考研考博-英语-徐州工业职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-徐州工业职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordtablefollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthetableisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthetablemorethanonce.

Theearliest（1）abouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotograph'saccuracytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartas（2）frommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywas（3）withthestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthe（4）thatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality,photographers（5）thatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyis（6）establishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariously（7）tobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anything（8）makingworksofart.Theyarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart.Itshowstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakefor（9）theconceptofartimposedbythe（10）ofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

问题1选项

A.charge

B.securely

C.distinct

D.triumph

E.asserted

F.therefore

G.controversies

H.identity

I.identical

J.garage

K.but

L.granted

M.claim

N.contradicts

O.severely

问题2选项

A.charge

B.securely

C.distinct

D.triumph

E.asserted

F.therefore

G.controversies

H.identity

I.identical

J.garage

K.but

L.granted

M.claim

N.contradicts

O.severely

问题3选项

A.charge

B.securely

C.distinct

D.triumph

E.asserted

F.therefore

G.controversies

H.identity

I.identical

J.garage

K.but

L.granted

M.claim

N.contradicts

O.severely

问题4选项

A.charge

B.securely

C.distinct

D.triumph

E.asserted

F.therefore

G.controversies

H.identity

I.identical

J.garage

K.but

L.granted

M.claim

N.contradicts

O.severely

问题5选项

A.charge

B.securely

C.distinct

D.triumph

E.asserted

F.therefore

G.controversies

H.identity

I.identical

J.garage

K.but

L.granted

M.claim

N.contradicts

O.severely

问题6选项

A.charge

B.securely

C.distinct

D.triumph

E.asserted

F.therefore

G.controversies

H.identity

I.identical

J.garage

K.but

L.granted

M.claim

N.contradicts

O.severely

问题7选项

A.charge

B.securely

C.distinct

D.triumph

E.asserted

F.therefore

G.controversies

H.identity

I.identical

J.garage

K.but

L.granted

M.claim

N.contradicts

O.severely

问题8选项

A.charge

B.securely

C.distinct

D.triumph

E.asserted

F.therefore

G.controversies

H.identity

I.identical

J.garage

K.but

L.granted

M.claim

N.contradicts

O.severely

问题9选项

A.charge

B.securely

C.distinct

D.triumph

E.asserted

F.therefore

G.controversies

H.identity

I.identical

J.garage

K.but

L.granted

M.claim

N.contradicts

O.severely

问题10选项

A.charge

B.securely

C.distinct

D.triumph

E.asserted

F.therefore

G.controversies

H.identity

I.identical

J.garage

K.but

L.granted

M.claim

N.contradicts

O.severely

【答案】第1题:G

第2题:C

第3题:I

第4题:A

第5题:E

第6题:B

第7题:M

第8题:K

第9题:L

第10题:D

【解析】第1题:1.由下文“whether….”可知此空填controversies正确，句意：最早关于摄影和艺术关系的争论集中在…

2.bedistinctfrom“与…不同”。

3.beidenticalwith“与…一致”。

4.由that….可知此空指有人指责。句意：有人指责摄影是没有灵魂的、对现实的机械复制…

5.此空应填一个动词，句意：摄影师们宣称，这是一种特殊的观看方式，是对平庸视觉的反抗，是一种与绘画同等价值的艺术。

6.由ironically以及后半句句意可知此处意为：具有讽刺意味的是，现在摄影被安全地确立为一门艺术，许多摄影师认为它自命不凡或与此标签不相关。

7.claimtodosth“声称做某事”。

8.anythingbut“根本不，决不”。

9.takeforgranted“认为是理所当然的”。

10.此处要填名词。句意：它显示了他们仅仅把现代主义胜利强加的艺术概念视为理所当然的程度：艺术越好，对艺术的传统目标就越有颠覆性。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

第5题:

第6题:

第7题:

第8题:

第9题:

第10题:

2.单选题

Wagneronce（）withanothermusiciantocomposeapieceofmusicthatwaspopularwiththeyoungpeople.

