考研考博-英语-大连外国语大学考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-大连外国语大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

9.Ifthereisanyendeavourwhosefruitsshouldbefreelyavailable,thatendeavourissurelypubliclyfinancedscience.Morally,taxpayerswhowishtoshouldbeabletoreadaboutitwithoutfurtherexpense.Andscienceadvancesthroughcross-fertilizationbetweenprojects.Barrierstothatexchangeslowitdown.

10.Thereisawidespreadfeelingthatthejournalpublisherswhohavemediatedthisexchangeforthepastcenturyormorearebecominganimpedimenttoit.OneofthelatestconvertsistheBritishgovernment.OnJuly16itannouncedthat,from2013,theresultsoftaxpayer-financedresearchwouldbeavailable,freeandonline,foranyonetoreadandredistribute.

11.Britain’sgovernmentisnotalone.OnJuly17theEuropeanUnionfollowedsuit.Itproposesmakingresearchpaidforbyitsnextscientific-spendinground-whichrunsfrom2014to2020,andwillhandoutabout€80billion,or$100billion,ingrants-similarlyeasytogetholdof.InAmerica,theNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH,thesinglebiggestsourceofcivilianresearchfundsintheworld)hasrequiredopen-accesspublishingsince2008.AndtheWellcomeTrust,aBritishfoundationthatistheworld'ssecond-biggestcharitablesourceofscientificmoney,aftertheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,alsoinsiststhatthosewhoreceiveitssupportmaketheirworkavailablefree.

12.Criticismofjournalpublishersusuallyboilsdowntotwothings,Oneisthattheirprocessestakemonths,whentheinternetcouldallowthemtotakedays,Theotheristhatbecauseeachpaperislikeamini-monopoly,whichworkersinthefieldhavetoreadiftheyaretoadvancetheirownresearch,thereisnoincentivetokeepthepricedown.Thepublishersthushavescientists•or,moreaccurately,theiruniversities,whichpaythesubscriptions-inanarmlock.That,combinedwiththefactthattherawmaterial(manuscriptsofpapers)isfree,leadstogenerousreturns.In2011Elsevier,alargeDutchpublisher,madeaprofitof£768monrevenuesof£2.06billion-amarginof37%.Indeed,Elsevier'sprofitsarethoughtsoegregiousbymanypeoplethat12,000researchershavesigneduptoboycottthecompany’sjournals.

13.Publishersdoprovideaservice.Theyorganizepeerreview,inwhichpapersarecriticizedanonymouslybyexperts(thoughthoseexperts,liketheauthorsofpapers,areseldompaidforwhattheydo).Theyalsosortthescientificsheepfromthegoats,bydecidingwhatgetspublished,andwhere.Thatgivesthepublishershugepower.Sinceresearchers,administratorsandgrant-awardingbodiesalltakenoteofwhichworkhasgotthroughthisfilteringmechanism,thecompetitiontopublishinthebestjournalsisintense,andthesystembecomesself-reinforcing,increasingthevalueofthosejournalsstillfurther.

14.Butnot,perhaps,formuchlonger.Supporthasbeenswellingforopen-accessscientificpublishing:doingitonline,inawaythatallowsanyonetoreadpapersfreeofcharge.Themovementstartedamongscientiststhemselves,butgovernmentsarenow,asBritain'sannouncementmakesclear,payingattentionandaskingwhethertheytoomightbenefitfromthechange.

15.TheBritishannouncementfollowedthepublicationofareportbyDameJanetFinch,asociologistattheUniversityofManchester,whichrecommendsencouragingabusinessmodeladoptedbyoneofthepioneersofopen-accesspublishing,thePublicLibraryofScience.Thisorganization,acharitybasedinSanFrancisco,chargesauthorsafee(between$1,350and$2,900,thoughitiswaivedincasesofhardship)andthenmakestheirpapersavailableovertheinternetfornothing.ForPLoS,asthecharityiswidelyknown,thisworkswell.Ithaslaunchedsevenwidelyrespectedelectronicjournalssinceitsfoundationin2000.Forreasonslostinhistory,thisisknownasthegoldmodel.

