2022年考研考博-考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号16

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromChineseintoEnglish.

人们要想得到工作的胜利即得到预想的结果，一定要使自己的思想符合于客观外界的规律性，如果不符合，就会在实践中失败。人们经过失败之后，也就从失败中取得教训，改正自己的思想使之符合外界的规律性，人们就能变失败为胜利，所谓“失败乃成功之母”，“吃一堑长一智”，就是这个道理。

【答案】Ifyouwanttobesuccessfulinyourworkasyouexpected,youmustmakeyourthoughtsconformtoobjectiveobjectslawsoftheworld.Ifnot,youwouldbefailinpractice.Afterexperiencingfailure,youwouldlearnlessonsfromfailureandadjustyourthoughtstoobjectivelaws.Youcanturnfailureintovictory,whichiscalled“failureisthemotherofsuccess”and“afallintoapit,againinyourwit”.

2.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.

BeginningintheUnitedStatesinDecember2007(andwithmuchgreaterintensitysinceSeptember2008，accordingtotheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch),muchoftheindustrializedworldhasbeenundergoingarecession,apronounceddecelerationofeconomicactivity.Thisglobalrecessionhasbeentakingplaceinaneconomicenvironmentcharacterizedbyvariousimbalancesandwassparkedbytheoutbreakofthefinancialcrisisof2007-2010.Althoughthelate2000srecessionhasattimesbeenreferredtoas“theGreatRecession,”thissamephrasehasbeenusedtorefertoeveryrecessionoftheseveralprecedingdecades.InJuly2009,itwasannouncedthatagrowingnumberofeconomistsbelievedthattherecessionmayhaveended.

ThefinancialcrisishasbeenlinkedtorecklessandunsustainablelendingpracticescompoundedbygovernmentinterventionandthegrowingtrendofsecuritizationofrealestatemortgageintheUnitedStates.TheUSmortgage-backedsecurities,whichhadrisksthatwerehardtoassess,weremarketedaroundtheworld.Amorebroadbasedcreditboomfedaglobalspeculativebubbleinrealestateandequities,whichservedtoreinforcetheriskylendingpractices.Theprecariousfinancialsituationwasmademoredifficultbyasharpincreaseinoilandfoodprices.TheemergenceofSub-primeloanlossesin2007beganthecrisisandexposedotherriskyloansandover-inflatedassetprocess.WithloanlossesmountingandthefallofLehmanBrothersonSeptember15,2008,amajorpanicbrokeoutontheinter-bankloanmarket.AsshareandhousingpricesdeclinedmanylargeandwellestablishedinvestmentandcommercialbanksintheUnitedStatesandEuropesufferedhugelossesandevenfacedbankruptcy,resultinginmassivepublicfinancialassistance.

Aglobalrecessionhasresultedinsharpdropininternationaltrade,risingunemploymentandslumpingcommodityprices.InDecember2008,theNationalBureauofEconomicResearch(NBER)declaredthattheUnitedStateshadbeeninrecessionsinceDecember2007.Severaleconomistshavepredictedthatrecoverymaynotappearuntil2011andthattherecessionwillbetheworstsincetheGreatDepressionofthe1930s.Theconditionsleadinguptothecrisis,characterizedbyanexorbitantriseinassetpricesandassociatedboomineconomicdemand,areconsideredaresultoftheextendedperiodofeasilyavailablecredit,inadequateregulationandoversight,orincreasinginequality.

TherecessionhasrenewedinterestinKeynesianeconomicideasonhowtocombatrecessionaryconditions.Fiscalandmonetarypolicieshavebeensignificantlyeasedtostemtherecessionandfinancialrisks.Mosteconomistsbelievethatthestimulusshouldbewithdrawnassoonastheeconomiesrecoverenoughto“chartapathtosustainablegrowth”.

