考研考博-英语-四川卫生康复职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-四川卫生康复职业学院考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Atsomedeeperlevel,wemaystillinstinctively____thekindofheroicbehaviorweclaimisforeigntous.

问题1选项

A.exaggerate

B.idealize

C.idolize

D.ignore

【答案】D

【解析】考查上下文语义。A选项exaggerate“夸张”；B选项idealize“理想化”；C选项idolize“极端崇拜”；D选项ignore“忽视”。句意：在更深层次上，我们可能仍然本能地____某种英雄行为，我们声称这种行为对我们来说是陌生的。根据“我们声称这种行为对我们来说是陌生的”推断，我们应该是熟悉这种行为，但却说陌生，D选项ignore“忽视”最符合句意。因此，本题最佳选项为D。

2.单选题

Thesegoodsare（）forexport,thoughafewofthemmaybesoldonthehomemarket.

问题1选项

A.essentially

B.completely

C.necessarily

D.remarkably

【答案】A

【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A选项essentially“基本地”；B选项completely“完全地”；C选项necessarily“必要地”；D选项remarkably“显著地”。句意：这些货物主要用于出口，但也有一些可能在国内市场销售。本句表示货物基本上用于出口，部分在国内销售。因此A选项正确。

3.单选题

Sleepisveryancient.Intheelectroencephalographicsenseweshareitwithalltheprimatesandalmostalltheothermammalsandbirds:itmayextendbackfarasthereptiles.

Thereissomeevidencethatthetwotypesofsleep,dreaminganddreamless,dependonthelife-styleoftheanimal,andthatpredatorsarestatisticallymuchmorelikelytodreamthanprey,whichareinturnmuchmorelikelytoexperiencedreamlesssleep.Indreamsleep,theanimalispowerfullyimmobilizedandremarkablyunresponsivetoexternalstimuli.Dreamlesssleepismuchshallower,andwehaveallwitnessedcastordogscockingtheirearstoasoundwhenapparentlyfastasleep.Thefactthatdeepdreamsleepisrareamongpreytodayseemsclearlytobeaproductofnaturalselection,anditmakessensethattoday,whensleepishighlyevolved,thestupidanimalsarelessfrequentlyimmobilizedbydeepsleepthanthesmartones.Butwhyshouldtheysleepdeeplyatall?Whyshouldastateofsuchdeepimmobilizationeverhaveevolved?

Perhapsoneusefulhintabouttheoriginalfunctionofsleepistobefoundinthefactthatdolphinsandwhalesandaquaticmammalsingeneralseemtosleepverylittle.Thereis,byandlarge,noplacetohideintheocean.Coulditbethat,ratherthanincreasingananimal’svulnerability,thefunctionofsleepistodecreaseit?WilesWebboftheUniversityofFloridaandRayMeddisofLondonUniversityhassuggestedthistobethecase.Itisconceivablethatanimalswhoaretoostupidtobequietontheirowninitiativeare,duringperiodsofhighrisk,immobilizedbytheimplacablearmofsleep.Thepointseemsparticularlyclearfortheyoungofpredatoryanimals.Thisisaninterestingnotionandprobablyatleastpartlytrue.

1.Accordingtothepassage,thephenomenonofsleepiscommontowhichofthefollowinggroupsoflivingbeings?

2.Theauthorstatesthatduringdreamsleep,theanimalsleeps（

）.

3.Theauthorsuggeststhat,becausetherearenohidingplacesintheoceans,whalesanddolphins

（

）.

4.Theauthorimpliesthat,iftheydidnotsleep,babiesofhuntinganimalsmight（

）.

问题1选项

A.All-ancientanimals.

B.Primatesonly.

C.Four-fooledbeastsonly.