16.TheNIH’sapproachisdifferent.Itletsresearcherspublishintraditionaljournals,butonconditionthat,withinayear,theyposttheirpapersonafree"repository"websitecalledPubMed.Journalshavetoagreetothis,orbeexcludedfromtheprocess.Thisisknownasthegreenmodel.

17.Bothgoldandgreenmodelsinvolvepre-publicationpeerreview.Butathirddoesawaywitheventhat.Manyscientists,physicistsinparticular,nowuploaddraftsoftheirpapersintopublicarchivespaidforbynetworksofuniversitiesforthegeneralgood.(Themostpopularisknownas"arXivn,themiddleletterbeingaGreekchi.)Here,manuscriptsaresubjecttoaruthlessprocessofopenpeerreview,ratherthanthesecretsorttraditionalpublishersemploy.AnarXivedpapermayendupinatraditionaljournal,butthatismerelytoprovideapublicmarkofapprovalfortheresearchteamwhowroteit.Itsactualpublicationanditsvaluetootherscientistsdatefromitsoriginalarrivalonline.

18.ThesuccessofPLoS,andthepoliticalshifttowardsopenaccess,isencouragingothernewventurestoo.Seeingthewritingonthewall,severalcommercialpublishersareexperimentingwithgold-modelpublishing.Meanwhile,laterthisyearacoalitionoftheWellcomeTrust,theMaxPlanckInstitute(whichrunsmanyofGermany'sleadinglaboratories)andtheHowardHughesMedicalInstitutewillpublishthefirsteditionofeLife,anopen-accessjournalwithambitionstorivalthemostfamousjournalofthelot,Nature.Thedeeppocketsoftheseorganizationsmeanthat,forthefirstfewyearsatleast,thisjournalwillnotevenrequireapublicationfee.

19.Muchremainstobeworkedout.Somefearthelossofthetraditionaljournals*curationandverificationofresearch.EvenSirMarkWalport,thedirectoroftheWellcomeTrustandafierceadvocateofopen-accesspublication,worriesthatasystembasedonthegreenmodelcouldbecomefragmented.ThatmighthappenifthenewlyliberatedpapersendedupindifferentplacesratherthanbeingconsolidatedinthewaytheNIHinsistson.ButresearchjustpublishedinBMCMedicine(anopen-accessjournalfromSpringer)suggestspapersinopen-accessjournalsareaswidelycitedasthoseintraditionalpublications.

20.Arevolution,then,hasbegun.Technologypermitsit;researchersandpoliticianswantit.

Ifscientificpublishersarenottremblingintheirboots,theyshouldbe.

1.TheopeningparagraphsoftextBseemtoindicatethat（

）

2.AccordingtotextB,theBillandMelindaGatesFoundation（

）.

3.TextBstatesthatpeoplewhoareunhappywithpublishersofscientificjournals（

）.

4.Whenscientificpaperspassthroughpeerreview,（

）.

5.Thewordegregiousinparagraph12means（

）.

6.InthepublicationmodelsdescribedintextB,peerreviewoccurs（

）.

7.Paragraph18（

）.

8.TowardstheendoftextB,theauthormentionstheconcernsofSirMarkWalport,who（

）.

9.IfonecomparestextAandtextB,onecanseethat（

）.

问题1选项

A.scientistsareangeredbythepublicationpracticesthattheyconfrontintheirwork.

B.commercialpublishersareincreasinglyseenasanegativefactorinscience.

C.commercialpublishersareneededmorethaneverinordertoseparategoodresearchfrompoorresearch.

D.lessgoodresearchisappearingasaresultofthecontrolexercisedbyjournalpublishers.

问题2选项

A.isaveryimportantprovideroffundingforscientificresearch.

B.requiresthatresearcherssupportedbytheFoundationmaketheirfindingsfreelyavailabletothepublic.

C.followstheexamplesetbytheNIHinAmerica.

D.hasamonopolyonanyresearchresultsproducedbyscientistsitsupports.

问题3选项

A.objecttotheirslownessandthehighcostofthejournals.