【答案】2007年12月从美国开始(美国国家经济研究局称，自2008年9月以来，美国的经济衰退强度更大)，许多工业化国家经济衰退，经济活动明显减速。这次全球经济衰退发生在以各种不平衡为特征的经济环境中，是由2007-2010年金融危机爆发引起的。虽然2000年后期的经济衰退有时被称为“经济大衰退”，但同样的说法也被用来指过去几十年的每一次经济衰退。2009年7月，越来越多的经济学家相信此次经济衰退可能已经结束。

这次金融危机与不计后果和无法维持的借贷行为有关，再加上政府的干预和美国房地产抵押证券化的日益增长的趋势。美国抵押担保证券已在世界各地被销售，这些证券的风险很难评估。

一个更广泛的信贷繁荣催生了全球房地产和股票投机泡沫，从而加强了高风险贷款做法。岌岌可危的财政状况因石油和食品价格急剧上涨而变得更加困难了。2007年次贷款亏损的出现引发了这次危机，暴露了其他高风险贷款和过度膨胀的资产过程。随着贷款损失的增加以及2008年9月15日雷曼兄弟的破产，银行间贷款市场出现了重大恐慌。随着股票和房价的下跌，美国和欧洲许多大型、老牌的投资银行和商业银行遭受了巨大的损失，甚至面临破产，从而导致大量的公共财政援助。

全球经济衰退导致国际贸易急剧下降，失业率上升，商品价格下跌。2008年12月，美国国家统计局宣布，自2007年12月以来，美国一直处于经济衰退状态。几位经济学家预测，经济复苏可能要到2011年才会出现，这次经济经济衰退将是20世纪30年代经济大萧条以来最严重的一次。导致这次经济危机的条件被认为是由于信贷期限延长、监管和监督不足或不平等加剧造成的，其特点是资产价格暴涨和相关的经济需求激增。

这次经济经济衰退使人们对凯恩斯主义关于如何应对经济衰退的经济观点重新产生了兴趣。财政和货币政策已大幅度放松，以遏制经济衰退和金融风险。大多数经济学家认为，一旦经济恢复到足以“开辟一条可持续增长的道路”，经济刺激计划就应该立即退出。

3.问答题

Inspirittheirworkwasclosertothehumorofthefast-developingcomicstripandgagcartoon

A

B

thantothestringofpoliticalsatire.Theirsubjectsweremoreoftenamusingthanoffendedby

C

D

amiableattacks.

【答案】试题答案：D;amused

【解析】考查形容词辨析。amusing一般形容物；amused一般形容人。theirsubjects意为“他们的绘画对象”，表示人。

4.问答题

ThequestionIamaskedmostoftennowadaysisthis:arewebackto2008andanotherglobal

A

financialcrisisandrecession?Myanswerisastraightforwardno,butthattherecentepisodeof

B

C

globalfinancialmarketturmoilisliketobemoreseriousthananyperiodofvolatilityandrisk-off

D

behaviorsince2009.

【答案】试题答案：D;likely

【解析】考查固定搭配。belikelyto意为“可能”。

5.单选题

Scarcelyhadtheysettlethemselvesintheirseatsinthetheater（

）thecurtainwentup.

问题1选项

A.than

B.when

C.before

D.as

【答案】B

【解析】考试固定搭配。scarcely...when...意为“一……就……，刚刚……就……”。

句意：他们刚坐在剧院的座位上，幕布就升起了。

6.问答题

Eachyear,afewso-calledtopdesignersinParisandLondonlaydownonthelawand

A

womenaroundtheworldruntoobey.Thedecreesofthedesignersareunpredictableand

B

dictatorial.Sometimetheydecidearbitrarily,thatskirtswillbeshortandwaistswillbehigh;

C

zipsareinandbuttonsareout.

D

【答案】试题答案：A;去掉on

【解析】考查固定搭配。laydown意为“制定”，介词on在此处是多余的。

7.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.

Dubai’sreputationastheGulfsfinancialandcommercialhubhastakenabatteringsinceitsurprisedfinancialmarketinNovemberbyaskingtorestructure$26millionindebts.

Asianeedstobitethebulletifitwantstoavoidanothercycleofbubblesandbusts.Assoothingashighgrowthnowfeels,itneedstoberestrainedbyhigherinterestratesandappreciatingexchangeratestosustain.