D.Mostmammalsandbirds

问题2选项

A.withoutmoving

B.shallowly

C.intermittently

D.onitsside

问题3选项

A.sleeponlywhentheyareveryyoung

B.cannotaffordtosleepverymuch

C.usuallydreamwhileawake

D.taketurnssleeping

问题4选项

A.bemoreawareofdanger

B.makenoiseatthewrongtimes

C.failtogrowproperly

D.beabletocatchmorefood

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:B

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段第二句“Intheelectroencephalographicsenseweshareitwithalltheprimatesandalmostalltheothermammalsandbirds:itmayextendbackfarasthereptiles.脑电图显示，我们和所有的灵长类动物以及几乎所有其他的哺乳动物和鸟类都会睡觉。由此可知，选项D符合原文。

2.细节事实题。根据第二段第二句“Indreamsleep,theanimalispowerfullyimmobilizedandremarkablyunresponsivetoexternalstimuli.在睡梦中，动物被强有力地固定住，对外界刺激毫无反应。”所以选项A符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据关键词“whalesanddolphins”定位到第三段首句“Perhapsoneusefulhintabouttheoriginalfunctionofsleepistobefoundinthefactthatdolphinsandwhalesandaquaticmammalsingeneralseemtosleepverylittle.或许关于睡眠原始功能的一个有力暗示发现了“海豚、鲸鱼和水生哺乳动物似乎总是睡得很少”这一事实。选项B符合原文。

4.判断推理题。根据最后一段倒数二三句“Itisconceivablethatanimalswhoaretoostupidtobequietontheirowninitiativeare,duringperiodsofhighrisk,immobilizedbytheimplacablearmofsleep.Thepointseemsparticularlyclearfortheyoungofpredatoryanimals.”那些由于太笨而本能上不能保持安静的动物，在危险的时刻，会被睡眠这一无法缓和的武器固定住。这一点对于幼小的食肉动物来说似乎特别明显。也就是说，幼小的食肉动物在危险时刻无法保持安静，即在不恰当的时机发出声音，所以选项B符合原文。

4.单选题

Parentsoftenfacedthe（）betweendoingwhattheyfeltwasgoodforthedevelopmentofthechildandwhatcouldstandbywayofundisciplinednoiseanddestructiveness.

问题1选项

A.dilemma

B.paradox

C.junction

D.premise

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。dilemma“困境；进退两难”；paradox“悖论”；junction“连接”；premise“前提，假定”。根据betweendoingwhattheyfelt…andwhatcouldstand…可知家长是在这两种做法为难，因此选项A符合题意。

5.单选题

Nineistothree（）threeistoone.

问题1选项

A.when

B.that

C.which

D.what

【答案】D

【解析】考查方式状语从句。AistoBwhatCistoD是固定句式，意思是“A对于B来说就等于C对于D一样”，what在句中引导方式状语从句，表示“好比，正如”。句意：九比三等于三比一。因此D选项正确。

6.填空题

Wefeelthattherearemanydisadvantagesinstreamingpupils.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountthefact

thatchildrendevelopatdifferentrates.Itcanhaveabadeffectonboththebrightandthenot-so-brightchild.Afterall,itcanbequite

A

B

C

discouragedtobeatthebottomofthetopGrade!

D

【答案】Ddiscouraged改为discouraging

【解析】【考查点】形容词。

【解题思路】discouraged的意思为“沮丧的，气馁的”，指的是人自己的感受，discouraging的意思为“使人沮丧的，令人气馁的”，指的是某个事物令人沮丧，这里指的是倒数第一这件事令人沮丧，因此D部分应为“discouraging”。

【句意】我们认为把学生按成绩分班有很多弊端。这没有考虑到儿童发展的速度不同这一事实。这对聪明的孩子和不那么聪明的孩子都有消极的影响。毕竟，在高手如云的班级中倒数第一这件事，相当令人沮丧！

7.单选题

Ifthereistheneedtocompeteinacrowd,tobattle（）theedgethesureststrategyistodeveloptheunexpected.

问题1选项

A.on

B.for

C.against

D.with

【答案】B

【解析】句意:如果需要在人群中竞争，那么为优势竞争最可靠的策略就是开发出意想不到的东西。on在…上；for为了:against反对；with和。此处句意表示“为优势竞争”，故选B。

8.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

SinglesDaywasbegunbyChinesecollegestudentsinthe1990sasaversionofValentine’sDayforpeoplewithoutromanticpartners.Thetimingwasbasedonthedate:Nov.11,or“11.11”—foursingles.Unattachedyoungpeoplewouldtreateachothertodinnerorgivegiftstowoothatspecialsomeoneandendtheirsinglestatus.