B.thinkthatsuchjournalsshouldbeabolishedasanobstacletofreespeech.

C.criticizeabovealltheunfairnessofchoosingsomearticlesforpublicationandnotothers.

D.blamethemfortheslowpaceofscientificprogressinrecentyears.

问题4选项

A.theyarebeinggradedandassignedtodifferentlevelsofpublication.

B.governmentofficialsdecidewhatresearchisworthyofpublication.

C.researchersarebeingpaidtocriticizetheworkoffellowresearchers.

D.scientistsareevaluatingtheworkofotherscientistsintheirfield

问题5选项

A.somewhatunfavorable

B.quiteunnecessary

C.strikinglyunreasonable

D.clearlybizarre

问题6选项

A.beforepublicationinthefirsttwo,afterpublicationinthethird

B.insecretandwithoutthenameofthereviewersbeingknown

C.forpapersinsomescientificfieldsbutnotinothers

D.inexactlythesameway.Peerreviewisnotanissue

问题7选项

A.seemstoindicatethatmostjournalpublishersareresistinganychange.

B.makesitclearthatthepresentpublishingarrangementsaredoomed

C.providessupportforthestrongassertionsinthefinalparagraphofthetext.

D.ineffectpredictsthatthecommercialpublisherswillwininthestrugglewithfreeopen-accesspublication.

问题8选项

A.fearsthatthequalityofscientificpublishingiscurrentlyindecline.

B.stronglysupportsthegreenmodelovercurrentarrangementsandotherpublishingmodels.

C.believesthattheweaknessesofthegreenmodelcaneasilyberemediedbytheuseofopen-accessrepositorywebsitesforresearch.

D.worriesthatgoodpaperspublishedinopen-accessjournalsandrepositoriesmaynotreceivetheattentionthattheydeserve.

问题9选项

A.bothtextsarestraightforwardreports,i.e.objectivepresentationsoffacts.

B.textBisbasicallyadiscussionessayadvancingcertainopinions,whiletextAisasimplereport.

C.bothtextsareintendedtowinthereaderovertocertainviews.

D.textAisintendedtowinsupportforacertaindirectioninresearch,whereastextBexplainsadilemmainstraightforwardterms,withouttakingapositionofanysort

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:C

第6题:A

第7题:C

第8题:D

第9题:B

【解析】1.推理判断题。题干意思为“文章B开始的段落似乎为了指出……”。第十段指出:Thereisawidespreadfeelingthatthejournalpublisherswhohavemediatedthisexchangeforthepastcenturyormorearebecominganimpedimenttoit(人们普遍认为,在过去一个世纪或更多时间调停这个交换（即科研成果）的期刊出版商正成为该调停的障碍。可知B项“商业出版商正越来越被看成是科学的消极因素”正确。

2.细节事实题。根据题干定位至第11段:AndtheWelcomeTrust,aBritishfoundationthatistheworld'ssecond-biggestcharitablesourceofscientificmoney,aftertheBillandMelindaGatesFoundation,alsoinsiststhatthosewhoreceiveitssupportmaketheirworkavailablefree(另外，仅次于比尔和梅林达盖茨基金会，作去世界上第二大慈善科研资金来源的英国维康信托基金会，也坚持要求那些接受它支持的对象必须公开科研成果)。由此可知A项“一个重要的科研资金提供者”正确.。

3.细节事实题。由第十二段第一句指出:Criticismofjournalpublishersusuallyboilsdowntotwothings,Oneisthattheirprocessestakemonths,whentheinternetcouldallowthemtotakedays,Theotheristhatbecauseeachpaperislikeamini-monopoly,whichworkersinthefieldhavetoreadiftheyaretoadvancetheirownresearch,thereisnoincentivetokeepthepricedown(对期刊出版商的批评通常归结为两件事，一是他们的过程需要几个月，当互联网允许他们花上几天的时间时，另一个是因为每一份报纸都像一个小的垄断，如果他们想提高自己的阅读水平，这一领域的工作人员必须阅读,没有降价的空间),可知A项“抗议他们（出版商）的速度慢和期刊的高价格”正确。