问题1选项

A.merged

B.constituted

C.partitioned

D.collaborated

【答案】D

【解析】句意:瓦格纳曾与另一位音乐家合作创作了一首深受年轻人欢迎的音乐。

考查动词辨析。选项均为对应动词的过去式。merge合并，吞没;constitute组成，建立；partition分割，分隔，区分；collaborate合作，勾结，通敌。

3.单选题

________arepoorobserversoftheirchild’sbehavior,sodeviantbehaviorreachesunmanageableproportions.

问题1选项

A.Parentsthat

B.Parents

C.Whenparents

D.Ifparents

【答案】B

【解析】考查连词。句意：因为父母不善于观察孩子的行为，所以离谱的行为将会到达一个难以掌控的比例。这个句子关键词是连词so，我们要连接两个完整的句子，所以答案选B；其他选项与题干结合都是把前面一半句当成从句看待，从句不能算是真正意义上的句子只能在句子中充当某个成分，所以A，C，D选项不能选。

4.单选题

Farmersstreamedtothewest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.

问题1选项

A.predictable

B.impressive

C.famous

D.gradual

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项predictable“可预言的”，B项impressive“给人以深刻印象的”，C项famous“著名的，极好的”，D项gradual“逐渐的，平缓的”。句意：农民们涌向西部，以惊人的速度填满了边境土地。stunning在句中表示“惊人的”，四个选项中意思与之相近的是B项。因此，该题选择B项。

5.案例题

Obama'ssuccessisn'tallgoodnewsforblackAmericans

AsErinWhitewatchedtheelectionresultsheadtowardsvictoryforBarackObama,shefeltaburdenliftingfromhershoulders."Inthatonesecond,itwasavalidationformywholerace,"sherecalls.

"I'vealwaysbeenanachiever,"saysWhite,whoisstudyingforanMBAatVanderbiltUniversityinNashville,Tennessee."ButtherehadalwaysbeenthesethingsinthebackofmymindquestioningwhetherIreallycanbewhoIwant.Itwaslikeashadow,followingmearoundsayingyoucanonlygosofar.Nowit'slikeabarrierhasbeenletdown."

White'sexperienceiswhatmanypsychologistshadexpected-thatObamawouldprovetobeapowerfulrolemodelforAfricanAmericans.SomehopedhisrisetoprominencewouldhaveabigimpactonwhiteAmericans,too,challengingthosewhostillharbourracistsentiments."Thetraitsthatcharacterisehimareverycontradictorytotheracialstereotypesthatblackpeopleareaggressiveanduneducated,"saysAshbyPlantofFloridaStateUniversity."He'sveryintelligentandeloquent."

Stinginthetail

AshbyPlantisoneofanumberofpsychologistswhoseizedonObama'scandidacytotesthypothesesaboutthepowerofrolemodels.Theirworkisalreadystartingtorevealhowthe"Obamaeffect"ischangingpeople'sviewsandbehaviour.Perhapssurprisingly,itisnotallgoodnews:thereisastinginthetailoftheObamaeffect.

Butfirstthegoodnews.BarackObamareallyisapositiverolemodelforAfricanAmericans,andhewasmakinganimpactevenbeforehegottotheWhiteHouse.Indeed,theObamaeffectcanbesurprisinglyimmediateandpowerful,asRayFriedmanofVanderbiltUniversityandhiscolleaguesdiscovered.

TheytestedfourseparategroupsatfourkeystagesofObama'spresidentialcampaign.Eachgroupconsistedofaround120adultsofsimilarageandeducation,andthetestassessedtheirlanguageskills.Attwoofthesestages,whenObama'ssuccesswaslessthancertain,thetestsshowedacleardifferencebetweenthescoresofthewhiteandblackparticipants—anaverageof12.1outof20,comparedto8.8,forexample.WhentheObamafeverwasatitsheight,however,theblackparticipantsperformedmuchbetter.ThosewhohadwatchedObama'sacceptancespeechastheDemocrats'presidentialcandidateperformedjustaswell,onaverage,asthewhitesubjects.Afterhiselectionvictory,thiswastrueofalltheblackparticipants.