Thatgift-givinghelpedtoturnitintoamajorshoppingeventassellersofeverythingfromjewelrytoTVstocarssawamarketingopportunityandlaunchedSinglesDaysales.ItisChina’sanswertoCyberMondayintheUnitedStates—thedayafterThanksgivingweekend,whenonlineChristmasshoppingbeingsandmerchantshavetheirbusiestsalesday.

【答案】光棍节源于上世纪90年代的中国大学生中，对于没有浪漫伴侣的人来说，这是另一个情人节。时间是11月11日或者11•11——4个单身。单身的年轻人彼此之间聚餐或者送礼物给那个特别的人来结束他们的单身状态。

送礼物把光棍节变成了一个重要的购物活动，从珠宝到电视到汽车等的销售商们都从中看到了商机，并推出了光棍节销售活动。光棍节相当于美国的“网络星期一”，即感恩节周末后的一天，网上圣诞节购物开始，商人们开始了他们繁忙的销售日。

9.单选题

Medievalistsusuallydistinguishmedievalpubliclawfromprivatelaw:theformerwasconcernedwithgovernmentandmilitaryaffairsandthelatterwiththefamily,socialstatus,andlandtransactions.Examinationonmedievalwomen’slivesshowsthisdistinctiontobeoverlysimplistic.Althoughmedievalwomenwerelegallyexcludedfromrolesthatcategorizedaspublic,suchassoldier,justice,jurymember,orprofessionaladministrativeofficial,women’scontrolofland—usuallyconsideredaprivateordomesticphenomenon—hadimportantpoliticalimplicationsinthefeudalsystemofthirteenth-centuryEngland.Sincelandequaledwealthandwealthequaledpower,certainwomenexercisedinfluencebycontrollingland.Unlikeunmarriedwomenwhowerelegallysubjecttotheirguardiansormarriedwomenwhohadnolegalidentityseparatefromtheirhusbands,womenwhowerewidowshadautonomywithrespecttoacquiringordisposingofcertainproperty,suingincourt,incurringliabilityfortheirowndebts,andmakingwills.

Althoughfeudallandswerenormallytransferredthroughprimogeniture(theeldestsoninheritingall),whennosonssurvived,thesurvivingdaughtersinheritedequalsharesunderwhatwasknownaspartibleinheritance.Inadditiontocontrollinganysuchlandinheritedfromherparentsandanybridaldowry—propertyawomanbroughttothemarriagefromherownfamily—awidowwasentitledtouseofone-thirdofherlatehusband’slands.Called“dower”inEngland,thisgranthadgreaterlegalimportanceundercommonlawthandidthebridaldowry;nomarriagewaslegalunlessthegroomendowedthebridewiththispropertyattheweddingceremony.In1215MagnaCarta(ThecharterofEnglishpoliticalandcivillibertiesgrantedbyKingJohnatRunnymedeinJune1215)guaranteedawidow’srighttoclaimherdowerwithoutpayingafine;thisdocumentalsostrengthenedwidow’sabilitytocontrollandbyprohibitingforcedremarriage.After1272womencouldalsobenefitfromjointure:thegroomcouldagreetoholdpartorallofhislandsjointlywiththebride,sothatifonespousedied,theotherreceivedtheselands.

Sincemanywidowshadinheritancesaswellasdowers,widowswerefrequentlythefinancialheadsofthefamily;eventhoughlegaltheoryassumedthemaintenanceoftheprincipleofprimogeniture,theamountoflandthewidowcontrolledcouldexceedthatofhersonorofothermaleheirs.Anyonewhoheldfeudallandexercisedauthorityoverthepeopleattachedtotheland—knights,rentaltenants,andpeasants—andhadtohireestateadministrators,overseeaccounts,receiverents,protecttenantsfromoutsideencroachment,punishtenantsfornotpayingrents,appointprieststolocalparishes,andactasguardiansoftenants,childrenandexecutorsoftheirwills.Manymarriedwomenfulfilledthesedutiesasdeputiesforhusbandsawayatcourtoratwar,butwidowscouldactontheirownbehalf.Widow’slegalindependenceissuggestedbytheirfrequentappearanceinthirteenth-centuryEnglishlegalrecords.Moreover,thescopeoftheirsway(a:acontrollinginfluenceb:sovereignpower:DOMINIONc:theabilitytoexerciseinfluenceorauthority:DOMINANCE;synonymsseePOWER.)isindicatedbythefactthatsomecontrollednotmerelysingleestates,butmultiplecounties.