4.细节事实题。题干说“当科学论文通过同行评审时…”。第十三段:Theyorganizepeerreview,inwhichpapersarecriticizedanonymouslybyexperts（thoughthoseexperts,liketheauthorsofpapers,areseldompaidforwhattheydo）(他们（即出版商）组织同行评审，在该评审中专家们不具名地对论文进行评论（但是这些专家如论文的作者样很少为自己的工作而得到报酬）)。由此可知D项“科学家将评价自己领域其它科学家的工作”正确。

5.词义题。根据题干定位至第十二段:Indeed,Elsevier'sprofitsarethoughtsoegregiousbymany

peoplethat12,000researchershavesigneduptoboycottthecompany'sjournals(的确，爱思唯尔（世界领先的科技及医学出版公司）的利润被许多人认为是如此……，以致1.2万名研究者签名去联合抵制这家公司的期刊)。由此推测egregious的意思为“非常不合理的；过分的”。

6.细节事实题。由第17段中“Bothgoldandgreenmodelsinvolvepre-publicationpeerreview.Butathirddoesawaywitheventhat.金色和绿色模式涉及出版前同行评审，但是第三种模式经常不用在出版前进行同行评审”知A项“在前两种（出版模式）中发生在出版前，在第三中（出版模式）发生在出版后”正确

7.推理判断题。第十八段:Thedeeppocketsoftheseorganizationsmeanthat,forthefirstfewyearsatleast,thisjournalwillnotevenrequireapublicationfee(这些组织的雄厚财力意味着至少在前几年这个期刊将甚至不需要出版费)及第二句:severalcommercialpublishersareexperimentingwithgold-modelpublishing(几个商业出版商正在试用金色模式的出版)。可推知“作者对传统的科学期刊出版商的担忧”，这为第二十段中的“Ifscientificpublishersarenottremblingintheirboots,theyshouldbe.如果科学出版商没有觉得担心的话，那么他们应该开始担心了”提供了论据支持，故C项“为文章最后一段中的有力的断言提供了支持”正确。

8.推理判断题。根据题干定位至文章后面第十九段:ButresearchjustpublishedinBMCMedicine（anopen-accessjournalfromSpringer）suggestspapersinopen-accessjournalsareaswidelycitedasthoseintraditionalpublications(但是《BMC医学》（斯普林格的一个开放阅览期刊）最近公布的调查显示开放阅览期刊被引用的广泛程度和传统期刊一样多)中的but“但是”表转折的对应可推测“MarkWalport先生担心开放阅览期刊相比传统期刊可能收不到应有的关注”，由此知D项“担心发布在开放阅览期刊和存放处上的好论文可能受不到它们应有的关注”正确。

9.主旨大意题。文章A中最后一段引用教授JamesHorne的话来对教授Dijk的研究进行评价及文章A全文都在用报告的方式进行叙述,因此文章A是一个简单的报告文章，而文章B中大多数段落如第13段首句“Publishersdoprovideaservice.出版商确实也提供服务”、第19段首句“Muchremainstobeworkedout.还需要解决很多事情”等提出观点后再论证”知文章B基本上是提出某些观点的一个议论文，由此知B项“文章B基本上是提出某些观点的一个议论文，而文章A是一篇简单的报告文章”正确；

2.翻译题

商务印书馆是中国现代出版史上历史最悠久的文化出版机构。作为国内外著名的出版机构,它为文化的传播和新知识的介绍做出了卓越的贡献。出版物遍及社会科学、自然科学、应用技术、文学艺术、儿童读物、教科书、中外语文辞书、各类杂志和各个门类专业的工具书。商务印书馆的出版物,对我国思想界、文化界、教育界均有一定的影响。

通信卫星系统在过去的几十年中取得了很大的成功,已引起了人们对未来的广泛的关注,一些国家正在采用卫星来发展国内的通信,以取代传统的陆地电话线。但是,卫星研制、发射和运转的成本很高,超出了一些国家的经济承受能力。尽管如此,通信卫星系统得到了越来越多的人的重视和支持,这种技术会在未来更加普及。