Threepassions,simplebutoverwhelminglystrong,havegovernedmylife:thelongingforlove,thesearchforknowledge,andunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.Thesepassion,likegreatwinds,haveblownmehitherandthither,inawayward(任意的，不定的)course,overadeepoceanofanguish,reachingtotheveryvergeofdespair.(5%)

【答案】去年11月，迪拜要求对2600万美元债务进行重组，震惊了整个经融市场，它作为海湾地区的经融和商业中心的声望遭受重创。

如果亚洲想要避免另一个循环的泡沫和萧条，那么它需要忍受巨大痛苦。如今的高增长虽然让人欣慰，但是它的持续需要通过更高的利率和升值汇率来加以约束。

三种平凡却又异常强烈的感情主宰着我的人生：对爱的渴望，对知识的追求和对人类苦难的难以忍受的怜悯。这些激情像狂风，把我任意吹向四方，掠过苦痛的大海，迫使我濒临绝望的边缘。

8.单选题

ThetraditionalAmericanThanksgivingdaycelebration（1）to1621.

（2）

thatyearaspecialfeastwaspreparedinPlymouth,Massachusetts.Thecolonistswho

（3）

therehadleftEnglandbecausetheyfelt

（4）ofreligiousfreedom.Theycametothe

（5）

andfaceddifficultiesin

（6）

theocean.Theshipwhich

（7）

themwascalledMayflower.TheNorthAtlanticwasdifficulttotravel.Therewerebadstorms.Theywere（8）

inlearningtoliveinthenewearthbytheIndianswho

（9）

theregion.Thepuritans,

（10）

theywerecalled,hadmuchtobethankful

（11）

.Theirreligiouspracticeswere

（12）

longerasourceofcriticismbythegovernment.Theylearnedto

（13）

theirfarminghabitstotheclimateandsoil.

（14）

theyselectedthefourthThursdayofNovemberfortheirThanksgiving

（15）

,theyinvitedtheir

（16）

,theIndians,tojointhemindinnerand

（17）

ofgratitudeforthenewlife.Theyrecalledthegroupof102men,womenandchildrenwholeft

（18）

.Theyrememberedtheir

（19）

whodidnotseetheshoreofMassachusetts.They

（20）

the65days’journeywhichhadtestedtheirstrength.

问题1选项

A.dates

B.starts

C.returns

D.goesback

问题2选项

A.In

B.At

C.During

D.For

问题3选项

A.didn’tsettle

B.weresettled

C.settle

D.oncesettled

问题4选项

A.refused

B.denied

C.rejected

D.declined

问题5选项

A.newcity

B.newstate

C.newland

D.newcountry

问题6选项

A.goingto

B.haulingto

C.comingacross

D.deportingbeyond

问题7选项

A.loaded

B.led

C.carried

D.packed

问题8选项

A.assisted

B.obliged

C.invited

D.permitted

问题9选项

A.resided

B.dwelt

C.inhabited

D.lived

问题10选项

A.since

B.like

C.for

D.as

问题11选项

A.for

B.to

C.of

D.at

问题12选项

A.no

B.not

C.much

D.any

问题13选项

A.form

B.develop

C.get

D.adjust

问题14选项

A.While

B.When

C.So

D.If

问题15选项

A.tradition

B.celebration

C.mark

D.anniversary

问题16选项

A.relatives

B.friends

C.neighbors

D.comrades

问题17选项

A.anhonor

B.asong

C.agift

D.aprayer

问题18选项

A.England

B.Holland

C.Britain

D.them

问题19选项

A.friends

B.dead

C.ancestors

D.relatives

问题20选项

A.refreshedthemselveswith

B.wererememberedfor

C.reflectedon

D.recalledhow

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

第6题:C

第7题:C

第8题:A

第9题:C

第10题:D

第11题:A

第12题:A

第13题:D

第14题:B

第15题:B

第16题:C

第17题:D

第18题:A

第19题:B

第20题:C

【解析】（1）考查固定搭配。gobackto意为“追溯到”。

（2）考查介词搭配。in后常接年，或月，或日期。

（3）考查时态。此处表示曾经定居在那儿的殖民者，由后面的hadleft可知用过去时态，因此选D。

（4）考查动词辨析。refuse意为“拒绝”，后面一般接todosth.；deny意为“否认，否定”；reject意为“拒绝接收”；decline意为“谢绝，婉拒”。feltdeniedofreligiousfreedom意为“感觉被否认了宗教信仰的自由”。