26.Whichoneofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

27.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressesthemeaningoftheworld“sway”asitisusedinLine33ofthepassage?

28.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesthefunctionofthesecondparagraphofthepassage?

29.Accordingtoinformationinthepassage,awidowinearlythirteenth-centuryEnglandcouldcontrolmorelandthandidhereldestsonif（）.

30.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（）.

问题1选项

A.Thetraditionalviewofmedievalwomenaslegallyexcludedfrommanypublicofficesfailstoconsiderthirteenth-centurywomeninEnglandwhowereexemptedfromsuchrestrictions.

B.Theeconomicindependenceofwomeninthirteenth-centuryEnglandwasprimarilydeterminednotbytheirmaritalstatus,butbytheirstatusasheirstotheirparents’estates.

C.Thelawsandcustomsofthefeudalsysteminthirteenth-centuryEnglandenabledsomewomentoexerciseacertainamountofpowerdespitetheirlegalexclusionfrommostpublicroles.

D.DuringthethirteenthcenturyinEngland,widowsgainedgreaterautonomyandlegalrightstotheirpropertythantheyhadhadinpreviouscenturies.

问题2选项

A.Vacillation.

B.Dominion.

C.Predisposition.

D.Inclination.

问题3选项

A.Providingexamplesofspecifichistoricaleventsassupportfortheconclusiondrawninthethirdparagraph.

B.Narratingasequenceofeventswhoseoutcomesdiscussedinthethirdparagraph.

C.Explaininghowcircumstancesdescribedinthefirstparagraphcouldhaveoccurred.

D.Describingtheeffectsofaneventmentionedinthefirstparagraph.

问题4选项

A.thewidowhadbeengrantedthecustomaryamountofdowerlandandtheeldestsoninheritedtherestoftheland

B.thewidowhadthreedaughtersinadditiontohereldestson

C.theprincipleofprimogeniturehadbeenappliedintransferringthelandsownedbythewidow’slatehusband

D.thecombinedamountoflandthewidowhadacquiredfromherownfamilyandfromdowerwasgreaterthantheamountinheritedbyherson

问题5选项

A.explainalegalcontroversyofthepastinlightofmodemtheory

B.evaluatetheeconomicandlegalstatusofaparticularhistoricalgroup

C.resolveascholarlydebateaboutlegalhistory

D.tracethehistoricaloriginsofamodemeconomicsituation

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】26.主旨目的题。全文多次出现关键词，Medievalists,law,women,浏览全文，主题句可定位到第一段第三句。“Althoughmedievalwomenwerelegallyexcludedfromrolesthatcategorizedaspublic,suchassoldier,justice,jurymember,orprofessionaladministrativeofficial,women’scontrolofland—usuallyconsideredaprivateordomesticphenomenon—hadimportantpoliticalimplicationsinthefeudalsystemofthirteenth-centuryEngland.（虽然中世纪妇女在法律上被排除在公共角色之外，如士兵、法官、陪审团成员或职业行政官员，但妇女对土地的控制——通常被认为是一种私人或家庭现象——在13世纪的英国封建制度中具有重要的政治含义。）”由此得出本题答案。

27.

语义题。根据题干关键词sway定位到原文最后一段最后一句。“Moreover,thescopeoftheirsway(a:acontrollinginfluenceb:sovereignpower:DOMINIONc:theabilitytoexerciseinfluenceorauthority:DOMINANCE;synonymsseePOWER.)isindicatedbythefactthatsomecontrollednotmerelysingleestates,butmultiplecounties.”后面括号中的内容是对其的解释说明，括号中提到influence,power,authority，那么sway的意思则应与这些词相近。选项中dominion意为“主权，统治权”符合要求，从而得出本题答案。

28.