【答案】TheCommercialPressistheoldestculturalpublishinghouseinthehistoryofChina’scontemporarypublication.Asawell-knownpublishinghouseenjoyinggreatprestigebothathomeandabroad,ithasmadeoutstandingcontributionstothepropagationofcultureandtheintroductionofnewknowledge.Bookspublishedbyitincludevariouscategoriesofpublicationsrelativetosocialscience,naturescience,appliedscience,artandliterature,children’sbooks,textbooks,dictionariesofChineseandforeignlanguages,differentkindsofmagazinesandspecializedreferencebooks,whichhaveexertedgreatinfluenceintheideological,culturalandeducationalcirclesofourcountry.

Communicationsatellitesystemshavebeenquiteasuccessinthepastdecades,evokingwidespreadattentiontotheirfuture.Somecountrieshavebeenusingsatellitesfordomesticcommunicationsinplaceofconventionaltelephonelinesonland.Butsatellites’development,launchingandoperationaresocostlythatsomecountriescan’tafford.Inspiteofallthis,communicationsatellitesaregainingattentionandsupportfrommoreandmorepeople.Thetechniqueseemslikelytobemorewidelyutilizedinthefuture.

3.单选题

Thebucketsofwaterarehungonthewallasa____againstfire.

问题1选项

A.token

B.indication

C.precaution

D.extinguisher

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.token标志；象征B.indication迹象

C.precaution预防措施；预防D.extinguisher灭火器

【答案】C

【考查点】名词辨析与语义衔接

【解题思路】空格处所在部分语义为“作为一个防火的____”，这指的是前文提到的“水桶”，水桶应该是预防火灾的，C选项precaution“预防措施；预防”符合原句语义衔接。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项不符合原句语义衔接。

【句意】水桶挂在墙上以防火灾。

4.单选题

Aboutone-thirdoftheadulthomelessare（

）mentallyill,andabouthalfarealcoholicorabusedrugs.

问题1选项

A.chronically

B.sparsely

C.adequately

D.individually

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词辨析。chronically意为“慢性地，习惯性地，长期地”；sparsely意为“稀疏地，节省地”；adequately意为“足够地”；individually意为“分别地，单独地”。

句意：大约三分之一的无家可归的人患有慢性精神病，而且大约有一半是酗酒或吸毒的。

5.单选题

Manypeoplethinkofdesertsas（）regions,butnumerousspeciesofplantsandanimalshaveadaptedtolifethere.

问题1选项

A.remote

B.virgin

C.alien

D.barren

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项remote“遥远的；偏僻的；疏远的”；B选项virgin“纯洁的；未经利用的，处于原始状态的”；C选项alien“外国的；性质不同的；不相容的”；D选项barren“贫瘠的；不生育的；无益的”。句意：尽管很多人认为沙漠是不生育的地区，但是许多动植物物种却已适应了那里的生活。由关键词“deserts沙漠”的对应知“不生育的”符合语境，因此D选项正确。

6.写作题

Directions:Writeashortessayofabout300wordsonthefollowingtopic.Doremembertoprovideatitleforyouressay,WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.

Nowadays,moreandmoreyoungpeoplepreferonlineshopping.Haveyoueverhadsuchexperiences?Commentonthistrendbyanalyzingitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.

【答案】略

7.单选题

Everybody,studentsandteachersalike,（）gladthatJackhassignedupforthecompositioncontest.

问题1选项

A.are

B.is

C.do

D.does

【答案】B

【解析】考查谓语动词。glad为形容词，表示“高兴的，乐意的”，需与be动词搭配，故排除C、D选项。studentsandteachersalike为插入语，是对主语everybody的解释说明，不影响谓语动词的选择，因此谓语动词应选用is，故本题正确答案为B选项。

8.单选题

Psychologyhasslowlyevolvedintoan（

）scientificdisciplinethatnowfunctionsautonomouslywiththesameprivilegesandresponsibilitiesasothersciences.