（5）考查上下文语义。由前文可知他们是为宗教自由，而来到这里，根据当时的历史背景，他们来的这个地方还处于未被开发的地方，以及后文中的“thenewearth”可知newland指的是美洲大陆，是由哥伦布发现的“新大陆”。

（6）考查固定搭配。此处表示他们面临着横跨海洋的困难。comeacross意为“横跨”；haulingto意为“拖至”；deportbeyond意为“驱逐出境”。

（7）考查动词辨析。carry意为“携带，运送”；load意为“负载，负荷”；lead意为“带路，领路”；pack意为“包装”。

（8）考查动词辨析。assist意为“帮助”；oblige意为“强迫”；invite意为“邀请”；permit意为“允许，准许”。

（9）考查动词辨析。inhabit意为“居住于（某地）”，表示指人或动植物生活在某个地区，并已适应该地区的特殊环境；reside/dwell/livein意为“居住”。

（10）考查关系代词。as引导的非限制性定语从句，as意为“如同”。

（11）考查固定搭配。bethankfulforsth.意为“对某事心存感激”。

（12）考查固定搭配。nolonger意为“不再”。此处表示宗教活动不再是政府的谴责之源。

（13）考查固定搭配。adjust...to意为“改变……以适应”。

（14）考查连词。由句中的select和invite可知两个动词都是短暂性动作，因此只能用when来引导时间状语从句。

（15）考查名词辨析。celebration意为“庆祝”；tradition意为“传统”；mark意为“标记”；anniversary意为“周年纪念日”。

（16）考查名词辨析。neighbor意为“邻居”；relative意为“亲戚”；friend意为“朋友”；comrade意为“同志”。

（17）考查名词辨析。aprayerofgratitudeforthenewlife意为“对新生活感恩的祈祷”。

（18）考查上下文语义。由前文中的“Thecolonists...hadleftEngland”可知此处指的是离开英格兰的102人。

（19）考查上下文语义。由前文内容可知到达这片新大陆的过程中困难重重，此处表示他们缅怀的是未能到达死去的人。

（20）考查固定搭配。reflecton意为“回忆”。

9.问答题

Ambition,(A)asopposedtomerefantasizingaboutdesires,impliesworkanddisciplinetoachievegoals,personalandsocialofakind(B)societycansurvivewithout.Ambition(C)isintimatelyconnectedwithfamily,formenandwomennotonlyworkpartyfortheirfamilies,but(D)harborsomeoftheirmostardentambitionsfortheirchildren.

【答案】B；改成societycannotsurvivewithout。

10.单选题

Forplayersofonlinerole-playinggamessuchasEverQuestandWorldofWarcraft,battlingmonstersandamassingtreasureisanenjoyableformofescapism.Yettherealandvirtualworldsareincreasinglyintertwined.Formanyyears,gameitemssuchasswordsorgoldhavebeentradedonline:virtualobjectsaresoldforrealmoneytothetuneofatleast$100millionayear.Butthelinksbetweenrealandvirtualeconomiesarenowbecomingfarmoreelaborate.

Lastmonth,aProjectEntropiaplayerpaidthegame’screators$26,500foranislandinthegame’svirtualworld.(Hehopestorecoupthemoneythroughtheminingandsellingplotstootherplayers.)Thismonth,anUltimaOnlineplayersetupaschemetoletplayasdonateitemsandcurrencyfortsunamirelief.Currencyexchangesevenallowgamerstomovefundsfromonegametoanother.

Noteveryoneapproves:somegamesbanthesaleofgameitems,afewencourageit,butmostturnablindeye.ButthesaleoftheProjectEntropiaisland,andthepopularityofWorldofWarcraft,agamewhichbansthesaleofin-gameitems,highlightanemergingsplit,saysEdwardCastronova,anexpertonvirtualeconomiesatIndianaUniversity.ProjectEntropiaanditssortareintendedtobealternativerealities,oftenwithastronglibertarianandfree-tradebent.WorldofWarcraftandothersimilargames,incontrast,arefantasieswithastrongsenseoffairplayinwhichstatusmustbeearnedaspartofrags-to-richesstoryline—sotradeingameitemsisdeemedtobeagainsttherules.