细节事实题。根据题干定位第二段。原文第一段最后一句“Unlikeunmarriedwomenwhowerelegallysubjecttotheirguardiansormarriedwomenwhohadnolegalidentityseparatefromtheirhusbands,womenwhowerewidowshadautonomywithrespecttoacquiringordisposingofcertainproperty,suingincourt,incurringliabilityfortheirowndebts,andmakingwills.”提到了widows（寡妇）如何分得财产，包括suingincourt,incurringliabilityfortheirowndebts和makingwills三种情境，第二段就是围绕着这几种情境来具体描述解释相关的法律规定。从而得出本题答案。

29.

细节事实题。根据题干关键词widow,controlmoreland,hereldestson可定位到原文第二段。根据“thesurvivingdaughtersinheritedequalsharesunderwhatwasknownaspartibleinheritance.”“propertyawomanbroughttothemarriagefromherownfamily”“awidowwasentitledtouseofone-thirdofherlatehusband’slands.”即可得出本题答案。

30.主旨目的题。本文讨论的话题背景时期为thirteenth-centuryEngland，与选项B中的aparticularhistoricalgroup对应；原文第一段第四句提到那段特定历史时期是landequaledwealthandwealthequaledpower与选项B中的theeconomicandlegalstatus对应。从而得出本题答案。

10.翻译题

人类文明——任何形式的人类文明，都可以说是一种大的信息系统。第一个阶段是语言，有了语言才能共同占有经验，才能集体记忆，才能集体积累知识。然后便是记写，记写提供了一种不太容易消失的、更容易传递的记忆形式。之后便出现了印刷，从而使信息传播大大增加。

现代电子学正在为我们提供崭新而功能更强的方法，来收集、加工、处理和传递。正是这种发展的一个非凡特征，才使得能力的巨大提高却没有给能源或稀少的材料造成负担。相反，设备变得越来越小，甚至在同样的工作性能情况下，价格越来越便宜。只需要看袖珍计算器，微型计算机，电子表和电子游戏机，便可知道确实是如此。

【答案】Itcanbesaidthatanyformofhumancivilizationisalargeinformationsystem.Thefirststageislanguage.Onlywithlanguagecanweshareexperienceandhavecollectivememoryaswellasaccumulateknowledgecollectively.Thesecondstepistowritedown.Writinghasofferedaformofmemorythatislesslikelytodisappearandmoreeasilytransmitted.Thenprintinggreatlyhasincreasedthedisseminationofinformation.

Modernelectronicsisprovidinguswithnewandmorepowerfulwaystocollect,process,processanddeliver.Itisaremarkablefeatureofthisdevelopmentthatgreatlyincreasesabilitywithoutposingburdenonenergyorscarcematerials.Rather,devicesaregettingsmallerandevencheaperunderthesameperformanceconditions,whichisprovedbypocketcalculator,microcomputer,electronicwatchandelectronicgamemachine.

11.单选题

Theterm“evaluation”,sometimescalled“institutional”inhighereducation,hasadifferentconnotationfrom“measurement”and“assessment”asdefinedhere.Theprocessofdate-gatheringandscoring,codingorratingselectedconstructsistypicallyfollowedbymorecomplexactivitiesofaddingsomeinterpretivevalueandjudgmentstotheinformationthatisgenerated.Thislatterprocessofaddingjudgmentsofworthormerittotheresultsofmeasurement/assessmentinapplieddecision-makingcontextsistermed“evaluation”.Forexample,ifanindividual’sexaminationscoreis76,isitworthan“A”ora“B”grade?Shouldtheindividualbepromotedtothenextlevelofanundergraduatedegreeprogram?Theprocessbywhichstandardsandcriteriaareappliedtomakesuchdecisionsiscalledevaluation.Evaluations,thus,aremotivatedbyandcloselytiedtostakeholderneedsforinformationthatspeaktoparticulareducationalpracticeorpolicyconcerns.

