风度（Forthegentleman-in-waiting,virtueconsistedaboveallingraceandstyle），由此可知，选项A“行为举止”符合题意。

5.文章通过对新旧两种教育体质下的学生进行比较，主要讲的是新的教育观念，并没有涉及教育的发展、社会准则等问题。选项C符合题意。

13.单选题

Animalscanbecomeunusually______whentheyareupsetbyasuddenenvironmentalchange.

问题1选项

A.vigorous

B.predominant

C.aggressive

D.irritable

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项vigorous“有力的，精力充沛的”，B项predominant“主要的，卓越的”，C项aggressive“侵略性的，好斗的”，D项irritable“急躁的，易怒的”。根据关键词animal“动物”和空格后面部分句子意思“当它们被突然的环境变化所困扰时”可知，C选项最符合语境。句意：当环境突然发生变化时，动物会变得异常好斗。因此，该题选择C项正确。

14.单选题

Wehave（

）thesystemofexploitationofmanbyman.

问题1选项

A.canceled

B.abolished

C.refused

D.rejected

【答案】B

【解析】句意:我们己经废除了人剥削人的制度。

动词辨析。Cancel取消，删除;abolish废除（一种制度，形式）;refuse拒绝；reject抵制，排斥.。因此B符合句意。

15.单选题

Endangeredspeciesareplantsandanimalsthatareinimmediatedangerofextinction.Extinctionisactuallyanormalprocessinthecourseofevolution.Sincetheformationoftheearth,manymorespecieshavebecomeextinctthanthoseexisttoday.Thesespeciesslowlydisappearedbecauseofchangesofclimateandtheirfailuretoadapttosuchconditionsascompetitionandpredation（捕食）.Sincethe1600s,however,theprocessofextinctionhasgreatlyacceleratedasaresultofbothhumanpopulationgrowthandtechnologicalencroachment（侵犯）onnaturalecologysystems.Todaythemajorityoftheworld’senvironmentsarechangingfasterthantheabilityofmostspeciestoadapttosuchchangesthroughnaturalselection.

Speciesbecomeextinctorendangeredforanumberofreasons,buttheprimarycauseisthedestructionofnaturalhabitats（栖息地）.Drainageofwetlands（沼泽地），cuttingandclearingofforests,growthofcities,andhighwayanddamconstructionhaveseriouslyreducedavailablenaturalhabitats.Asthevarioussurroundingsbecomefragments,theremaininganimalpopulationscrowdintosmallerareas,causingfurtherdestructionofnaturalsurroundings.Speciesinthesesmallislandslosecontactwithotherpopulationsoftheirownkind,thusreducingtheirgeneticvariationandmakingthemlessadaptabletoenvironmentchanges.

Sincethe1600s,commercialexploitationofanimalsforfoodandotherproductshascausedmanyspeciestobecomeextinctorendangered.Introduceddiseasesandparasiteshavealsogreatlyreducedsomespecies.Pollutionisanotherimportantcauseoftheirextinction.

Someprivateandgovernmentaleffortshavebeenorganizedtosavedecliningspecies.Lawsweremadeinsomecountriesintheearly1900stoprotectwildanimalsfromcommercialtradeandkilling.InternationalendeavorsareshownintheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies,approvedby51nations.Itspurposeistorestrictexploitationofwildanimalsandplantsbyregulatingandrestrictingtradeincertainspecies.Howeffectivesuchlawswillbeinvariouscountries,however,dependsonenforcement（实施）andsupportbythepeopleandthecourts.Becauseofalackoflawenforcement,thewillingnessofsomesegmentsofsocietytotradeinendangeredspecies,theactivitiesofpeoplewhocatchandkillanimalsillegallyanddealerswhosupplythetrade,thefutureofmanyspeciesisindoubtinspiteoflegalprotection.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfactorcausingtherapidextinctionofmanspeciessincethe17thcentury?

2.Inthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraph,theword“islands”refersto_______.

3.Thispassagementionsallofthefollowingreasonsthatcausetheextinctionofmanspeciesexcept______.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingismostimportantinsavingdecliningspecies?

5.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheprospectofprotectingendangeredspeciesfrombeingextinct?

问题1选项

A.Humanbeingsarenotawareoftheimportanceofpreservingendangeredspecies.

B.Someendangeredspecieshavealreadyreachedtheendoftheirlifespaninevolution.

C.Thedevelopmentofhumansocietyhasgreatlyaffectednaturalecologysystems.

D.Theworld’sclimatehaschangedsogreatlythatmostspeciescannotsurvive.

问题2