Suchbansareimpossibletoenforce.ButWorldofWarcraftisdesignedtomaketradinglessappealing,intwoways.Thefirstisbyimprovingthegamedesign.Iftheearlystagesofagamearetedious,playersaremoreinclinedtoskipthembybuyingratherthanearningin-gameitems.WorldofWarcraftisfunrightfromthestart,whichseemstohavereduceddemandforin-gameitemsoneBay.Tradingcanalsobeasymptomofmismanagementofthein-game’seconomy.Inflationisrampantinmostgames,duetotheconventionthatkillingamonsteryieldsamonetaryreward;risingpricesthenfuelreal-worldtrading.Hutnewergameshavemorecontroloverthemoneysupply,whichseemstoreducesuchtrading.

Normally,thisnewspaper’sdevotiontofreetradeisunwavering.Yet,curbingthetradeofin-gameitemsisdefensible,sincegameeconomiesarcruntomaximizefun,notefficiency.Whilewritinghisforthcomingbook,SyntheticWorlds,Mr.C'astronovahasbeenponderingwhetherrealeconomiescouldberunforfuntoo.“Wouldn'tthattiptheeconomicstextsontheirbeads?”hemuses.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasapossibilityinonlinegaming?

2.Aplayerboughtanislandinanonlinegame（）.

3.AccordingtoPara.3,mostoftheonlinegameswhichhaveaneconomicaspect（）.

4.AccordingtoPara.4,howcanimprovedonlinegamedesignreducethetradeinonlinegame

items?

5.Whichofthefollowingcomesclosesttothenewspaper’sattitudetotradingonlinegameitems?

问题1选项

A.Sellingonlinegamingitemsforrealmoney.

B.Exchangingthecurrencyusedinoneonlinegameforthatusedinanother

C.Donatingmoneytocharity.

D.Payingotheronlinegameplayerstokillmonstersforyou.

问题2选项

A.sothathecouldhavehisownprivateplacetoenjoyonlinegamingwithoutinterferencefromotherplayers

B.sothathecouldconductonlinebusinessusingtheresourcesavailableontheisland

C.sothathecouldcreatehisownalternativeonlinereality

D.becausehewantedtomaximizehisonlineentertainment

问题3选项

A.aresimilartoProjectEntropia

B.aresimilartoWorldofWarcraft

C.placeineffectualbansonthetradingofonlinegameitems

D.neitherencouragenorbanthetradingofonlinegameitems.

问题4选项

A.Thedesignerscanpreventonlinetransactions,suchasthoseateBay.

B.Thedesignerscanmakeitinterestingtoplaythegame’slowerlevels.

C.Thedesignerscanhireeconomiststoadviseonmanagingthegame’seconomy.

D.Thedesignerscanincreasethesupplyoftheonlinecurrencyusedinthegame.

问题5选项

A.Thenewspaperconsidersittobeeconomicallycorrect.

B.Thenewspaperbelievesthatitwouldbegoodtoapplythesystemtotherealworld.

C.Thenewspaperthinksthatonlinegamesareprimarilyforfun,sothereshouldberestrictionsonit.

D.Thenewspaperbelievesthatonlinegamesshouldbefreetomaketheirowndecisionsontheissue.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由第二段“Lastmonth,aProjectEntropiaplayerpaidthegame’screators$26,500foranislandinthegame’svirtualworld.(Hehopestorecoupthemoneythroughtheminingandsellingplotstootherplayers.)Thismonth,anUltimaOnlineplayersetupaschemetoletplayasdonateitemsandcurrencyfortsunamirelief.Currencyexchangesevenallowgamerstomovefundsfromonegametoanother.上个月，ProjectEntropia的一名玩家向游戏开发者支付了2.65万美元，购买了虚拟世界中的一座岛屿。(他希望通过开矿和卖地给其他玩家来收回这笔钱。)本月，一位名叫Ultima的在线玩家设立了一个计划，让playas为海啸救灾捐赠物品和货币。货币兑换甚至允许玩家将资金从一个游戏转移到另一个游戏。”可知在线游戏能够捐献资金给慈善事业，还可以卖掉游戏中的物品来换取钱，还可以兑换货币。故ABC三项在文中都有提及。答案D。