Dramaticshift

Whatcanexplainthisdramaticshift?Atthestartofthetest,theparticipantshadtodeclaretheirraceandweretoldtheirresultswouldbeusedtoassesstheirstrengthsandweaknesses.Thisshouldhaveprimedthesubjectswith"stereotypethreat"-ananxietythattheirresultswillconfirmnegativestereotypes,whichhasbeenshowntodamagetheperformanceofAfricanAmericans.

Obama'ssuccessesseemedtoactasashieldagainstthis."Wesuspecttheyfeltinspiredandenergisedbyhisvictory,sothestereotypethreatwouldn'tproveadistraction,"saysFriedman.

Lingeringracism

IftheObamaeffectispositiveforAfricanAmericans,howisitaffectingtheirwhitecompatriots（同胞）?Istheexperienceofhavingacharismatic（有魅力的）blackpresidentmodifyinglingeringracistattitudes?Thereisnoeasywaytomeasureracismdirectly;insteadpsychologistsassesswhatisknownas"implicitbias",usingacomputer-basedtestthatmeasureshowquicklypeopleassociatepositiveandnegativewords—suchas"love"or"evil"—withphotosofblackorwhitefaces.Asimilartestcanalsomeasurehowquicklysubjectsassociatestereotypicaltraits—suchasathleticskillsormentalability—withaparticulargroup.

InastudythatwillappearintheJournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology,Plant'steamtested229studentsduringtheheightoftheObamafever.Theyfoundthatimplicitbiashasfallenbyasmuchas90%comparedwiththelevelfoundinasimilarstudyin2006."That'sanunusuallylargedrop,"Plantsays.

Whiletheteamcan'tbesuretheirresultsareduesolelytoObama,theyalsoshowedthatthosewiththelowestbiaswerelikelytosubconsciouslyassociateblackskincolourwithpoliticalwordssuchas"government"or"president".ThissuggeststhatObamawasstronglyontheirmind,saysPlant.

Dropinbias

BrianNosekoftheUniversityofVirginiainCharlottesville,whorunsawebsitethatmeasuresimplicitbiasusingsimilartest,hasalsoobservedasmalldropinbiasinthe700,000visitorstothesitesinceJanuary2007,whichmightbeexplainedbyObama'srisetopopularity.However,hispreliminaryresultssuggestthatchangewillbemuchslowercomingthanPlant'sresultssuggest.

Talkinghonestly

"PeoplenowhavetheopportunityofexpressingsupportforObamaeveryday,"saysDanielEffronatStanfordUniversityinCalifornia."OurresearcharousestheconcernthatpeoplemaynowbemorelikelytoraisenegativeviewsofAfricanAmericans."Ontheotherhand,hesays,itmayjustencouragepeopletotalkmorehonestlyabouttheirfeelingsregardingraceissues,whichmaynotbesuchabadthing.

Anotherpartofthestudysuggestsfarmoreisatstakethanthemereexpressionofviews.TheObamaeffectmayhaveanegativeside.JustoneweekafterObamawaselectedpresident,participantswerelessreadytosupportpoliciesdesignedtoaddressracialinequalitythantheyhadbeentwoweeksbeforetheelection.

Hugeobstacles

Itcould,ofcourse,alsobethatObama'ssuccesshelpspeopletoforgetthatadisproportionatenumberofblackAmericansstillliveinpovertyandfacehugeobstacleswhentryingtoovercomethesecircumstances."BarackObama'sfamilyissuchasalient（出色的）image,wegeneraliseitandfailtoseethelargerpicture—thatthere'sinjusticeineveryaspectofAmericanlife,"saysCherylKaiseroftheUniversityofWashingtoninSeattle.ThosetryingtoaddressissuesofracialinequalityneedtoconstantlyremindpeopleoftheinequalitiesthatstillexisttocounteracttheObama'seffect,shesays.

ThoughPlant'sfindingsweremorepositive,shetoowarnsagainstthinkingthatracismandracialinequalitiesarenolongeraproblem."ThelastthingIwantisforpeopletothinkeverything'ssolved."

