考研考博-英语-临汾职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-临汾职业技术学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Britainhas（）trialsofdriverlesscarsinfourEnglishcities,withthegovernmentclaimingthenationwasuniquelyplacedtoleadthedevelopmentofthenewtechnology.

问题1选项

A.launched

B.surged

C.prevailed

D.yielded

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项launched表示“发起，开展，启动，发射”；B选项surged表示“汹涌，蜂拥而来”；C选项prevailed表示“流行”；D选项yielded表示“产出，屈服，放弃”。空缺处所缺内容为动词，且需搭配宾语trialsofdriverlesscars，由此可知，只有A选项launched最符合句意，表示“开展无人驾驶试验”。故本题正确答案为A选项。

2.单选题

Itwasacold,rainyandwhollymiserableafternooninWashington,andahotmuggynightinMiami.ItwasSunday,andthreegameswereplayedinthetwocities.Thepeopleplayingthemandthepeoplewatchingthemtellusmuchabouttheever-changingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates.

ProfessionalfootballintheUnitedStatesisalmostwhollyplayedbynative-bornAmericancitizens,mostlyverylargeandverystrong,manyofthemblack,itisagameofphysicalstrength.Linemenroutinelyweighmorethan300pounds.Playersarevaluedfortheirweighandmuscles,forhowfasttheycanrun,andhowhardtheycanhiteachother.Footballdrawsthebiggestcrowds,buttheteamsplayonlyonceaweek,becausetheygetsobattered.

The67.204fanswereinMiamiforthefinalgameofthebaseballWorldSeries.BaseballwasonceAmerica'sfavoritegame,buthaslostthatclaimtobasketball.

Baseballisagamethatrequiresstrength,butnothugeness.Agility,quickness,perfectvisionandquickreactionaremoreimportantthanpurestrength.BaseballwasonceapurelyAmericangame,buthasspreadaroundmuchoftheNewWorld.InthatSunday'sfinal,thefinalhitoftheextrainninggamewasdeliveredbyanativeofColumbia.TheMostValuablePlayerinthegamewasanativeofColumbia.Therostersofbothteamswereawashwith

Hispanicnames,asisMiami,whichnowclaimstheWorldChampionshipisagamethatmaybelosingpopularityinAmerica,buthasgaineditinmuchoftherestoftheworld.BaseballinAmericahastakenonastrongHispanicflavor,withadashofJapaneseaddedforseasoning.

Soccer,whichmanycountriesjustcallfootball,isthemostwidelyenjoyedsportintheworld.Insoccer,whichmanycountriesjustcallfootball,theethnictidehasbeenthereverseofbaseball.Untilrecently,professionalsoccerintheUnitedStateshaslargelybeenanimport,playedbysouthAmericansandEuropeans.Now,Americancitizensinlargenumbersarefinallytakingupthemostpopulargameintheworld.

Basketball,anAmericaninventionincreasinglyplayedaroundtheworld,thesedaysdrawslargecrowdsbackhome.Likewise,hockey,agamelargelyimportedtotheUnitedStatesfromneighboringCanada.Lacrosse,aversionofwhichwasplayedbyNativeAmericansbeforetheEuropeansarrived,isalsogainingakeennationalfollowing.

SportsofallkindsarewinningsupportfromAmericanarmchairenthusiastsfromavarietyofethnicbackgrounds.

1.Whichofthefollowingcatreflecttheever-changingethnicstructureofAmerica?

2.WhoplayprofessionalfootballintheUnitedStates?

3.WhatisAmerica’sfavoritegame?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsocceristrue?

5.Theauthorofthepassagewantstotellusthat（

）.

问题1选项

A.Sportsman.

B.Audience.

C.Bothofthem.

D.Noneofthem.

问题2选项

A.Native-bornAmericancitizens.

B.Europeans.

C.SouthAmericans.

D.BothBandC.

问题3选项

A.Baseball.

B.Basketball.

C.Professionalfootball.

D.Soccer.

问题4选项

A.Insoccerandbasketball,theethnictideisdifferent.

B.Untilrecently,soccerbecomesanimportantgame,somanynativeAmericansplayit.

C.Itisthemostpopulargameintheworld,somanyAmericancitizenstakeupit.