问题1选项

A.independent

B.unusual

C.outmoded

D.exceeded

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。independent“独立的”；unusual“不寻常的；与众不同的”；outmoded“过时的”；exceeded“非常的；过度的”。句意：心理学已慢慢演变成一个独立的学科，如今有着与其他自然科学同样特权和责任的它独立自主地行使职责。由functionsautonomously可知A项符合语境。

9.单选题

Whenpeoplespeakofsolarenergy,theythinkonlyofthesun’sraysheatingahomeor______electricityfromthesun.

问题1选项

A.derive

B.ofderiving

C.deriving

D.toderive

【答案】C

【解析】考查语法。Thinkof后面应该接名词或者动名词，故排除A、B、D项，只有C项正确。句意：当人们谈到太阳能时，他们想到的只是用太阳的光线来加热房屋或从太阳中获得电力。因此该题选C。

10.单选题

WhenTitanicwashitbyanicebergduringhermaidenvoyage,thecaptainwasforcedto（）it.

问题1选项

A.abandon

B.towaway

C.renounce

D.overturn

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。abandon“放弃”；towaway“拖走”；renounce“宣布放弃”；overturn“颠覆，推翻”。句意：当泰坦尼克号被冰山袭击时，船长被迫放弃她。选项A符合题意。

11.单选题

Thediscussionquickly（）intoanangryargument.

问题1选项

A.deteriorated

B.aggravated

C.increase

D.declined

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项deteriorate“恶化”，B项aggravate“加重、激怒”，C项increase“提高”，D项decline“拒绝”；句意：这场讨论迅速演变成愤怒的争吵。因此A选项正确。

12.单选题

The（）ofthelakeiscoveredwithreedsandrushes.

问题1选项

A.bank

B.shore

C.band

D.coast

【答案】A

【解析】bank岸,浅滩；shore海滨；band环,乐队；coast海岸。选项B和D多指海,选项C不符合句意。只有选项A正确。

13.写作题

MiltonMizneroncesaid,“Agoodlistenerisnotonlypopulareverywhere,butafterawhilehegetstoknowsomething.”

Listeningisnotthesimplethingitseemstobe.Listeningisparticipatinginatleastfiveimportantways.Youareagoodlistenerif

1.youcan“see”anideawhenyouhearit.

2.youcandistinguishbetweenessentialpointsanddetails.

3.youcandistinguishbetweenfactsandopinions.

4.youcandistinguishbetweeninformationandpersuasion.

5.andifyoucanthenmakeupyourownmindaboutwhathasbeensaid.

Youaretowriteacompositionof150wordsorsoaboutthepoweroflistening.Youshouldwriteaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelow.Pleasewriteyourcompositionneatlyandclearlyonyouranswersheet.

Topic:ThePowerofListening

Outline

Ievaluateyourlisteningpower

IIjustifytheneedtoimprovelisteningpowereducationally,socially,politically,nationallyandinternationally

IIIdrawanaturalconclusion

Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.

Failuretofollowtheinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.

【答案】Listeningisoneofthemostimportantskillsonecanpossess.Asforme,Ilistentoobtaininformation,tounderstandandtolearn.Ipreferreductivelistening,whichhelpsmereduceeverythingdowntowhatisrelevantanddiscardeverythingthat’snotrelevant.ThatmeanswhenIcommunicatewithothers,Iprefertolistenwithpurpose.Icanalwaysgetmyanswerafterconversation.Frommypointofview,thepoweroflisteningisthatyoumakeaconsciousefforttohearnotonlythewordsthatanotherpersonissaying,butmoreimportantly,trytounderstandthecompletemessagebeingsent.Iwillillustratemypointfromfollowingaspects.

Inclass,itissignificantforbothteacherandstudentstoactivelylisten.Listentothequestionsofstudentsmayhelpteacherfindanefficientwaytoimproveteachingskillandlistentothekeyinformationthatteacherdeliveredcouldhelpstudentsgainabundantknowledge.Insociety,listeningisalsoanindispensablewaytopromotemutualunderstandingandtrust.Thetwocountriesenjoyfirmandfriendlyrelationsifactivelisteningisconducted.Forexample,resultfromlisteningtoeachotherandofferingtimelyhelp,ChinaandPakistanenjoytraditionalfriendship.Ontheotherside,AmericafailedtolistentotheappealandsuggestionsofChina,thetradedisputeswouldnevercease.