ThesefindingsdonotonlyapplytoObama,orevenjusttorace.Theyshouldholdforanyrolemodelinanycountry."There'snoreasonwewouldn'thaveseenthesameeffectonourviewsofwomenifHillaryClintonorSarahPalinhadbeenelected,"saysEffron.Sotheelectionofafemaleleadermighthaveadownsideforotherwomen.

Beyondrace

Wealsodon'tyetknowhowlongtheObamaeffect—bothitsgoodsideanditsbad—willlast.Politicalsentimentisnotoriouslychangeable:WhatifthingsbegintogowrongforObama,andhispopularityslumps?

AndwhatifAmericansbecomesofamiliarwithhavingObamaastheirpresidentthattheystopconsideringhisracealtogether?"Overtimehemightbecomehisownentity,"saysPlant.Thismightseemliketheultimatedefeatforracism,butignoringtheraceofcertainselectindividuals—aphenomenonthatpsychologistscallsubtyping—alsohasaninsidious（隐伏的）side."Wethinkithappenstohelppeoplepreservetheirbeliefs,sotheycanstillholdontothepreviousstereotypes."ThatcouldturnouttobethecruellestofallthetwiststotheObamaeffect.

1.HowdidErinWhitefeeluponseeingBarackObama'svictoryintheelection?

A.Excited.

B.Victorious.

C.Anxious.

D.Relieved.

2.Beforetheelection,ErinWhitehasbeenhauntedbythequestionofwhether.

A.shecouldobtainherMBAdegree

B.shecouldgoasfarasshewantedinlife

C.shewasovershadowedbyherwhitepeers

D.shewasreallyanachieverasastudent

3.WhatisthefocusofAshbyPlant'sstudy?

A.RacistsentimentsinAmerica.

B.Thepowerofrolemodels.

C.Personalitytraitsofsuccessfulblacks.

D.ThedualcharacterofAfricanAmericans.

4.Intheirexperiments,RayFriedmanandhiscolleaguesfoundthat.

A.blacksandwhitesbehaveddifferentlyduringtheelection

B.whites'attitudetowardsblackshasdramaticallychanged

C.Obama'selectionhaseliminatedtheprejudiceagainstblacks

D.Obama'ssuccessimpactedblacks'performanceinlanguagetests

5.WhatdoBrianNosek'spreliminaryresultssuggest?

A.Thechangeinbiasagainstblacksisslowincoming.

B.Biasagainstblackshasexperiencedanunusualdrop.

C.Websitevisitor'sopinionsarefarfrombeingreliable.

D.Obama'spopularitymaydeclineastimepassesby.

6.AnegativesideoftheObamaeffectisthat.

A.morepeoplehavestartedtocriticisePresidentObama'sracialpolicies

B.relationsbetweenwhitesandAfricanAmericansmaybecometenseagain

C.peoplearenowlessreadytosupportpoliciesaddressingracialinequality

D.whitepeoplearelikelytobecomemorecriticalofAfricanAmericans

7.CherylKaiserholdsthatpeopleshouldbeconstantlyremindedthat.

A.Obama'ssuccessissoundproofofblack'spotential

B.Obamaisbutarareexampleofblack'sexcellence

C.racialinequalitystillpersistsinAmericansociety

D.blacksstillfaceobstaclesinpoliticalparticipation

8.AccordingtoEffron,ifHillaryClintonorSarahPalinhadbeenelected,therewouldalsohavebeenanegativeeffecton(

).

9.ItispossiblethattheObamaeffectwillbeshort-livedifthereisachangeinpeople's(

).

10.TheworstpossibleaspectoftheObamaeffectisthatpeoplecouldignorehisracealtogetherandcontinuetoholdontotheiroldracial(

).