D.Althoughsocceristhemostpopulargameintheworld,Americancitizensinlargenumbersdonotlikefirst.

问题5选项

A.AmericanslikesportsandsportsrevealmuchaboutthechangingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates

B.InWashington,severalgamesareplayedinoneday

C.Americanslikeallkindsofgames

D.TheAmericangamesarewatchedbynative-Americansandplayedbypeoplefromdifferentcountries

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.文章第一段第二句话thepeopleplayingthemandthepeoplewatchingthemtellusmuchabouttheever-changingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates提到通过参加比赛的运动员还有观看比赛的观反映出美国种族结构的变化，选项C符合题意。

2.文章第二段第一句ProfessionalfootballintheUnitedStatesisalmostwhollyplayedbynative-bornAmericancitizens,提到职业的足球运动员都是土生土长的美国人，选项A符合题意。

3.文章第五段讲述了职业足球运动员主要是南美人和欧洲人，而最近美国本地人也终于喜欢踢足球了（Now,Americancitizensinlargenumbersarefinallytakingupthemostpopulargameintheworld），选项D符合题意。

4.文章第五段最后两句Untilrecently,professionalsoccerintheUnitedStateshaslargelybeenanimport,playedbysouthAmericansandEuropeans.Now,Americancitizensinlargenumbersarefinallytakingupthemostpopulargameintheworld提到美国的职业足球一般都是南美人和欧洲人，而现在大部分美国人终于开始喜欢足球。选项B符合题意。

5.文章第一段就指出了全文的主旨，那就是体育运动反映出了美国不断变化的种族结构（Thepeopleplayingthemandthepeoplewatchingthemtellusmuchabouttheever-changingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates），其他段落的内容通过选择不同种类的运动来说明这个观点。选项A符合题意。

3.单选题

Yes,it’sahackneyedphrase,butpoliticsistheartofthepossible.

问题1选项

A.trite

B.haggard

C.poundage

D.sighted

【答案】A

【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。A选项trite“陈腐的，平庸的，老一套的”；B选项haggard“憔悴的，野性的，（鹰）未驯服的”；C选项poundage“按每磅收取的手续费或税金，磅重总数”；D选项sighted“有视力的，不盲的”。句意：是的，这是一个陈词滥调，但政治是可能的艺术。Hackneyed“陈腐的，平庸的”，A选项与该词意思最相近，因此A选项正确。

4.单选题

Betweenabout1910and1930,newartisticmovementsinEuropeanartweremakingthemselvesfeltintheUnitedStates.AmericanartistsbecameacquaintedwiththenewaltontheirtripstoParisandattheexhibitionsinthefamousNewYorkgalleryb291t（namedafteritsaddressonFifthAvenue）ofthephotographerMiredStieglitz.ButmostimportantinthespreadofthemodernmovementsintheUnitedStateswasthesensationalArmoryShowof1913heldinNewYork,inwhichtheworksofmanyoftheleadingEuropeanartistswereseenalongwiththeworksofanumberofprogressiveAmericanpainters.

SeveraloftheAmericanmodernistswhowereinfluencedbytheArmoryShowfoundtheurbanLandscape,especiallyNewYork,anappealingsubject.Comparedwiththeworksoftherealistpainters,theworksofAmericanmodernistsweremuchfurtherremovedfromtheactualappearanceofthecity;theyweremoreinterestedinthe“feel”ofthecity，moreconcernedwiththemeaningbehindappearance.However,boththepaintersofthe“AshCanSchool”andthelaterrealistswerestilltiedtonineteenth-centuryorearlierstyles,whiletheearlymodernistssharedintheinternationalbreakthroughsoftheartofthetwentiethcentury.

ThegreatestofthesebreakthroughswasCubism,developedmostfullyinFrancebetween1907and1914,whichbroughtaboutamajorrevolutioninWesternpainting.ItoverturnedtherationaltraditionthathadbeenbuiltuponsincetheRenaissance,InCubism,naturalformswerebrokendownanalyticallyintogeometricshapes.Nolongerwasacleardifferentiationmadebetweenthefigureandthebackgroundofapainting;theobjectsrepresentedandthesurfaceonwhichtheywerepaintedbecameone.TheCubistsabandonedtheconventionalsinglevantagepointoftheviewer,andobjectsdepictedfrommultipleviewpointswereshownatthesametime.