2.细节事实题。由第二段“Lastmonth,aProjectEntropiaplayerpaidthegame’screators$26,500foranislandinthegame’svirtualworld.(Hehopestorecoupthemoneythroughtheminingandsellingplotstootherplayers.)上个月，ProjectEntropia的一名玩家向游戏开发者支付了2.65万美元，购买了虚拟世界中的一座岛屿。(他希望通过开矿和卖地给其他玩家来收回这笔钱。)可知这名玩家想通过他买到的岛屿上的物品在网上做生意。故B项正确。

3.细节事实题。由第三段“Noteveryoneapproves:somegamesbanthesaleofgameitems,afewencourageit,butmostturnablindeye.并不是所有人都赞成:一些游戏禁止销售游戏产品，一些鼓励销售，但大多数都视而不见。”可知大多数游戏在销售游戏产品问题上持中立态度，故D项正确。

4.细节事实题。由第四段“Iftheearlystagesofagamearetedious,playersaremoreinclinedtoskipthembybuyingratherthanearningin-gameitems.WorldofWarcraftisfunrightfromthestart,whichseemstohavereduceddemandforin-gameitemsoneBay.如果游戏的早期阶段很乏味，玩家会更倾向于通过购买而不是赚取游戏中的物品来跳过这些阶段。《魔兽世界》从一开始就很有趣，这似乎降低了eBay上对游戏内置物品的需求。”可知B项“设计师可以让游戏的低级别变得有趣。”正确。

5.推理判断题。由最后一段“Yet,curbingthetradeofin-gameitemsisdefensible,sincegameeconomiesarcruntomaximizefun,notefficiency.然而，限制游戏内物品的交易是有道理的，因为游戏经济是为了最大化乐趣，而不是效率。”可知C项正确。

11.单选题

IfyouhappenedtobewatchingNBConthefirstSundaymorninginAugustlastsummer,youwouldhaveseensomethingcurious.There,onthesetofMeetthePress,thehost,DavidGregory,wasinterviewingaguestwhomadeaforcefulcasethattheU.S.economyhadbecome“verydistorted”.Inthewakeoftherecession,thisguestexplained,high-incomeindividuals,largebanks,andmajorcorporationshadexperienceda“significantrecovery”;therestoftheeconomy,bycontrast—includingsmallbusinessesand“averysignificantamountofthelaborforce”—wasstuckandstillstruggling.Whatwewereseeing,heargued,wasnotasingleeconomyatall,butrather“fundamentallytwoseparatetypesofeconomy,”increasinglydistinctanddivergent.

Thisdiagnosis,thoughalarming,washardlyunique:drawingattentiontothedividebetweenthewealthyandeveryoneelsehaslongbeenstandardfareontheleft.(Theideaof“twoAmericas”wasacentralthemeofJohnEdwards’s2004and2008presidentialruns.)Whatmadetheargumentstrikinginthisinstancewasthatitwasbeingofferedbynoneotherthantheformerfive-termFederalReserveChairmanAlanGreenspan:iconiclibertarian,preeminentdefenderof

thefreemarket,and(atleastuntilrecently)thenation’sforemostdevoteeofAynRand.Whenthehighpriestofcapitalismhimselfisdeclaringthegrowthineconomicinequalityanationalcrisis,somethinghasgonevery,verywrong.

Thiswideninggapbetweentherichandnon-richhasbeenevidentforyears.Ina2005reporttoinvestors,forinstance,threeanalystsatCitigroupadvisedthat“theWorldisdividingintotwoblocs―thePlutonomyandtherest”.

Inaplutonomythereisnosuchanimalas“theU.S.consumer”or“theUKconsumer”，orindeedthe“Russianconsumer”.Therearerichconsumers,fewinnumber,butdisproportionateinthegiganticsliceofincomeandconsumptiontheytake.Therearetherest,the“non-rich”，themultitudinousmany,butonlyaccountingforsurprisinglysmallbitesofthenationalpie.