【答案】1.D

2.B

3.B

4.D

5.A

6.C

7.C

8.ourviewsofwomen

9.politicalsentiment

10.stereotypes

【解析】1.根据第一段的内容可知，当ErinWhite听到Obama成功赢得选举的消息，她感觉到肩上的担子减轻了。选项D符合原文。

根据第二段ErinWhite说的话“Buttherehad...gosofar.”可知，她总是被一些问题所困扰，比如是否能成为自己想成为的人，在人生路上能走多远。选项B符合原文。

3根据第四段的第一句“AshbyPlantis...totesthypothesesaboutthepowerofrolemodels.”所以选项B正确。

4.

根据第五段的最后一句“Indeed,theObamaeffectcanbesurprisinglyimmediateandpowerful,asRayFriedmanofVanderbiltUniversityandhiscolleaguesdiscovered.”以及第四段提到的howthe"Obamaeffect"ischangingpeople'sviewsandbehaviour.可知，选项D正确。

5.

根据关键词“preliminaryresults”定位到Dropinbias这一部分的内容，本段最后一句“hispreliminaryresultssuggestthatchangewillbemuchslowercomingthanPlant'sresultssuggest.”所以选项A与原文相符。

6.

根据关键词“negativeside”定位到Talkinghonestly这一部分的内容“TheObamaeffect...beforetheelection.”，选项C符合原文。

7.

根据关键词“CherylKaiser”定位到Hugeobstacles这一部分的内容，“wegeneraliseitandfailtoseethelargerpicture—thatthere'sinjusticeineveryaspectofAmericanlife.”选项C符合原文。

8.

根据关键词“Effron”定位到“Hugeobstacles”这一部分第三段Effron说的内容“There'snoreasonwewouldn'thaveseenthesameeffectonourviewsofwomenifHillaryClintonorSarahPalinhadbeenelected”.。

9.

根据倒数第二段的内容“Politicalsentimentisnotoriouslychangeable:WhatifthingsbegintogowrongforObama,andhispopularityslumps.”。

10.

根据最后一段的倒数第二句“Wethinkithappenstohelppeoplepreservetheirbeliefs,sotheycanstillholdontothepreviousstereotypes.”。

6.单选题

Shecontrivedtogetaglimpseofthelightoftruthhereandthere,andhopedthat（）raymightsufficetoguideher.

问题1选项

A.scant

B.scarce

C.meager

D.sparse

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项scant“不足的，缺乏的”，强调的是勉强足够的；B选项scarce“缺乏的，稀有的”，强调的是“稀缺、珍贵”；C选项meager“贫乏的”，多指收入微薄；D选项sparse“稀疏的，稀少的”，强调人烟稀少，资源匮乏。句意：她设法在各处瞥见一点真理的光芒，希望那微弱的光芒足以引导她。这里强调的是勉强足够的，所以选项A更符合语境。

7.单选题

Mostofthecivilservantsinvolvedintheaffairhavebeensuccessfully（）andsentenced.

问题1选项

A.prosecuted

B.propagated

C.persecuted

D.precipitated

【答案】A

【解析】prosecute"起诉,告发";propagate"传播,传送;繁殖";persecute"迫害,困扰";precipitate"使沉淀;促成"。句意：大部分涉案公务员已被成功检控和判刑。选项A符合句意。

8.翻译题

机器人我们正生活在一个机器人承担许多工作的时代。机器人可以制造汽车、驾驶飞机和处理账单。

不过这些机器人并不是人形机器。它们的外形并不像我们。它们是特别制造出来代替人做某些工作的机器，可以给它们以任何适宜的外形。机器人的“脑子”是一部电脑，它能够储存指令，并能够控制其它部件。机器人有手臂，能够做人用手干的多种工作。例如，机器人可以在汽车装配线上焊接车身和喷漆。

使用机器人比使用工人的优越之处是它们可以不停地长时间工作，它们从不疲劳，而工作的准确性却始终如一。它们可以在人无法忍受的条件下工作，如有高温、有强烈的噪音或是有危险射线的场合，随着机器人数量的增加，它们的制造成本也会下降。