1.Withwhattopicisthepassageprimarilyconcerned?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatEuropeanarttrendsprobablyaffectedUnitedStatesartmostduringwhichofthefollowingyears?

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasameansthroughwhichAmericanartistslearnedaboutnewmovements?

4.WhydoestheauthormentionAlfredStieglitz?

5.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingwasafavoritesubjectforAmericanmodernists?

问题1选项

A.ThedevelopmentofCubism.

B.ModernartmovementsintheUnitedSates.

C.ContemporaryartistsintheUnitedStates.

D.Theinfluenceofphotographyonlandscapepainters.

问题2选项

A.1901

B.1908

C.1913

D.1936

问题3选项

A.Lessonsfromsuccessfulartists.

B.Theexhibitionsatthegallery“291”.

C.TripstoEurope.

D.TheArmoryShowof1913.

问题4选项

A.Todemonstratethatphotographywasthemajorinfluenceinmodernart.

B.Tocomparehimtootherartistsofthetime.

C.Topointoutthatmanyartistlearnedtheircraftbystudyingwithhim.

D.Togiveanexampleofsomeonewhohadaninfluenceonmodernart.

问题5选项

A.Portraitsoffamouspeople.

B.Countryscenes.

C.Picturesofbuildings'interiors.

D.Citylandscapes.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.本文第一句话就点明了“从1910年到1930年，欧洲艺术的新运动开始在美国产生影响。”本文主要讲述了现代艺术运动在美国的兴起到高潮，从纽约画廊的启发到立体派的重大突破，都是围绕美国的现代艺术运动而展开的，故本文的主题就是美国的现代艺术运动。故B项正确。

.2主旨大意题。由第一段“ButmostimportantinthespreadofthemodernmovementsintheUnitedStateswasthesensationalArmoryShowof1913heldinNewYork,inwhichtheworksofmanyoftheleadingEuropeanartistswereseenalongwiththeworksofanumberofprogressiveAmericanpainters.但是，对美国现代运动的传播最重要的是1913年在纽约举行的轰动一时的军械库展览，在这次展览中，许多欧洲著名艺术家的作品和一些进步的美国画家的作品一起展出。可知影响最大的是发生在1913年的军械库展览。故C项正确。

3.推理判断题。由第一段AmericanartistsbecameacquaintedwiththenewaltontheirtripstoParisandattheexhibitionsinthefamousNewYorkgalleryb291t(namedafteritsaddressonFifthAvenue)ofthephotographerMiredStieglitz.美国艺术家在去巴黎的旅行中，在纽约著名的b291t画廊(以第五大道的地址命名)举办的摄影家Stieglitz的展览中，开始了解这种新的艺术。可知BC两项在文中有都有提及；D项在“ButmostimportantinthespreadofthemodernmovementsintheUnitedStateswasthesensationalArmoryShowof1913heldinNewYork,但是，对现代运动在美国的传播最重要的是1913年在纽约举行的轰动一时的军械库展览”有提及。故只有A项没提到。

4.推理判断题。由题干关键词AlfredStieglitz定位到第一段AmericanartistsbecameacquaintedwiththenewaltontheirtripstoParisandattheexhibitionsinthefamousNewYorkgalleryb291t(namedafteritsaddressonFifthAvenue)ofthephotographerMiredStieglitz.美国艺术家在去巴黎的旅行中，在纽约著名的b291t画廊(以第五大道的地址命名)举办的摄影家Stieglitz的展览中，开始了解这种新的艺术。可知AlfredStieglitz是纽约画廊的摄影师，他是影响现代艺术运动的摄影家之一。故D项“举一个对现代艺术有影响的人的例子”正确。

5.细节事实题。由第二段SeveraloftheAmericanmodernistswhowereinfluencedbytheArmoryShowfoundtheurbanLandscape,especiallyNewYork,anappealingsubject.一些受军械库展览影响的美国现代主义者发现城市景观，尤其是纽约，是一个吸引人的主题。可知D项“城市风景”是美国现代主义者喜欢的主题。

5.单选题

InRomantimes,defeatedenemiesweregenerallyputtodeathascriminalsforhavingoffendedtheemperorofRome.Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.Thoughsomesawthiscustomasasteptowardsamorehumanesociety,theprimaryreasonsbehinditwereeconomicratherthanhumanitarian.