Beforetherecession,itwasrelativelyeasytoignorethisconcentrationofwealthamonganelitefew.Thewondrousinventionsofthemodemeconomy—Google,Amazon,theiPhone—broadlyimprovedthelivesofmiddle-classconsumers,evenastheymadeatinysubsetofentrepreneurshugelywealthy.Andtheless-wondrousinventions—particularlytheexplosionofsubprimecredit―helpedmasktheriskofincomeinequalityformanyofthosewhoseearningswerestagnant.

Butthefinancialcrisisanditslong,dismalaftermathhavechangedallthat.Amultibillion-dollarbailoutandWallStreet’sswift,subsequentreinstatementofgargantuanbonuseshaveinspiredanarrativeofparasiticbankersandotherelitesriggingthegamefortheirownbenefit.Andthis,inturn,hasledtowider—andnotunreasonable—fearsthatwearelivinginnotmerelyaplutonomy,butaplutocracy,inwhichtherichdisplayoutsizepoliticalinfluence,narrowlyself-interestedmotives,andacasualindifferencetoanyoneoutsidetheirownrarefiedeconomicbubble.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theU.S.economy（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsabouttoday’ssuper-elitewouldthepassagesupport?

3.Whatcanbesaidofmodemtechnologicalinnovations?

4.Theauthorseemstosuggestthatthefinancialcrisisanditsaftermath

（

）.

5.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

问题1选项

A.faresquitewell

B.hascompletelyrecoveredfromtheeconomicrecession

C.hasitsownproblems

D.islaggingbehindotherindustrialeconomies.

问题2选项

A.Today’splutocratsarethehereditaryelite.

B.Today’ssuper-richareincreasinglyanationuntothemselves.

C.Theyarethedeservingwinnersofatougheconomiccompetition.

D.Theyareworriedaboutthesocialandpoliticalconsequencesofrisingincomeinequality.

问题3选项

A.Theyhaveliftedmanypeopleintothemiddleclass

B.Theyhavenarrowedthegapbetweentherichandthenon-rich

C.Theyhaveledtoariseofincomeinequality.

D.Theyhavebenefitedthegeneralpublic.

问题4选项

A.havecompromisedtherichwiththenon-rich

B.haveenrichedtheplutocraticelite

C.haveputAmericansonthealertfortoomuchpowertherichpossess

D.haveenlargedthegapbetweentherichandnon-rich

问题5选项

A.presentthefinancialimbalanceintheU.S.

B.displaysympathyfortheworkingclass

C.criticizethesuper-eliteoftheUnitedStates

D.appreciatethemeritsofthesuperrichintheU.S.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“theU.S.economyhadbecome‘verydistorted’”美国经济变得“非常扭曲”，第二段中“thegrowthineconomicinequalityanationalcrisis,somethinghasgonevery,verywrong.”经济不平等的增长是一场全国性的危机，某些事情已非常糟糕，可知美国经济存在问题，因此选C。

2.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Andthis,inturn,hasledtowider—andnotunreasonable—fearsthatwearelivinginnotmerelyaplutonomy,butaplutocracy,inwhichtherichdisplayoutsizepoliticalinfluence,narrowlyself-interestedmotives,andacasualindifferencetoanyoneoutsidetheirownrarefiedeconomicbubble.”这个反过来导致更广泛且合理的担心，即我们不仅生活在一个一个富人经济学中，而且还生活在一个富豪统治中，在这其中，富人显示巨大的政治影响力、狭隘自私的动机。因此D选项“他们担心不断上升的收入不平等所带来的社会和政治影响”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。根据文章第五段中“Beforetherecession,itwasrelativelyeasytoignorethisconcentrationofwealthamonganelitefew.”在经济衰退之前，人们很容易忽视财富集中在少数精英阶层身上，因此C选项“他们导致收入不平等的上升”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“fearsthatwearelivinginnotmerelyaplutonomy,butaplutocracy,inwhichtherichdisplayoutsizepoliticalinfluence,narrowlyself-interestedmotives,andacasualindifferencetoanyoneoutsidetheirownrarefiedeconomicbubble.”可知美国贫富差距巨大，经融危机让美国人意识到富人具有太多的权利，因此选C。

5.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了美国经济发展的呈两种分化趋势，存在的问题，以及富人和穷人之间的差距，因此A选项“介绍美国金融失衡”符合题意。

12.单选题

Theshipswerefoundtobeunsuitablefortheconditionsinwhichtheyhadsupposedlybeen

A

B

C

D

adapted.