尽管机器人正在迅速承担工业中的许多工作，但要在家里做家务活却似乎还差得很远。问题在于即使干一半的家务活也需要有一个非常复杂、非常昂贵的机器人。

【答案】Robot9.翻译题

除了干旱时期，人们从不把水看成是宝贵的自然资源。诚然，水不是世界上的稀有之物。地球表面百分之七十被水覆盖。在有可靠供水系统的城区，很少有人感到缺水。因为我们想当然地以为水与空气一样不值钱，什么地方都有。然而部分因为人口增加，部分因为可怕的浪费，在当今世界的许多地方，供水已成为一大挑战。它已经是一个不可置之不理的严重问题。

【答案】Inadditiontothedryperiod,peoplehaveneverregardedwaterasavaluablenaturalresource.Itistruethatwaterisnotararethingintheworld.Seventypercentoftheearth’ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.Inthecitywithreliablewatersupplysystem,fewpeoplefeelwatershortage.Wetakeitforgrantedthatwaterisnomorevaluablethanairandcanfindwatereverywhere.However,partlybecauseoftheincreaseinpopulation,andpartlybecauseoftheterriblewaste,watersupplyhasbecomeabigchallengeinmanypartsoftheworld.Thisisaseriousproblemthatcannotbeignored.

10.单选题

Criticscalledtheproposala（）gamethatisnoteasilyrecognizable.

问题1选项

A.board

B.ball

C.home

D.shell

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项board“木板，甲板，膳食，董事长”；B选项ball“球，舞会”；C选项home“家，住宅，产地，家乡，避难所”；D选项shell“壳，贝壳，炮弹，外形”。shellgame为固定搭配，意为“骗局”。句意：批评人士称该提议是一场难以辨认的骗局。因此C答案正确。

11.单选题

Insomesocieties,whenpeopleexchangegifts,thegiverwillsayhisgiftisoflessvalue,whilethereceiver_______itsvalue.

问题1选项

A.magnifies

B.manipulates

C.abandon

D.abbreviate

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“magnifies”意为“放大；赞美；夸大”；B选项“manipulates”意为“操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改”；C选项“abandon”意为“遗弃；离开；放弃；终止；陷入”；D选项“abbreviate”意为“缩写，使省略；使简短”。句意：在某些社会中，当人们交换礼物时，送礼者会说他的礼物价格低廉，而收礼的人会夸大礼物的价值。由题干可知，while表示前后构成了对比关系，前文说送礼者贬低价格，那么收礼者就是夸大价格。因此A选项符合题意。

12.单选题

IamtoldthatProfessorAtkinshasalreadyvisitedthissiteforfivetimessincetheareawasopenedtogeologistsin2007.

问题1选项

A.Iamtold

B.hasalreadyvisited

C.forfivetimes

D.wasopenedtogeologists

E.没有错误

【答案】D

【解析】固定搭配。opened应改为open,beopento对…开放。

13.单选题

Ihaveaskedalotofpeople,but（）ofthemknew（）aboutsuchathing.

问题1选项

A.not...everything

B.neither...something

C.none...anything

D.afew...nothing

【答案】C

【解析】考查语法。afew用于肯定，故排除D项。能与of连用的只有none。anything用于否定。故C项正确。句意：我问了许多人，但是没有人知道这件事。

14.问答题

SincetheUnitedStatesmaintaineditsdubiousdistinctionofhavingthehighestdivorceratein

A

B

theworld,thetemporarydeclineindivorcedidnotoccurtothesameextentinEurope.Contrary

C

tofearsoftheexperts,theroleofbreadwinnerandhomemakerwasnotabandoned.

D

【答案】试题答案：A;Although/While

【解析】考查连词。由“theUnitedStatesmaintaineditsdubiousdistinctionofhavingthehighestdivorcerateintheworld（美国的离婚率仍然是世界上最高的，这一点令人怀疑）”和“thetemporarydeclineindivorcedidnotoccurtothesameextentinEurope（在欧洲，离婚率的暂时下降并没有达到同样的程度）”可知此处表示转折关系，故用although或while。

15.单选题

Tenyearsoflivingwithamyotrophiclateralsclerosis,orA.L.S,progressive,paralyzingdisease,havestillednearlyeverymuscle;Dr.JulesLodishtypeswithtwitchesofhischeek,detectedbyasensorclippedtothisglasses.Butwhenpeopleaskhimhowhefeelsabouthislife,Dr.Lodish,hiseyesexpressingtheintensitydeniedtohisbody,responds:“Istilllookforwardtoday.”