Evaluativedecisionscanbeoftwotypes,dependingonhowtheassessment/measurementinformationisused:formativeorsummative.Formativeevaluationeffortsaredesignedforcontinuousqualityimprovementofparticularinstitutionalunits,suchasadepartment,school,program,orindividualstaff/facultyandstudents.Summativeevaluationsininstitutions,ontheotherhand,aredesignedformakingsomefinaljudgmentsofmerit,worthorimpact.SummativeevaluationsintheU.S.arefrequentlystimulatedfromtheoutsidebygovernmentagencies,states,upperlevelcollege/universityadministrators,andaccreditingbodiesthatareinterestedinmakingjudgmentsonwhetheracollegeoruniversitysystemiseffective.

Formativeevaluationsimplyfeedbackloops;resultsmustbesharedwithrelevantstakeholdersandprogrampersonnelsothatchanges,refinementsandimprovementstotheunitscanoccurusingtheinformation.Anassumptionisthatallunitsinanorganizationstriveforexcellence,andthatongoingdatagenerationwillinformthedevelopmentandprogressofvariousunitsandtheinstitutionasawhole.Forexample,individualfacultyandprogramsmaywishtouseresultsofstudentoutcomesassessmentformativelytoimproveteachingmethodsorprovideaddedlearningsupportstounder-preparedstudents.

Forassessmentinformationtobeusefulinaformativeway,evaluationresearchers/usershavetobeabletoexplainthecausalmechanismsandchainofevents/actionsthatledtotheresults:IfwefailedtogetoutcomeYinthisprogram,whatshouldhavehappenedthatfailedtohappen?Fordiagnosticutilityintheinformation,therehastobeafocusonmeasuringnotjustoutcomes,butalsotheprecedingactivities(processes)andexpectedresources(inputs).

Attheinstitutionallevel,summativeevaluationsandassociateddecisionsofteninvolveaccountabilityactions,resourceallocationsorwithdrawalofresources,impositionofsanctions,institutionalaccreditation,orrecognition/rewardsforindividuals,programsortheinstitution.Forindividualstudents,summativeevaluationscaninvolveplacementoradmissionintoselectiveprogramsbasedonadmissionstesting,suchasbasedonscoredoftheSAT(previouslytheScholasticAssessmentTest).Forfaculty,theycaninvolvegrantingoftenure,meritrecognitions,andrelatedpayraisesorpromotions.

1.Howcan“data-gatheringandscoring,codingorratingselectedconstructs”inthefirstparagraphbeprocessed?

2.SummativeevaluationsintheU.S.arefrequentlystimulatedbythefollowingelementsEXCEPT（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutevaluation?

4.Thehighlightedword“they”inthelastparagraphrefersto（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingisthemostappropriatetitleforthewholepassage?

问题1选项

A.Viaparticulareducationalpracticeorpolicyconcerns.

B.Viaappropriatemeasuringorassessmenttools.

C.Viaobjectiveassumptions.

D.Viainterpretationandjudgments.

问题2选项

A.individualstaff/facultyandstudents

B.accreditingbodiesthatareinterestedinmakingjudgmentsonwhetheracollegeoruniversitysystemiseffective.

C.governmentagencies.

D.upperlevelcollege/universityadministrators

问题3选项

A.Theprocessofaddingjudgmentsofworthormerittotheresultsofmeasurementinapplieddecision-makingcontextsistermed“evaluation”.

B.Summativeevaluationsininstitutions,ontheotherhand,aredesignedformakingsomefinaljudgmentsofmerit,worthorimpact.

C.Forformativeevaluations,resultsmustbesharedwithrelevantstakeholdersandprogrampersonnelsothatchanges,reflectionsandimprovementstotheunitscanoccurusingtheinformation.

D.Evaluativedecisionscanbeoftwotypes,dependingonhowtheassessment/measurementinformationisused:formativeorsummative.