问题1选项

A.tobe

B.unsuitable

C.unsuitable

D.supposedly

【答案】C

【解析】考查介词搭配。C选项为“介词+which”引导的定语从句，adaptto（适应）为固定搭配，此处将介提前，因此用介词to。

试题答案：C;towhich

13.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese

Acomplexadaptivesystem(CAS)isasystemcomprisedofheterogeneousagentsthatinteractlocallywitheachotherbasedonlocalschema,suchthatthebehaviorofthesystemarisesasaresultoffeedbackrelationshipsbetweentheagents,andthesystemevolvesastheschemataoftheagentsadaptbasedonthefeedback.

Theactualnatureofagentswilldependonthekindofsystemunderconsideration.Forexample,inchemicalsystems,theagentsmaybemolecules,whileinthecaseofacolonyofants,theagentsaretheindividualants.Insocialsystems,theagentsareusuallytakentobeindividualhumanbeingsorgroupsofhumanbeings.Sincetheagentsareabletoadapttheirschemataandtheirbehaviorsbasedonfeedbackthroughtheirinteractionswithotheragents,thesystemhasanadaptivecapability.

TheheterogeneityofagentsisimportantasitaccentuatesthediversityandpluralitythatmakeuptherichnessofCAS,andisespeciallyimportantwhenapplyingCAStosocialsystems.Itisimportanttonotethatnoagentcanunderstandthewholesystem,nordoesanysingleagentorsmallgroupofagentsdirectthebehaviorofthesystem.Thebehaviorofthesystememergesfromtheinteractionofagentsthroughmultiple,nonlinearfeedbackrelationships.

【答案】复杂自适应系统(CAS)是一个包括各种各样的要素所组成的系统，这些要素局部地基于局部模式相互作用，以致该系统的行为由于要素之间的反馈关系而出现，并且该系统随着要素模式基于反馈的改变而演化。

要素的本质将取决于在考虑中的系统种类。例如，在化学系统中，要素可能是分子，而就一群蚂蚁来说，要素是单个的蚂蚁。在社会系统中，要素通常被认为是人类个体或团体。由于要素能基于通过它们与其它要素的相互作用而产生的反馈来改变它们的基模，因此该系统有一种自适应能力。

要素的异质性是重要的，因为它强调构成自适应系统丰富性的多样性和多元性，且当将自适应系统用到社会系统上时，它尤其重要。需要注意的是，没有要素能够理解整个系统，或没有任何单个的要素或小的要素群体管理该系统的行为。该系统的行为来自于要素通过多个非线性反馈关系而进行的相互作用。

14.单选题

Inlargepartasaconsequenceofthefeministmovement,historianshavefocusedagreatdealofattentioninrecentyearsondeterminingmoreaccuratelythestatusofwomeninvariousperiods.Althoughmuchhasbeenaccomplishedforthemodernperiod,premoderncultureshaveprovedmoredifficult:sourcesarerestrictedinnumber,fragmentary,difficulttointerpret,andoftencontradictory.Thus,itisnotparticularlysurprisingthatsomeearlierscholarshipconcerningsuchcultureshassofargoneunchallenged.AnexampleisJohannBachofen’s1861treatiseonAmazonswomen-ruledsocietiesofquestionableexistencecontemporarywithancientGreece.

Startingfromthepremisethatmythologyandlegendpreserveatleastanucleusofhistoricalfact,Bachofenarguedthatwomenweredominantinmanyancientsocieties.HisworkwasbasedonacomprehensivesurveyofreferencesintheancientsourcestoAmazonianandothersocietieswithmatrilinealcustoms——societiesinwhichdescentandpropertyrightsaretracedthroughthefemaleline.SomesupportforhistheorycanbefoundinevidencesuchasthatdrawnfromHerodotus,theGreek“historian”ofthefifthcenturyB.C.，whospeaksofanAmazoniansociety,theSauromatae,wherethewomenhuntedandfoughtinwars.Awomaninthissocietywasnotallowedtomarryuntilshehadkilledapersoninbattle.

Nonetheless,thisassumptionthatthefirstrecordersofancientmythshave