A.L.S.orLouGehrig’sdisease,isoftendescribedasakindoflivingdeathin,whichthebodygoesflaccidwhilemindremainsintactandacutelyaware.Theprospectofbeingtrappedinaninertbodyandbeingtotallydependentonothersdrivesmanysuffererstosuicide.

WhenAttorneyGeneralJohnAshcroftattackedanOregonlawallowingdoctor-assistedsuicidein2001—acasethatisstillworkingitswaysthroughthelegalsystem—patientswiththediseasewereamongthosewhosupportedthelawincourt.

Butwhilethelegalcaseandmuchofthenationalattentionhavefocusedontheissueoftherighttodie,lessisknownaboutthosepatientswhowanttolive,andlikeDr.Lodish,willgotoextraordinarylengthstodoso.

Withadequatemedicalcare,patientsoftencanliveforyearsrelativelyfreeofphysicalpainfromthediseaseitself.“It’smoreasortofexistential,psychicsortofpain,”saidDr.LeoMcCluskey,aneurologistinPhiladelphiawhotreatsmanypeoplewiththedisease.

Asaresult,patientsandtheirfamiliesareforced,onadailybasis,totakestockofthemeaningandqualityoftheirlivesandtomakerepeateddecisionsabouthowmuchistoomuch.

“WithA.L.S.,youhaveachoiceaboutwhentostoptreatment,lettingnaturetakeitscourse.”saidDr.LindaGanzini,aprofessorofpsychiatryatOregonHealthandScienceUniversityinPortland,whohasstudiedpatientsmakingend-of-lifedecisions.

Whatkeepsmanypatientsalive,expertssay,isasenseofhavingunfinishedbusiness—perhapsamilestone“likegettingthelastkidofftocollege”saidDr.MellarP.Davis,aprofessorhematologyandmedicaloncologyattheClevelandClinic.

Thosepatientswhodobestarethosewhohaveinsurancethatcoversnursingandmedicalcare,allowingthemtoavoidsomeofthemajorhealthrisksassociatedwiththedisease,andfamilymemberswhocancoverthehourswhenexperthelpisunavailable.

Manypatients,Dr.Ganzinisaid,havedeepreligiousbeliefsthathelpsustainthem,andtheyareable,“tofindhopeinthefuture,findmeaningandtoleratethedailyongoinglossesthattheyareexperiencing.”

Dr.Lodish’sbodysitslimpinawheelchairandhistonguelolls;amachinebreathesforhimthroughatracheostomytubeinhisthroat.Helosttheabilitytotalkmorethanthreeyearsago,hesays,thenjokes,“Butnottheabilitytobeannoying.”

TherearenohalfmeasuresforDr.Lodish,ahematologistwhodevisedhisownintricatelydetailedtreatmentregimen.Hewrotea30guideforhisnursesthatsetsstandardsforasterileenvironmentthatgobeyondhospitalpractices,rulesthathavehelpedhimavoidtheinfectionsthatkillmanypatients.Whenhecouldnolongereat,hedidtheresearchtocomeupwitharecipeforthenutrientblendthatflowsdownhisfeedingtube—evendeterminingthattheingredientswerekosher—andhetypedthetwoguidetoitspreparation,twitchbytwitch,withaspecialprogramonthelaptopthathelpshimtochoosewholewordsorphrasesfromscrollinglists.

Thiswiretotheworldkeepshimconnectedtohisfamilyandfriends,andallowshimtoremainanimportantpartoftheirlives.Hecontinuestoprovidemedicalconsultation,andnowadvisespatientswithA.L.S.andtheirfamiliesonhowtoorganizetheirowncareandusethecommunicationdeviceshehasmastered.