问题4选项

A.selectiveprograms

B.admissions

C.summativeevaluations

D.individualstudents

问题5选项

A.Assessment

B.AssessmentandEvaluation

C.FormativeEvaluation

D.Evaluation

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“Theprocessofdate-gatheringandscoring,codingorratingselectedconstructsistypicallyfollowedbymorecomplexactivitiesofaddingsomeinterpretivevalueandjudgmentstotheinformationthatisgenerated.”，可知数据收集和评分、编码或对选定的结构进行评级的过程通常会伴随着更复杂的活动，即为生成的信息添加一些解释价值和判断。可判断出需要通过解释和判断对数据收集和评分、编码或对选定的结构进行评级。选项D符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“SummativeevaluationsintheU.S.arefrequentlystimulatedfromtheoutsidebygovernmentagencies,states,upperlevelcollege/universityadministrators,andaccreditingbodies…”，可知在美国，总结性评价通常是由外部刺激而成的，包括政府机构、州、高级学院/大学管理人员和认证机构。所以文中没有提及教职员及学生。选项A符合题意。

3.推断题。根据文章第一段，“Thislatterprocessofaddingjudgmentsofworthormerittotheresultsofmeasurement/assessmentinapplieddecision-makingcontextsistermed“evaluation”.”，可知选项A正确，可排除。根据文章第二段，“Summativeevaluationsininstitutions,ontheotherhand,aredesignedformakingsomefinaljudgmentsofmerit,worthorimpact.”，可知选项B正确，可排除。根据文章第三段，“Formativeevaluationsimplyfeedbackloops;resultsmustbesharedwithrelevantstakeholdersandprogrampersonnelsothatchanges,refinementsandimprovementstotheunitscanoccurusingtheinformation.”，可知C选项中reflections不符合文意。根据文章第二段，“Evaluativedecisionscanbeoftwotypes,dependingonhowtheassessment/measurementinformationisused:formativeorsummative.”，可知选项D正确，可排除。综上，选项C符合题意。

4.细节理解题。上文举了制度层面和单个学生等的具体实例来说明和阐述了总结性评估涉及的领域，所以最后一句中的they就是代指上文提到的summativeevaluations。选项C符合题意。

5.主旨题。纵观全文，第一段提到了“评估”的概念和定义，第二段主要讲到了评估的类型和影响因素，第四段着重介绍了格式化评估的方式和特点，最后一段继续讲到了评估涉及的方面和领域。所以整篇文章都在围绕“评估”这个中心词展开。选项D符合题意。

12.单选题

It____nowprettylate,thepartybrokeupandweallwenthome.

问题1选项

A.is

B.being

C.was

D.been

【答案】B

【解析】【选项释义】

A.is是（一般现在时）B.being是（现在分词）

C.was是（一般过去时）D.been是（过去分词）

【答案】B

【考查点】独立主格

【解题思路】原句逗号后是一个完整的句子，其句意为“聚会结束了，我们都回家了”。空格处所在部分句意为“已经很晚了”。前后两个句子之间没有连词连接，也没有引导从句的关系词，因此“已经很晚了（It____nowprettylate）”这个部分为一个独立主格结构，空格处应填入一个非谓语动词；表示时间很晚了，用主动语态，因此应该使用现在分词形式，B选项being“是（现在分词）”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项is“是（一般现在时）”，谓语动词，不符合原句语法要求；

C选项was“是（一般过去时）”，谓语动词，不符合原句语法要求；

D选项been“是（过去分词）”，过去分词表示被动，语态不对。

【句意】天已经很晚了，聚会结束了，我们都回家了。

13.单选题

Thewalkersinfrontcrossedtheledgeeasily,seemingly（）ofthefactthattherewasa3000-footdroponeitherside.

问题1选项

A.pretentious

B.remindful

C.attentive

D.oblivious

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。pretentious“炫耀的，做作的”;remindful“提醒的，留意的”；attentive“注意的，体贴的”；oblivious“遗忘的；不注意的”。前半句的句意是：前面的人轻松地跨过了岩架，与后文“岩架两侧深达3000英尺”形成对比，可推测空格处是要表达“好像没有注意到……”，选项D符合题意。

14.单选题

Forallherrichexperienceinpracticinglaw,thelawyerfailedtoprymuchinformationoutofthe______witness.

问题1选项

A.sophisticated

B.obstinate

C.sober

D.gloomy

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项sophisticated“复杂的；精致的；久经世故的；富有经验的”；B选项obstinate“顽固的；倔强的；难以控制的”；C选项sober“冷静的，清醒的；未醉的”；D选项gloomy“黑暗的；沮丧的；阴郁的”。句意：尽管这位律师有丰富的律师执业经验，但她未能从这位固执的证人那里打听到多少信息。因此B选项正确。

15.单选题

Thefollowingqualificationsareessentialforthepost:anhonorsdegreeinEnglish,_______inshorthandandtypewritingandsomeexperienceinjournalism.

问题1选项

A.proficiency

B.expertise

C.knowledge

D.familiarity

【答案】A

【解析】proficiency精通,熟练;expertise专门技术;familiarity熟悉。句意：应聘该职位必须具备以下条件:英语荣誉学位,速记和打字熟练,有一定的新闻工作经验。选项A符合句意。

16.单选题

Thepolicemenwentintoaction（

）theyheardthealarm.

问题1选项

A.promptly

B.directly

C.quickly

D.presently

【答案】B

【解析】句意:警察一听到警报就马上行动了起来。

语法题。考查连词。分析题干可知,此处需填入连词连接前后句子。只有B项directly能够作连词，表示“一…就…”。

17.不定项选择题

Greatemotionalandintellectualresourcesaredemandedinquarrels;staminahelps,asdoesacapacityforobsession.Butnooneisbornagoodquarreler;thecraftmustbelearned.

Therearetwogenerallyrecognizedapprenticeships.First,anduniversallypreferred,isalongchildhoodspentinthecompanyoffractioussiblings.Afterseveralyearsofrainyafternoons,brothersandsistersdevelopasurefeelforthetacticsofattritionandthenicetiesofstrategysonecessaryinfirst-ratequarrelling.

Theonlychild,orthechildofpeacefulorrepressedhouseholds,islikelytogrowupfailingtounderstandthatquarrels,unlikearguments,arenotaboutanythingleastofallthepursuitoftruth.Theapparentsubjectofaquarrelisamerepretext;therealbusinessisthequarrelitself.

Essentially,adversariesinaquarrelareouttoestablishorrescuetheirdignity.Ifencetheelementaryprinciple:anythingmaybesaid.Theunschooled,probablynolessquarrelsomebyinclinationthananyoneelse,mayspendanhourwithknockingheart,siftingtheconsequencesofroilingthisoldacquaintancealyingfraud.Toolate!Withacheerfulwavetheoldacquaintancehaslefttheroom.

Thosewhomisstheirfirstapprenticeshipmaycaretoenrollinthesecond,thebadmarriage.Thiscanbeperilousfortheneophyte;themutualintimacyofspousesmakesthematoncemorevulnerableandmoredangerousinattack.Oncesexisinvolved,thestakesarehigherallround.

Andthereisanunspokenrulethatthosewholove,orhaveloved,oneanotheraregrantedalicenseforunlimitedbeastlinesssuchasisdeniedtomereswornenemies.Forallthat,someofourmosttenaciousblackbeltquarrelershavecometoitlateinfifeandmasteredeverythrow,fromtheCrushingSilencetotheGloatingApology,inlessthantenyearsofmarriage.

Aquarrelmaylastyears.AmongbroodingtypesKithtimeontheirhands,likewriters,halfalifetimeisnotuncommon.Initsmostrefinedform,aquarrelmayconsistoftheparticipantsnottalkingtoeachother.Theywillneedtoschemelaboriouslytoappearinpublictogethertoregistertheirsilence.

Brief,violentquarrelsarealsoknownasrows.Inallcasestheessentialingredientremainsthesame;theoriginalcausemustbeforgottenassoonaspossible.Fromhereon,dignity,pride,self-esteem,honoratethecrucialissues,whichiswhyquarrellinglikejealousy,isanall-consumingbusiness,virtuallyaprofession.Forthequarrelersveryself-hoodisonthefine.Toloseanargumentisabriefdisappointment,muchlikelosingagameoftennis;buttobecrushedinaquarrel...rath