Inaword,listeningisacrucialskillthatneedstobelearnedandpracticedfromallaspectsofourdailylife.

14.单选题

Ifaspeciesofparasiteistosurvive,thehostorganismsmustlivelongenoughfortheparasitetoreproduce;ifthehostspeciesbecomes______,sodoitsparasites.

问题1选项

A.succumbed

B.extinct

C.infertile

D.widespread

【答案】B

【解析】考查词义辨析。A项succumbed为succumb的过去分词，表示“屈服”，B项extinct“灭绝的，绝种的”，C项infertile“不肥沃的，不毛的”，D项widespread“普遍的，广泛的”。由hostorganisms（宿主）可知，hostspecies指的一种寄生虫寄生的生物，而前面是说“如果一种寄生虫要存活，宿主必须活得足够长，以便寄生虫繁殖”，那么后面讲的是另外一种情况，所以只有B项符合。句意：如果一种寄生虫要存活下来，宿主有机体必须活得足够长，以便寄生虫繁殖；如果宿主物种灭绝，它的寄生虫也会灭绝。因此，该题选择B项。

15.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.

Handinhandwiththerecentspectacularadvancesinradiotechnology,therehasbeenadramaticincreaseinthescientificandpublicrespectabilityoftheentiresubjectofextraterrestriallife.AclearsignofthenewattitudeistheVikingmissionstoMarswhicharetoasignificantextentdedicatedtothesearchforlifeonanotherplanet.Butalongwiththeburgeoningdedicationtoaserioussearch,aslightlynegativenotehasemergedwhichisneverthelessveryinteresting.Afewscientistshavelatelyaskedacuriousquestion:ifextraterrestrialintelligenceisabundantwhyhavewenotalreadyseenitsmanifestations?Thinkoftheadvancesbyourowntechnologicalcivilizationinthepasttenthousandyearsandimaginesuchadvancescontinuedovermillionsorbillionsofyearsmore.Ifonlyatinyfractionofadvancedcivilizationsaremillionsorbillionsofyearsmoreadvancedthanours,whyhavetheynotproducedartifactsdevicesorevenindustrialpollutionofsuchmagnitudethatwewouldhavedetectedit?

【答案】随着无线电技术的突飞猛进，科学界和公众对外太空生物这一个课题的认识有了极大的提高。这种新态度明显的标志事件就是向火星发射“海盗”号火星探测器。这些发射在很大程度上是致力于去寻找其他星球上的生物。但是随着对这项研究的不断投入，出现了一些带否定意味但是很有趣的声音。近来少数科学家提出了一个奇怪的疑问：如果外太空生物多的话为什么我们没有看到任何相关迹象？想想我们在过去一万年里科技文明的进步。再设想一下，这些进步将持续数百万甚至十亿年的时间。如果有某个地方的文明比我们的文明先进数百万年或者数十亿年，他们为什么不能生产出一些物件，器械装置和我们本应该检测到的大量的工业污染？

16.单选题

Samanthasobbeduncontrollablyandhidinthelockerroom,so______wassheabouthavinglostinthefinalsofthestatetennischampionship.

问题1选项

A.pragmatic

B.dejected

C.jubilant

D.indifferent

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项pragmatic“务实的”；B选项dejected“沮丧的”；C选项jubilant“欢呼雀跃的”；D选项indifferent“漠不关心的”。句意：萨曼莎控制不住哭泣，躲在更衣室里，非常______她输掉了州网球锦标赛的决赛。输掉比赛以后萨曼莎哭泣，躲在更衣室里不想见人，B选项dejected“沮丧的”符合题意。因此B选项正确。

17.单选题

DrMeekwrote:“Asistruewithmostanimals,thewolfisanopportunistwhilstthedeerisoneoftheshyest（）animalsinexistence.”