“OneironyiswithmanypeopleIcommunicatemorenowthanwhenIwaswell,”Dr.Lodishsaid.

Byholdingon,hesaid,hehasbeenabletoseemanyoflife’smilestones,includingthemarriagesoftwoofhisthreechildren.

Whenhisolderdaughter,ElizabethLester,becamepregnantwiththefirstgrandchild,sheaskedherfathertomaketheofficialfamilyannouncement.

“Hestillplaysthesameroleforme”shesaid,“Istillconsulthimonfinancialmattersandotherkindsofthings.”

Dr.Lodishsaidthathisowndeterminationtolivecomes,inpart,fromhislongexperienceintreatingcancerpatients,whooftenfeelthatadiagnosisisadeathsentence.

1.A.L.S.isadiseasethat（）.

2.JulesLodish（）.

3.AllthefollowingarepossiblereasonswhythepatientswithA.L.S.canliveabetterlifeEXCEPT

（）.

4.Dr.LodishmanagestolivewithA.L.S.mainlybecausehe（）.

5.WhichofthefollowingtasksisNOTundertakenbyDr.JulesLodish?

问题1选项

A.causespeopletoparalyzeinstantly

B.makeseverymusclestopmovinggradually

C.ishighlycontagiousintheUnitedStates

D.isgeneticallydeterminedandcannotbecured

问题2选项

A.wantstocommitsuicide

B.supportsanOregonlaw

C.determinedtolivelonger

D.isbecomingunconscious

问题3选项

A.theyhaveinsurancethatcoversnursingandmedicalcare

B.theyhaveasenseofhavingunfinishedbusiness

C.theyhavestrongreligiousbeliefsthathelpsustainthem

D.theyhavegotastrongmentalsupportfrompeoplearound

问题4选项

A.ishavingexperthelp

B.knowshowtocopewiththedisease

C.iswell-equippedwithadvanceddevices

D.oftencommunicateswithotherpeople

问题5选项

A.Treatingalotofcancerpatients.

B.Devisinghisowntreatmentplan.

C.Providingmedicalconsultation.

D.Communicatingwithmanypeople.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:D

第5题:A

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“A.L.S,progressive,paralyzingdisease,havestillednearlyeverymuscle（A.L.S是一种渐进性的麻痹性疾病，几乎使每一块肌肉都停止活动）”和第二段“A.L.S.orLouGehrig’sdisease,isoftendescribedasakindoflivingdeathin,whichthebodygoesflaccidwhilemindremainsintactandacutelyaware.（肌萎缩性侧索硬化症或卢伽雷氏症，常被描述为一种活死人。身体会变得松弛，而头脑却保持完整和敏锐的意识。）”，由此可推断出肌萎缩性侧索硬化症使肌肉病变会有一个循序渐进的过程。A选项“使人立即瘫痪”说法错误；B选项“使每一块肌肉逐渐停止活动”符合题意；C选项“在美国是高度传染性的”和D选项“是由基因决定的，不能治愈”文章都没有提到。因此B选项正确。

2.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第一段“Butwhenpeopleaskhimhowhefeelsabouthislife,Dr.Lodish,hiseyesexpressingtheintensitydeniedtohisbody,responds:Istilllookforwardtoday.（但当人们问洛迪什对自己的生活有何感想时，他的眼神流露出了身体所没有的那种强烈感，他回答说：我仍然期待着。）”和第四段“lessisknownaboutthosepatientswhowanttolive,andlikeDr.Lodish,willgotoextraordinarylengthstodoso.（但对于那些像洛迪什医生一样想要活下去的病人，人们却知之甚少。）”，由此可推断出Dr.Lodish虽然被肌肉萎缩性侧索硬化症折磨，但他仍不失积极乐观的心态，对生活充满期待，决定好好生活与病魔抗争到底。A选项“想自杀”说法错误；B选项“支持俄勒冈州一项（允许医生协助自杀的）法律”文章没有提到；C选项“决心活得更长”符合题意；D选项“正在变得失去意识”说法错误。因此C选项正确。

3.细节事实题。根据题干可定位到文章第八段“What