Inthosetimes,rulershadonlyalimitedabilitytoraisetaxes.Theycouldneitherforcetheirsubjectstofightnorpaythemtodoso.Thepromiseofmaterialcompensationintheformofgoodsandransomwasthereforetheonlywayofinducingcombatantstoparticipateinawar.Inthemiddleages,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.Althoughcollectingransomclearlybroughtfinancialgain,keepingaprisonerandarrangingforhisexchangehaditscosts.Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.

Onesuchdevicewasaruleassertingthattheprisonerhadtoassesshisownvalue.Thiscompelledtheprisonertoestablishavaluewithoutmuchdistortion;indicatingtoolowavaluewouldincreasethecaptive’schancesofbeingkilled,whileindicatingtoohighavaluewouldeitherrushhimfinanciallyorcreateaprohibitivelyexpensiveransomthatwouldalsoresultindeath.

Asecondmeansofreducingcostswasthepracticeofreleasingaprisoneronhiswordofhonor.Thisprocedurewasadvantageoustobothpartiessincethecaptorwasrelievedoftheexpenseofkeepingtheprisonerwhilethecaptivehadfreedomofmovement.Thecaptoralsobenefitedfinanciallybyhavinghiscaptiveraisetheransomhimself.This“parole”wasaviablepracticesincethereleasedprisonerriskedrecaptureorretaliationagainsthisfamily.Moreover,inmedievalsociety,breakingone’swordhadseriousconsequences.When,forexample,KingFrancoisIbrokehiswordtotheEmperorCharlesVin1525,hisreputationsufferedimmensely.

Afindmethodofreducingcostswastheuseofspecializedinstitutionstoestablishcontactbetweenthetwoparties.Twotypesofinstitutionsemerged:professionaldealerswhoactedasbrokers,andmembersofreligiousorderswhoactedasneutralintermediaries.Dealersadvancedmoneyfortheransomandchargedinterestontheloan.TwoofthereligiousordersthatbecameintermediariesweretheMercedariansandtheTrinitarians,whobetweenthemarrangedtheransomofnearlyonemillionprisoners.

61.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.

62.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatamedievalsoldier______.

63.Intheauthor’sopinion,asoldier’sdecisiontospareanadversary’slifebelinkedhistoricallyto______.

64.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprocessofarrangingransomsduringmedievaltimeswas______.

65.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.discusstheeconomicbasisofthemedievalpracticeofexchangingprisonersforransom

B.examinethehistoryofthetreatmentofprisonersofwar

C.emphasizetheimportanceofawarrior’swordofhonorduringtheMiddleAges

D.explorethreewaysofreducingthecostsofransom

问题2选项

A.hadfeweconomicoptionsandchosetofightbecauseitwastheonlywayto

B.wassimilartoa20th-centuryterroristinthatheoperatedonabasicallyindependentlevelandwasmotivatedsolelybyeconomicincentives

C.waslesslikelytokillcapturedmembersofopposingarmiesthanwasasoldieroftheRomanEmpire

D.wasmotivatedtospareprisonerslivesbyhumanitarianratherthaneconomicideals

问题3选项

A.theeconomicrelationshipofthewarringstates

B.theeconomicgainfromtakinganenemyprisonerratherthankillinghimincombat

C.thecasewithwhichasoldiercouldcaptureandsubsequentlyimprisonhisenemy

D.technologicaladvancesinweaponry

问题4选项

A.morelucrativeformedievalsoldiersandkingsthanthewinningofspoils

B.aproceduresocostlythatitwasnoteconomicallyworthwhileforthecaptors

C.futileforthecaptivesincelieriskedrecaptureevenafterhisransomwaspaid

D.apotentialsourceofincomeforothersasidefromthecaptorsoftheprisoners

问题5选项

A.Anassertionismade,brieflyexplained,andthenseveralexamplesthatrefutetheassertionaregiven.

B.Ahistoricalanalysisismadeofaphenomenonandsupportingdetailsareoffered.

C.Ahypothesisisoffered,carefullyqualified,andthensupportingdataisanalyzed.

D.Agenerallyacceptedhistoricalviewpointispresentedinordertointroducediscussionofitsstrengthsandlimitations.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】61.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“文章的主要目的是……”。文章第一段提到InRomantimes,defeatedenemiesweregenerallyputtodeathascriminalsforhavingoffendedtheemperorofRome.Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.Thoughsomesawthiscustomasasteptowardsamorehumanesociety,theprimaryreasonsbehinditwereeconomicratherthanhumanitarian.（在罗马时代，被打败的敌人通常会因为冒犯了罗马皇帝而被当作罪犯处死。然而，在中世纪，赎回或遣返囚犯以换取金钱的做法变得普遍起来。尽管有些人认为这一习俗是迈向更人道社会的一步，但其背后的主要原因是经济而非人道主义。），接着全篇都是在描述中世纪拿战俘换取金钱这一行为，可知文章的主要目的是讨论中世纪统治者拿战俘换取金钱这一行为的经济基础，故A项“讨论中世纪交换囚犯换取赎金的经济基础”符合题意。B项“研究战俘待遇的历史”和C项“在中世纪强调战士的荣誉承诺的重要性”，都只是在文章中有稍微提到，比较片面；D项“探索三种降低赎金成本的方法”，根据第二段倒数两句Althoughcollectingransomclearlybroughtfinancialgain,keepingaprisonerandarrangingforhisexchangehaditscosts.Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.（虽然收集赎金显然带来了经济利益，但关押和安排交换囚犯是有代价的。因此，制定了若干程序以减少交易成本。），由此可知，降低交易成本只是统治者为了能够获得最大的经济利益，是讨论统治者拿战俘换取金钱这一行为的一部分内容，D项概括不够全面。故该题选A。

62.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据文章可以推断中世纪的士兵……”。根据第二段第四句Inthemiddleages,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.（在中世纪，每个士兵参加战争的主要动机是对战利品的期望）可知中世纪士兵是为了获得战利品而去战斗，因为中世纪战俘可以换赎金，所以一般不会像罗马时期一样杀死战俘，故C项“他比罗马帝国的士兵更不可能杀死被敌军俘虏的士兵”符合题意；A项“没有什么经济选择，所以选择战斗，因为这是唯一的办法”，第二段第三句提到Thepromiseofmaterialcompensationintheformofgoodsandransomwasthereforetheonlywayofinducingcombatantstoparticipateinawar.（以货物和赎金形式提供物质补偿的承诺是诱使战斗人员参加战争的唯一办法）可知，让士兵参加战斗的唯一办法是承诺以货物和赎金形式提供物质补偿，所以A项错误；B项“类似于20世纪的恐怖分子，他基本上是独立运作的，只受经济动机的驱使”，全文作者没有将中世纪的士兵与现代的恐怖主义作比较，故不选B；D项“是出于人道主义而不是经济理想来拯救囚犯的生命”，释放战俘是为了获得赎金，而不是人道主义，所以D项也不选。故该题选C。

63.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“在作者看来，一名士兵决定宽恕敌人的生命历史上是与……有关”。根据第一段的第二句话Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.（然而，在中世纪，赎回或遣返囚犯以换取金钱的做法变得普遍起来），我们可以知道战士不杀死战俘的原因是为了赎金；这是个人经济动力驱使，所以B项“在战斗中俘虏敌人而不是杀死他所获得的经济收益”符合题意。A项“战国的经济关系”，文章没有提到罗马帝国和战国的经济关系；C项“一名士兵可以捕获并监禁他的敌人的情况”这不是士兵会宽恕敌人的生命的原因，最终是为了获得赎金；D项“武器装备技术进步”文章也未提到；故该题选B。

64.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从文章中可以推断出中世纪安排赎金的过程是……”。根据第二段第四句IntheMiddleAges,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.（在中世纪，每个士兵参加战争的主要动机是对战利品的期望）可知，士兵的最大动力是战利品，而俘虏战俘换取赎金只是另外一种收入，因为关押战俘需要成本，所以A项“对中世纪的士兵和国王来说，比赢得战利品更有利可图”不选；B项“这个程序太昂贵以至于对绑架者来说在经济上不划算”，第二段最后一句有提到Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.（因此，制定了若干程序以减少交易成本），由此可知，他们采取了降低成本的方法，所以B项错误；C项“对俘虏来说是徒劳无功的，因为即使在他支付了赎金之后，他仍然冒着被抓回的危险”，题干说的是俘虏者而不是被俘虏者，与题干无关，故C项不选；D项“除了俘虏者之外，其他人的潜在收入来源”，文中提到因为关押和安排交换囚犯是有代价，所以制定了若干程序减少成本，其中就提到了“假释”囚犯和利用专门机构在双方之间建立联系，这是除了俘虏者外，其他人的潜在经济收入，所以D项符合。故该题选D。

65.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】文章主旨题。题干意思是“下列哪个选项最好地描述了这篇文章的组织结构？”。全文就是针对中世纪的拿战俘换取赎金的现象进行分析，并给出了细致的流程说明来支持这个分析，B项“对一种现象进行历史分析，并提供支持细节”符合。A项“给出一个断言，简要解释，然后给出几个反驳该断言的例子”文中不是用实例来驳斥论点，A项不选；C项“提出一个假设，仔细确认，然后分析支持数据”，战俘换取赎金的现象是历史存在过的，不是一种推论，所以不选C项；D项“一个被普遍接受的历史观点是为了引入对其优势和局限性的讨论”，文章也没有谈论这个历史事实的优缺点，D项错误；故该题选B。

6.单选题

Whenmusingoncitiesovertimeandinourtime,fromthefirst(wheneveritwas)totoday,wemustalwaysrememberthatcitiesareartifacts.Forests,jungles,deserts,plains,oceans—theorganicenvironmentisbornanddiesandisrebornendlessly,beautifully,andcompletelywithoutmoralconstraintorethicalcontrol.Butcities—despitethemetaphorsthatweapplytothemfrombiologyornature(“Thecitydieswhenindustryflees”;“Theneighborhoodsarethevitalcellsoftheurbanorganism”),despitethesentimentaloranthropomorphicdevicesweusedtodescribecities—areartificial.Naturehasnevermadeacity,andwhatNaturemakesthatmayseemlikeacity—ananthill,forinstance—onlyseemslikeone.Itisnotacity.

Humanbeingsmadeandmakecities,andonlyhumanbeingskillcities,orletthemdie.Andhumanbeingsdoboth—makecitiesandunmakethem—bythesamemeans:byactsofchoice.Weenjoydeludingourselvesinthisasinotherthings.Weenjoybelievingthatthereareforcesouttherecompletelydeterminingourfate,naturalforces—orforcessostrongandoverwhelmingastobelikenaturalforces—thatsendcitiesthroughorganicorbiologicalphasesofbirth,growth,anddecay.Weavoidtheknowledgethatcitiesareatbestworksofart,andatworstungainlyartifacts—butneverflowersorevenweeds—andthatwe,notsomemysteriousforceorcosmicbiologicalsystem,controlthecreationandlifeofacity.

Wecontrolthecreationandlifeofacitybythechoicesandagreementswemake—thebasicchoicebeing,forinstance,nottolivealone,thebasicagreementbeingtolivetogether.Whenpeoplechoosetosettle,likethestarts,notwanderlikethemoon,theycreatecitiesassitesandsymbolsoftheirchoicetostopandtheiragreementnottoseparate.Nowstasisandproximity,notmovementdistance,definehumanrelationships.Mutualdefense,controlofariverorharbor,shelterfromnaturalforces—alltheseandotherreasonsmayleadpeopletoaggregate,butoncecongregated,theythenlivedifferentlyandbecomedifferent.

Acityisnotanextendedfamily.Thatisatribeorclan.Acityisacollectionofdisparatefamilieswhoagreetofunction:Theyagreetoliveasiftheywereascloseinbloodortiesofkinshipastheyareinphysicalproximity.Choosinglifeinanartifact,peopleagreetoliveinastateofsimilitude.Acityisaplacewheretiesofconsiderablepact,acity.Ifafamilyisanexpressionofcontinuitythroughbiology,acityisanexpressionofcontinuitythroughwillandimagination—throughmentalchoicesmakingartifice,notthroughphysicalreproduction.

21.Theauthor’spurposeisprimarilyto______.

22.Theauthorcitesthesentence“Theneighborhoodsarethevitalcellsoftheurbanorganism”(Paragraph1)as______.

23.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthestatementsquotedin“Thecitydieswhenindustryflees”;“Theneighborhoodsarethevitalcellsoftheurbanorganism”inParagraph1is______.

24.Accordingtothispassage,whyisananthillbydefinitionunlikeacity?

25.Mutualdefense,controlofwaterways,andshelterfromtheforcesofnaturearepresentedprimarilyanexampleofmotivesforpeopleto______.

问题1选项

A.identifythesourcesofpopulardiscontentwithcities

B.definethecityasgrowingoutofasocialcontract

C.illustratethedifferencebetweencitiesandvillages

D.comparecitieswithbloodfamilies

问题2选项

A.anexampleofonetypeoffigurativelanguages

B.asimplestatementofscientificfact

C.amomentarydigressionfromhiscentralthesis

D.aparadoxwithironicimplications

问题3选项

A.respectful

B.ambivalent

C.skeptical

D.approving

问题4选项

A.Itcanbecasuallydestroyedbyhumanbeings.

B.Itsinhabitantsoutnumbertheinhabitantsofeventhelargestcity.

C.Itisaworkofinstinctratherthanofimagination.

D.Itexistsonafarsmallerscalethananycitydoes.

问题5选项

A.moveawayfromtheirenemies

B.gathertogetherinsettlements

C.welcomehelpfromtheirkinfolk

D.redefinetheirfamilyrelationships

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】21.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“作者的主要目的是……”。定位文章第一句Whenmusingoncitiesovertimeandinourtime,fromthefirst(wheneveritwas)totoday,wemustalwaysrememberthatcitiesareartifacts.（当我们从过去和现在的时代、从最初到今天来思考城市时，我们必须永远记住，城市是人工制品）可知，文章开头先指出城市是人造艺术品，随后两段描述了人类是如何通过选择和约定控制城市的创造和生活，最后总结城市是一个有着契约的地方，定位文章倒数第二句Acityisaplacewheretiesofconsiderablepact,acity.（城市是一个有着重大契约的城市），所以这篇文章的作者的主要目的是定义城市为社会契约中成长起来的地方，B项“将城市定义为在社会契约中成长起来的城市”正确。A项“找出民众对城市不满的根源”，文中没有提到人类对城市的不满，该项属于无中生有。C项“说明城市和乡村之间的差异”也是无中生有，原文并未比较这两个的差异。D项“比较城市与血亲家庭”曲解原文，原文只是用血亲家庭来描述城市的特点。因此，该题选择B项。

22.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“作者在第一段中引用了‘社区是城市有机体的重要细胞’，作为……”。定位到第一段第三句Butcities—despitethemetaphorsthatweapplytothemfrombiologyornature(…“Theneighborhoodsarethevitalcellsoftheurbanorganism”)…—areartificial.（尽管我们从生物学或自然角度对其进行比喻：社区是城市有机体的重要细胞，但是，城市还是人造的），句子中提到了metaphor，作者从生物学角度引用比喻来描述城市，所以A项“一种比喻性语言的一个例子”正确。B项“科学事实的简单陈述”和C项“中心论点暂时的离题”属于无中生有，这并不是一个科学事实，也没有离题。D项“一个具有讽刺意味的悖论”属于曲解原文，文中并没有提到悖论。因此，该题选择A项。

23.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“作者在第一段中引用‘当工业逃离时，城市就会消亡；社区是城市有机体的重要细胞’时，陈述的态度是……”。定位到第三句Butcities—despitethemetaphorsthatweapplytothemfrombiologyornature(“Thecitydieswhenindustryflees”;“Theneighborhoodsarethevitalcellsoftheurbanorganism”),despitethesentimentaloranthropomorphicdevicesweusedtodescribecities—areartificial.（但是城市是人造的，尽管我们从生物学或自然角度对其进行比喻：当工业逃离时，城市就会消亡；社区是城市有机体的重要细胞；或者尽管我们用感伤的或拟人化的手段来描述城市）可知，尽管从生物学或自然学角度来比喻，或者用拟人化的手段来描述城市，试图让城市和自然联系在一起，但是城市依旧是人造的，这是一种矛盾的想法，所以B项“矛盾的”符合题意。A项“有礼貌的”、C项“持怀疑态度的”和D项“赞成的”都不正确，属于曲解原文。因此，该题选择B项。

24.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“根据这篇文章，为什么蚁丘的定义不同于城市？”。根据题干定位到第一段倒数第二句Naturehasnevermadeacity,andwhatNaturemakesthatmayseemlikeacity—ananthill,forinstance—onlyseemslikeone.（大自然从未创造过城市，而大自然创造的城市可能看起来像一座城市，比如一座蚁丘，但它只是看起来像一座城市）可知，蚁丘虽然看起来是个城市，但其实并不是城市；结合第一段第一句提到的wemustalwaysrememberthatcitiesareartifacts（我们必须永远记住城市是人工制品），可以推断蚁丘和城市的区别在于一个是自然的本能，一个是人工创造，C项“这是本能的工作，而不是想象力”符合题意。A项“它可以被人类随意摧毁”，城市也只有人类才能毁灭，该项曲解原文。B项“它的居民数量甚至超过最大城市的居民”和D项“它的规模比任何城市都小得多”没有提到，属于无中生有。因此，该题选择C项。

25.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】事实细节题。题干意思是“共同防御，控制水道，躲避自然的力量，这些都是人们……的主要动机”。定位到倒数第二段最后一句Mutualdefense,controlofariverorharbor,shelterfromnaturalforces—alltheseandotherreasonsmayleadpeopletoaggregate,butoncecongregated,theythenlivedifferentlyandbecomedifferent.（共同防御、控制河流或港口、躲避自然力量，所有这些和其他原因可能导致人们聚集，但一旦聚集，他们的生活方式就不同了，也变得不同了）可知，人们做这些事情的原因是聚集在一起，其中提到了两个词，aggregate和congregated，相当于gathertogether，所以B项“聚集在定居点”正确。A项“远离他们的敌人”和C项“欢迎亲戚的帮助”没有提到，属于无中生有。定位最后一段第一句Acityisnotanextendedfamily.（一个城市不是一个大家庭）可知，城市并不是一个大家庭，所以人们做这些事情并不是为了重新定义家庭关系，D项“重新定义他们的家庭关系”为反向干扰。因此，该题选择B项。

7.单选题

Obesitygenerallyisdefinedasanaccumulationoffat(adiposetissue)beyondwhatisconsiderednormalforaperson’sage,sex,andbodytype.Intoday’ssocietyobesityisconsideredasadisease,notamoralfailing.Itoccurswhenenergyintakeexceedstheamountofenergyexpendedovertime.Onlyinasmallminorityofcasesisobesitycausedbysuchillnessesashypothyroidism,ortheresultoftakingmedications,suchassteroids,thatcancauseweightgain.

Themoreapersonweighs,themorebloodvesselsthebodyneedstocirculatebloodthroughoutthebody.Thehearttakesonaheavyburdenasithastopumphardertoforcethebloodflowthroughsomanyvessels.Asaresult,theheartgrowsinsizeandbloodpressuretendstorise.Obesityisalsoafactorinosteoarthritis(becauseoftheextraweightplacedonjoints),gout,boneandjointdiseases(includingrupturedintervertebraldiscs),varicoseveins,respiratoryailments,gallbladderdisease,complicationsduringpregnancyanddelivery,andhigheraccidentaldeathrate.

Obesitycanalterhormonelevels,affectimmunefunction,andcauseimpotenceinmenandreproductiveproblemsinwomen.Womenwhoare30%overweightaretwiceaslikelytodieofendometrialcancer,andthosewhoare40%overweighthavefourtimestherisk.Obesewomenalsoaremorelikelytoincurcancersofthebreast,cervix,ovaries,andgallbladder.Obesemenaremorelikelytodevelopcancersoftherectum,colon,esophagus,bladder,pancreas,stomach,andprostate.

Obesitycanalsocausepsychologicalproblems.Sufferersareassociatedwithlaziness,failure,orinadequatewillpower.Asaresult,overweightmenandwomenblamethemselvesforbeingheavy,thuscausingfeelingsofguiltanddepression.

ScientificevidencehasfoundanassociationbetweenMBI(body-massindex)andhigherdeathrates.However,therelativeriskofbeingheavydeclineswithage.Someresearchershavefoundthatdatalinkingoverweightanddeathareinconclusive,whileotherresearchershavefoundthatlosingweigh