问题1选项

A.savage

B.tame

C.wild

D.strange

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。选项A：savage“野蛮的，残酷的，狂怒的；荒凉的”;选项B:tame“驯服的，顺从的”；选项C:wild“野生的，野蛮的”；选项D：strange意为“奇怪的，陌生的”。根据题干意思，选项C更切合题意，正确。句意：Meek博士写道:“就像大多数动物一样，狼是机会主义者，而鹿是世界上最害羞的野生动物之一。”

18.翻译题

Thetrampseemstohavebeenamanofgoodhumorandphilosophictemperament—asindeedvagrantsverycommonlyare.EveryoneelsewasenjoyingChristmas,sohesawnogoodreasonwhyheshouldnotdothesame.Hesubmitted,cheerfullyenough,tobeingtakenawaybythepolice.PerhapshehadhadabetterChristmasthanusual.Hewassenttoprisonforsevendays.Thejudgeawardednocompensationtothechainstoreforthefoodanddrinkourtramphadconsumed.Theyhad,inhisopinion,alreadyreceivedvaluablefreepublicityfromthecoveragethestoryreceivedinthenewspapersandontelevision.

【答案】流浪汉似乎是一个很有幽默感和哲学气质的人——实际上流浪汉通常都是这样的。其他人都在享受圣诞节，所以他觉得没有什么理由不让自己也这么做。他很高兴地让警察把他带走了。也许他圣诞节过得比平时好。他被关进监狱7天。对于我们的流浪汉吃的食物和饮料，法官没有判给连锁店任何赔偿。在他看来，他们已经接受了从报纸和电视上的报道中获得了宝贵的免费宣传。

19.单选题

Tohim,NewYorkwasaplace（

）broughtbacktomindpainfulmemories.

问题1选项

A.where

B.inwhich

C.that

D.there

【答案】C

【解析】句意:于他而言，纽约是一个有痛苦记忆的地方。

语法题。考查定语从句。先行词为Place,在主句中作表语,所以定语从句中关系词用that。

20.单选题

Thereisno（）whateverforthemannerinwhichyoubehavedfoolishlyattheEnglishparty.

问题1选项

A.jurisdiction

B.justification

C.judgment

D.junction

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项jurisdiction“司法权，审判权，管辖权；权限”；B选项justification“理由；辩护；认为有理”；C选项judgment“判断；裁判；判决书”；D选项junction“连接；交叉点；接合点”。句意：你在英语晚会上的愚蠢行为根本就没有……。此处表示“愚蠢行为”是无理的，B选项符合句意要求。

21.单选题

Inminuteshehastakenoverthewhole（）,lyingunderthesinkandsquinting（眯眼看）upintothemachinery.

问题1选项

A.conscience

B.restraint

C.trial

D.enterprise

【答案】D

【解析】名词词义辨析。conscience道德,良心;restraint抑制,约束;trial试验,努力;enterprise企业,进取心。句意：几分钟后,他就接管了整个企业,躺在水池下面,眯着眼睛看着机器。选项D符合句意。

22.单选题

Althoughhethoughthewashelpingustopreparethedinner,hewasactually（）theway.

问题1选项

A.in

B.after

C.on

D.by

【答案】A

【解析】考查短语辨析。A选项intheway“挡道，碍事，妨碍某人”；B选项aftertheway英语里没有这样的短语。C选项ontheway“在途中，在路上，从某种程度上来说”；D选项bytheway“顺便说说，顺便问一下”，句意：他以为他在帮我们准备晚餐，其实根本不是这么回事。由选项意思和句意可知，A选项符合句意。

23.单选题

Insomecountries,studentsareexpectedtobequietand（

）intheclassroom.

问题1选项

A.skeptical

B.faithful

C.obedient

D.subsidiary

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。skeptical怀疑的；faithful忠诚的，尽职的；obedient顺从的，服从的；subsidiary辅助的，附属的。句意：在一些国家，人们期望学生们在课堂上保持安静、顺从听话。由“quietand”可推断and之后的词义应与quiet性质一致，故C项符合题意，答案C

24.单选题

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecializedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.

Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan£900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan£210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.

Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.

InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthe