《机电专业英语》高职配套教学课件

ProjectIAutomobileMainContents

1.3WhatisMechatronics?

(Task1)11.4EngineeringMechanicsoftheAutomobiles

(Task2)21.5EngineeringMaterialsoftheautomobiles

(Task3)31.6Languagestudy

41.7Practicalskill

51.1Thelead-inoftheprojectAutomobileisaself-propelledvehicleusedfortravelonland.Thetermiscommonlyappliedtoafour-wheeledvehicledesignedtocarrytwotosixpassengersandalimitedamountofcargo,ascontrastedwithatruck,whichisdesignedprimarilyforthetransportationofgoodsandisconstructedwithlargerandheavierparts,orabus(oromnibusorcoach),whichisalargepublicconveyancedesignedtocarryalargenumberofpassengersandsometimesadditionallysmallamountsofcargo.Fig.1.1AutomobileAndTruck1.1Thelead-inoftheprojectautomobile:______________travel:___________________conveyance:______________近形记忆contrastconstructcharge:_________________intermsof_______________1.1Thelead-inoftheprojectFig.1.2ElectronicIgnitionSystem

1.2Thecontentsoftheprojectnovel:__________________motivate:________________Consequently,theycouldconsiderthesolutiontotheproblemswithwiderviewsandmoreefficienttools;thisresultedinobtainingnewproductsbasedontheintegrationofinterdisciplinarytechnologies.[1]

1.3.1Introductiontothemechatronics(Text1)Inotherwords,technologiesanddevelopedproductswillbeincorporatingelectronicsmoreandmoreintomechanisms,intimatelyandorganically,andmakingitimpossibletotellwhereoneendsandtheotherbegins.[2]

coin:____________________marriage:________________integration:__________decision:___________Fig.1.3MainComponentsOfAMechatronicSystemappliance:__________retail:_____________1.3.2IntroductiontothebasicMechanisms(Text2)desired:________________determined:_____________Fig.1.4InclinedPlanemass:____________Fig.1.5TheInclinedPlaneAtWork1.3.2IntroductiontothebasicMechanisms(Text2)seesaw:____________class:____________relative:____________Fig.1.6Lever(1)Fig.1.7Lever(2)Fig.1.8Lever(3)1.3.2IntroductiontothebasicMechanisms(Text2)employ:______________Fig.1.9Thewheelandaxleislikeacircularlever1.3.3IntroductiontothebasicElectronics(Text3)charge:______________field:_________________Itisacceptedthatthechargesinmotionareactuallynegativeelectrons.[3]

potentialdifference:___________对比记忆positive:a.积极的，正的negative:______________constant:___________1.3.3IntroductiontothebasicElectronics(Text3)Weshouldalwaysrefertoavoltage(orpotentialdifference)being“across”something,andsimplyreferringtovoltageatapointassumesthatthevoltagepointisstatedwithrespecttoground.[4]

sink:___________1.4EngineeringMechanicsoftheAutomobiles(Task2)Fig.1.11StructureOfAutomobilechassis:_______________gear:_____________1.4EngineeringMechanicsoftheAutomobiles(Task2)Asamechatronicproduct,thereisalwaysariskthattheworkingstresstowhichanautomobileissubjectedwillexceedthestrengthofitsmaterial.[1]

近形记忆bumpdumplumphumppumpsubject:_____________1.4.1Axialtensionandcompression(Text4)equation:____________1.4.1Axialtensionandcompression(Text4)Forequilibrium,theforcesmustbeparalleltoanaxisbetweentheforceapplicationpoints,equalinmagnitude,andinoppositedirections.[2]

1.4.1Axialtensionandcompression(Text4)availability:_______________1.4.2Torsionandshearing(Text5)driveshaft:____________Fig.1.12InTheAutomotivePowerTrainShown,TheShaftTransmitsPowerFromTheEngineToTheRearWheels.Fig.1.13TheModelOfTorsionscrosssection:___________1.4.2Torsionandshearing(Text5)eliminate:_______________1.4.2Torsionandshearing(Text5)generator:_____________1.4.2Torsionandshearing(Text5)1.5EngineeringMaterialsoftheautomobiles(Task3)Weacknowledgethatthesediversematerialsarequiteliterallythestuffofourcivilizationandhaveadeterminingeffectuponitscharacter,justascastirondidduringtheIndustrialRevolution.

[1]

bridge:_______________literally:_____________Weshouldrecognizethatthepressingandinterrelatedglobalproblemsofenergyutilizationandenvironmentalcontroleachhasasubstantialandinescapable“materialsdimension”.[2]

1.5EngineeringMaterialsoftheautomobiles(Task3)Fig.1.14ThePrincipalClassesOfMaterialsmisuse:___________pressing:___________interrelated:___________inescapable:____________1.5.1Metallicmaterial(Text6)Thedefinitionusedforametalwilldifferdependingonthefieldofstudy.[3]

Fig.1.15ValuableMetalsexpansion:________________service:_______________desired:_______________subgroup:______________1.5.1Metallicmaterial(Text6)Fig.1.16Smelting:Oresconsistofnon-metallicelementslikeoxygenorsulphurcombinedwiththewantedmetal.Ironisseparatedfromtheoxygeninitsoreheatingitwithcarbonmonoxidederivedfromcoke(aformofcarbonmadefromcoal).Limestoneisaddedtokeepimpuritiesliquidsothattheironcanseparatefromthem.content:______________lesser:_______________1.5.2Non-metallicmaterial(Text7)identification:___________label:______________soda:______________flatten:_____________saladdressing:___________1.5.2Non-metallicmaterial(Text7)PVCisthestandardmaterialforpipinginundergrounddistributionsystemsforpotablewater(blue)andnaturalgas(yellow),beingcorrosionresistantandofferingsmallresistancetofluidflow.[4]

nylon:___________1.5.2Non-metallicmaterial(Text7)Whendrivinganautomobile,fewperformanceattributesaretakenmoreforgrantedthanthevehicle’sbrakingcapabilities.[5]

Fig.1.17CeramicBrakes1.5.2Non-metallicmaterial(Text7)Fig.1.18Apioneerinceramicfrictiontechnology,Akebonocantestbrakesystemnoiseandvibrationperformanceoncompletevehiclesissue:___________Notsurprisingly,imitationproductsfromcompetitorsappearedaboutoneyearlater,theresultofaggressivereverse-engineeringbyanumberofmanufacturerswhorecognizedAkebono’stechnologicalbreakthrough.[6]

1.5.2Non-metallicmaterial(Text7)Table1.1Ceramicsvs.Semi-metallics:PerformanceComparison1.6.1有关数学表达式的英语1.四则运算的表达动词：add,subtract,multiply,divide

介词：plus,minus,times,over

结果：sum,difference,product,quotient2.等式与不等式3.指数与对数4.函数5.特殊值1.6.2专业英语词汇的特点及猜词断义的技巧1.给普通英语单词赋予新的词义。如：Workisthetransferofenergyexpressedastheproductofaforceandthedistancethroughwhichitspointofapplicationmovesinthedirectionoftheforce.在这句话中，work、energy、product、force都是从普通词汇中借来的物理学术语。work的意思不是“工作”，而是“功”；energy的意思不是“活力”，而是“能”；product的意思不是“产品”，而是“乘积”；force的意思不是“力量”，而是“力”。1.6.2专业英语词汇的特点及猜词断义的技巧2.当新的技术出现时，可能需要构造新的英语词汇。a.合成：由两个独立的词合成一个词。如，

air+craft→aircraft飞机

metal+work→metalwork金属制品

power+plant→powerplant发电厂有时加连字符。如，

cast-iron铸铁

conveyer-belt传送带

machine-made机制的有时甚至用两个或两个以上的词组成复合术语，构成一个完整的概念。如，

liquidcrystal液晶

computerlanguage计算机语言

linearmeasure长度单位

civilengineering土木工程b.派生：由词根加上前缀或后缀构成新词。加前缀只改变词义，不改变词性；而加后缀只改变词性，不改变词义。如，

ultrasonic(a.超声的)——ultra+sonicsubsystem(n.分系统)——sub+systemdischarge(v.放电)——dis+chargenon-metal(n.非金属)——non+metalelectricity(n.电)——electric+ityconductor(n.导体)——conduct+ormaintenance(n.维修)——maintain+anceavoidable(a.可以避免的)——avoid+ablefundamental(a.基本的)——fundament+al1.6.2专业英语词汇的特点及猜词断义的技巧1.6.2专业英语词汇的特点及猜词断义的技巧3.猜词断义的技巧⑴前面所述的“1”和“2”两点就是猜词断义的方法，我们完全可以通过词汇本身的特点来加以判断。⑵根据上下文的逻辑关系猜词断义Heisaresoluteman.Oncehesetsupagoal,hewon'tgiveituphalfway.

句中“resolute”是生词，但是完全可以通过后面的“won'tgiveitup”判断出“resolute”的含义为“won'tgiveitup”的同义词，故为“坚决的，刚毅的”。

AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.

句中“supercilious”是生词，但是看到“incontrast”眼前一亮，“supercilious”一定是“humbleandmodest”的反义词，故为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。练习：Unlikehissister,whoisawarm,interestedperson.Johnisapathetictoeveryoneandeverything.1.7.1定语从句的译法1.限制性定语从句的译法⑴用“的”字结构译成前置定语一般来说，限制性定语从句与主句关系密切，特别是对那些不太长或不太复杂的定语从句，更是如此。如：Theunitweusetomeasurevoltageisthevolt.计量电压的单位是伏特。Therateatwhichworkisdoneiscalledpower.做功的比率是功率。

Oneofthejobsofthecontrolengineerofapowerstationistodealpromptlywithanythingthatgoeswrong.

发电厂的技术人员的一项工作就是及时处理所发生的任何故障。Acoilofwirethatmovesinamagneticfieldwillhavesomeinductionphenomena.在磁场中运动的线圈会产生感应现象。1.7.1定语从句的译法⑵长句切分开，将译句按意群断开有些长句层次复杂，关系冗长，应将译句按意群断开，按汉语习惯写成短句,或者后续性分句。如：Somemetalsarebetterconductorsofelectricitythanothers,whichmeansthattheformerhaveatomsthatcontainmorefreeelectronsthanthelatter.某些金属比别的金属有更好的导电性，这表明前者所拥有的原子，其所含自由电子数比后者要多。Theenergyobtainedfromuraniumatomsinnuclear-powerstationsmaybeusedtoheatboilersandproducesteamfortheturbinesthatdrivethealternators.

从原子能发电厂中的铀元素中获得的能量可以用来加热锅炉、产生蒸汽、驱动汽轮机，以带动交流发电机。1.7.1定语从句的译法⑶练习ThereisanotherreasonwhyA.C.ispreferredtoD.Cforlongdistancetransmission.Effectsofprocessingasurfaceswhichaltermechanicalpropertiesarebeingstudied.Manyelectrongunsincludeanelectro-magneticcoilatthebaseofthegunwhichcanbeenergizedtocauseapre-determineddeflection.1.7.1定语从句的译法2.非限制性定语从句的译法⑴非限制性定语从句与主句之间的关系较疏远，当某些从句较短时，可以按照汉语的习惯，仍把它当作限制性定语从句来翻译。如：Theelectricity,whichweuseforelectriclampandfans,isproducedbygenerators.电灯、电风扇用的电是发电机发出来的。Thestatesofprocesscanbeseparatedintotwocategories,whichchangeatdifferentrates.该处理过程的状态可分为以不同速率变化的两类。1.7.1定语从句的译法⑵按照句子结构在引导词前切断，保留原句结构的翻译。如：Moreoften,itconsistedofseveraldifferentunits,analyzer,averager,display,etc.,whichhadtobeinterconnectedpriortouse.多数情况下，它包括一些不同的部件，如解调器、均衡器和显示器等，它们必须在使用前互相连接好。Electromotiveforceresultsinelectricalpressure,whichmaybecomparedtowaterpressure.电动势产生电压，电压好比水压。⑶练习

Semi-conductorisanewkindofmaterial,whichhasfoundawideuseinelectronicindustry.Thistypeofmeteriscalledmultimeter,whichisusedtomeasureelectricity.1.7.2it充当形式主语的译法

1.it+be+形容词，如，Itisapparentthat…显然/很明显，…Itiscertainthat…无疑，…./…是肯定的

Itistruethat…的确/确实，…2.it+be+名词，如，Itisacommonknowledgethat…众所周知，…Itisafactthat…事实是…Itisapitythat…可惜，…3.it+be+过去分词Itisacceptedthat…可接受的是/公认的是，…Itisannouncethat…据称/有人宣称，…Itisconsideredthat…人们认为…Itisestimatedthat…据估计…ProjectIIRobotsMainContents2.3Themechanicalelementsoftherobots

(Task1)12.4MotorandMotionControlSystemsoftherobots

(Task2)22.5IndustrialRobots

(Task3)32.6Languagestudy

42.7Practicalskill

52.1Thelead-inoftheprojectRobotsproducemechanicalmotionthat,inmostcases,resultsinmanipulationorlocomotion.Forexample,industrialrobots(Fig.2.1)manipulatepartsortoolstoperformmanufacturingtaskssuchasmaterialhandling,welding,spraypainting,orassembly;automatedguidedvehiclesareusedfortransportingmaterialsinfactoriesandwarehouses.Telerobotsprovideastronautswithlargemanipulatorsforremotelyperformingspacecraftmaintenance.Fig.2.1RobotAssemblyLineRobotsperformrepetitive,high-precisionoperations24hoursadaywithoutfatigue.Robotsonthisautomobileassemblylineweldbodypartstogether.TheGeneralMotorsCorporationusesabout16,000robotstoweld,assemble,duce:___________2.1Thelead-inoftheprojectmanipulate:___________active:______________position:_____________联想记忆velocityacceleration2.1Thelead-inoftheprojectFig.2.2MicrorobotFig.2.3RobotsInAerospace

2.2ThecontentsoftheprojectFig.2.4ActuatorsOfRobot2.3.1Screws(Text1)bolt:____________nut:_____________threadedhole:____________pitch:__________lead:__________Fig.2.5HexagonalBoltAndNutIllustratedTheTerminologyOfThreadedFasteners.2.3.1Screws(Text1)Shouldasecondthreadbecutisthespacebetweenthegroovesofthefirst(imaginetwostringswoundsidebysidearoundapencil),adouble-threadedscrewwouldbeformed.[1]

Fig.2.6Worm-GearScrewJack.inplace:____________2.3.2Gears(Text2)Fig.2.7Helicalgears:(a)opposite-handpairmeshedonparallelaxes(mostcommontype);(b)same-handpairmeshedoncrossedaxes.2.3.2Gears(Text2)relatively:_____________speedometer:__________Fig.2.8ATypicalHerringboneGearset.2.3.2Gears(Text2)Thatis,fortheright-handdriver,ifthefingersoftherighthandarepointedinthedirectionofrotationofthegears,thethumbpointsinthedirectionofthethrust.[2]

Fig.2.9Direction,rotation,andthrustloadforthreehelicalgearsetswithparallelshafts.2.3.3Flexibletransmissioncomponents(Text3)agent:______________近形记忆contrastcontact近义记忆contrastcompareFig.2.10ARobotWithLinkagesAndBeltsFig.2.11StandardcrosssectionsofV-belts.Alldimensionsareininches.2.3.3Flexibletransmissioncomponents(Text3)近义记忆stretchexpandFig.2.12MultipleV-beltDrive2.3.3Flexibletransmissioncomponents(Text3)geometry:___________press-fit____________Fig.2.13PortionOfARollerChain:(a)singlestrand;(b)doublestrand2.4.1TheRoleofControlsInMechatronics(Text4)Thisincontrasttotheelectronicpartofthesystemwhereinformationprocessingisthemainissue.[1]

Sensorsconvertthemechanicalmotionsintoelectricalsignalswhereonlytheinformationcontentisimportantorevenintopureinformationintheformofnumbers(ifnecessary,throughanADconverter).[2]

issue:____________converter:____________2.4.1TheRoleofControlsInMechatronics(Text4)Fig.2.14MechatronicSystem.supply:______________steer:_____________2.4.1TheRoleofControlsInMechatronics(Text4)联想记忆variableconstantsetting:____________Fig.2.15BlockDiagramOfABasicClosed-loopControlSystem.beproportionalto:____________2.4.1TheRoleofControlsInMechatronics(Text4)Thesesignalsaresenttothemotioncontrollersothatitcancomputeacorrectivesignalfortheamplifiertokeepmotorspeedwithinthosepresetlimitsdespiteloadchanges.[3]

Fig.2.16BlockDiagramOfAVelocity-loopControlSystem.近形记忆surroundsurrender2.4.1TheRoleofControlsInMechatronics(Text4)predetermine:___________Fig.2.17BlockDiagramOfAPosition-controlSystem.sample:___________specify:____________Fig.2.18BlockDiagramOfAOpen-loopMotionControlSystem.2.4.2Servomechanism(Text5)adapt:____________Fig.2.19ExplodedViewOfAPermanent-magnetDCServomotorWithADisk-typeArmature.2.4.2Servomechanism(Text5)Fig.2.20CutawayViewOfAPermanent-magnetDCServomotorWithACup-typeArmature.Fig.2.21CutawayViewOfABrushlessDCMotor.2.4.2Servomechanism(Text5)Fig.2.22LinearActuatorWithLinearServoMotorStepperorsteppingmotorsaregenerallyusedinlessdemandingmotioncontrolsystems,wherepositioningtheloadbysteppermotorsisnotcriticalfortheapplication.[4]

2.4.2Servomechanism(Text5)Fig.2.23CutawayViewOfAFractionalHorsepowerPermanent-magnetDCServomotor.desirable:____________while:______________share:____________2.4.2Servomechanism(Text5)Fig.2.24AMagneticSensornAsARotorPositionIndicator:(1)stationarybrushlessmotorwinding,(2)permanent-magnetmotorrotor,(3)three-phaseelectronicallycommutatedfield,(4)threemagneticsensors,and(5)theelectroniccircuitboard.permit:___________cost:__________while:____________package:____________2.5.1Benefitsofindustrialrobotics(Text6)Fig.2.26BenefitsOfIndustrialRoboticsunderpay:________________overwork:________________2.5.1Benefitsofindustrialrobotics(Text6)Fig.2.27AutomaticLoom词根记忆aspectinspectrespectretrospectperspectivespecific:_________paperclip:_________2.5.1Benefitsofindustrialrobotics(Text6)Takethatnail-makingmachineandaddabunchofcontrolstoitsoitcanmakenailsfromdifferentsizesofwires,withdifferenttypesofpoints,anddifferenttypesofheads.[1]

Machinesaredesignedtobeassafeaspossible,buttherearelimitstowhatcanbedonetoametalsheerorpunchpress,forexample,andhaveitremainuseful.[2]

2.5.1Benefitsofindustrialrobotics(Text6)Fig.2.28WeldingRobotplant:___________supervisor:__________2.5.1Benefitsofindustrialrobotics(Text6)Fig.2.29ArmWithWeldingAttachmentFig.2.30ArmWithCuttingAttachment2.5.2Graspersofrobots(Text7)Fig.2.31TheGrasperOfRobotavailable:____________cylinder:____________arrangement:____________2.5.2Graspersofrobots(Text7)Fig.2.32TwoFingerGripper:(a)non-parallel;(b)parallel;(c)parallelwithincreasedgrip.

Fig.2.33InternalTwoFingerGripper.近形记忆reversereserveconverseconservesensitivesensible2.6.1有关数字的表达1.在英语中，除了个、十、百之外，数字常用103为单位进行分割，如，千：thousand103

百万：million106

十亿：billion109

万亿：trillion1012(毫)千分之一：milli-10-3(微)百万分之一：micro-10-6(纳)十亿分之一：nano-10-9(皮)万亿分之一：pico-10-12(飞)千万亿分之一：femto-10-15(阿)百万万亿分之一：atto-10-18

千：kilo-103

兆：mega-106

吉：giga-1092.6.1有关数字的表达2.成倍地增加或减少的数字用法，如：⑴Theprofitofwindpowerindustryhasbeenincreasedtothreetimesasagainstlastyear.

风力发电业与去年相比，利润增加到去年的3倍。⑵Theproductionofelectricvehicleshasreduced3timesasmuchaslastyear.

电动汽车的产量与去年相比减少到原来的三分之一。在描述成倍的增加或减少的数量时：increaseNtimesincreaseNfoldincreasebyNtimesincreasetoNtimesincreasebyafactorofN

讲的都是同一个意思，指“增加到N倍”或“增加了N-1倍”。而reduceNtimesreduceNfoldreducebyNtimesreducetoNtimesreducebyafactorofN

讲的都是同一个意思，指“减少了(N-1)/N”或“减少到1/N”2.6.1有关数字的表达3.成分数或百分数增加或减少的数量用法与倍数不同，分数百分数的增加、减少与动词词组中的介词有密切关系，如，Thebandwidthwasincreasedby120%.带宽增加了120%(增加到220%)。Thebandwidthwasincreasedto120%oftheprevious.带宽增加到原来的120%。Thetemperaturewasreducedtoone-third.温度降低到原来数值的三分之一。Thetemperaturewasreducedbyone-third.温度降低了原来数值的三分之一。4.练习频率增加到3倍。成本减少了五分之一。2.6.2专业英语词汇记忆技巧1.联想记忆（归类记忆）这种记忆方式是由某一方面有联系的词汇牵引出另外一大片词汇，虽然这些词汇的含义不同，但由于处于同一个应用领域，或者经常在一起使用，或者它们有类似的含义，甚至含义正好相反，所以通过归类的方法进行记忆。如，⑴在电路中常用的词汇可以从电阻联想出resistance电阻inductivereactance感抗conductance电导capacitance电容impedance阻抗capacitivereactance容抗inductance电感capacitivesusceptance容纳⑵在计算机运算中可联想到各种运算操作和运算部件addend加数divider除数product乘积subtrahend减数sum和quotient商

multiple倍数difference差⑶不同专业领域中类似的词汇含义

union并intersection交complement补

or“或”操作and“与”操作not“非”操作

conjunction合并negation否定2.6.2专业英语词汇记忆技巧2.近形记忆英语词汇中有很多词汇的拼写和字母组成非常类似，时常被错认为另一个词汇，但是只要经常分辨这些词汇间的微小差异，就能牢牢记住它们。如，adapt适合institute学院adept熟练的destitute缺乏adopt采纳constitute组成substitute代替3.同义记忆如同汉语一样，英语词汇中同样存在一词多义和一义多词的现象，对于一义多词，每个单词的含义有时完全相同，有时又有所区别，记住它们之间微小的区别，如，环境：surround,circumstance,environment

促进，激励：promote,stimulate,prompt,motivate,prod,activate4.反义记忆在词汇记忆中，注意利用词义互为正反的特征，相互结合进行记忆可以收到较好的效果，如，littlealittlefewafewenabledisablemountunmount2.6.2专业英语词汇记忆技巧5.词根记忆现代英语的祖先是日耳曼语言持有者盎格鲁-撒克逊人的语言，他们于公元449年从北方欧洲大陆登陆不列颠，占据了本属于凯尔特人的土地，吸收了少量的凯尔特人的语言。以后随着希腊罗马文化在罗马帝国统治期间以及文艺复兴时期的两次大规模传播，英语吸收了大量的希腊语、拉丁语的一些词汇，其中很多以词根的形式保留下来了。即，英语单词大多数的基本结构为：前缀+词根+后缀。如，duc,duct=lead引导educate=e出+duc引导+ate动词后缀→(把…从无知状态中引导出来)教育introduce=intro入+duc引导→(引入)引进，介绍conduct=con加强语气+duct引导，领导→引导，指导，管理，指挥conductor=conduct+or人，工具→指导者，乐队指挥，管理者，导体semiconductor=semi半+conductor→半导体product=pro向前+duc引导→(引导事物向前发展)生产，产生，引起induce=in入+duc引导→(引导…进入…状态)引诱，诱使abduct=ab离开+duct引导→(引导…离开)诱拐，劫持2.6.2专业英语词汇记忆技巧fer=bring,carry带，拿confer=con共同+fer拿→(把意见拿到一起来)协商，商量，交换意见differ=dif分开

+fer拿→(各持己见，互异)不同，区别，相异offer=of向前+fer拿→(拿到前面来)提出，提供，奉献，贡献prefer=pre先+fer拿→(先拿，先取，先选，先要)宁愿，宁可，更喜欢transfer=trans越过，转过+fer拿→(拿过去)转移，传递，传输，转让fus=pour灌，流，倾泻refuse=re回+fus流→(流回，退回)拒绝，拒受confuse=con共同

+fus流→(流到一处，混在一起)使混杂，混乱，混淆transfuse=trans越过，转移+fus流→(转流过去，移注过去)移注，灌输infuse=in入+fus流→(流入)向…注入，灌输diffuse=dif分开，散开+fus流→(分开流，散开流，到处流)散开，传播，扩散，散布interfuse=inter互相+fus流→(互相流动)混合，融合，渗透2.6.2专业英语词汇记忆技巧pel=push,drive推，驱，逐propel=pro向前+pel推→推进，推动propeller=propel+er→推进器，推动者，螺旋桨expel=ex出，外+pel驱逐→逐出，赶出，驱逐，开除repel=re回

+pel逐→(逐回)击退，反击，抵抗dispel=dis分散+pel驱→驱散compel=com加强语气+pel驱逐，驱使→(驱之使做某事)强迫，迫使impel=im加强语气+pel驱逐，驱使→推动，激励2.6.2专业英语词汇记忆技巧6.通过应用记忆词汇记忆的目的是应用，只有多用才不会忘记，才能使词汇“活”起来，同时也要注意几个类似词之间在用法上的区别，对英语翻译同样有极大的帮助。如，代替(以A代替B)tosubstituteAforBtosubstituteBwithAtosubstituteBbyAAsubstituteBBbereplacebyAtoreplaceBwithAtoreplaceBbyAAreplaceB2.7.1代词的阅读与译法1.英语倾向于多用代词，其凭借代词的指代关系来交代信息的逻辑关系；而汉语则倾向于重复名词或名称，其凭借复述来传递逻辑信息。因此，汉译代词时，应注意摆脱英语原文的影响，适当减少代词或者省略，特别是人称代词的使用。如，Assoonasapositivechargeapproachesanelectron,itcombineswiththelatter.

正电荷一接触到电子，便马上与其相结合。Abatteryhaswithinitsomeresistancecalledinternalresistance.电池内的电阻称为内电阻。Insulatorscanalsoconductelectricitytosomeextent,thoughtheygiveahighresistancetoanelectriccurrent.虽然绝缘体对电流呈很大电阻，但多少还是有一点导电性的。2.7.1代词的阅读与译法2.顺应汉语用代词的习惯，尽量消除不易弄清的指示代词，必要时可还原其所指代的名词或名称。如，Theconductorhasitsproperties,andtheinsulatorhasitsproperties.导体有导体的特性，绝缘体有绝缘体的特性。Whateveritsoriginis,thee.m.f.ofasourceisnumericallyequaltothepotentialdifferencebetweenitstwoterminalswiththeexternalcircuitopen.不管电源的原动力是什么，其电势在大小上总是等于开路电压。Withoutthefrictionbetweentheirfeetandtheground,peoplewouldnotbeinapositiontowalk.要是没有人的脚与地面之间的摩擦，人就不能走路。2.7.1代词的阅读与译法3.有时英语句子中代词与其指代物可能离得较远，正确的阅读理解是翻译正确与否的关键。如，⑴根据语言结构上的呼应关系判断Lightwavesarewavesofenergythattravelthroughspaceattherateof3,000,000kilometerspersecond.句中，关系代词that后的谓语动词travel是第三人称复数形式，故可判定其不是指代energy(尽管其靠得很近)，而是指代waves(尽管其离that比energy远)。因此译为：光波是以每秒3,000,000公里的速度传播的能量波。⑵根据靠近原则判断英文中，其代词出现的位置，大体上有一个原则，就是所谓“靠近原则”。即代词前最近的一个名词(或名称)，一般正是其所指代的词。如，Thetwounitsusedmostfrequentlyinelectricityareampereandvolt.Thisistheunitofvoltageandthatofcurrentflow.电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特，后者是电压单位，前者是电流单位。2.7.1代词的阅读与译法⑶有时句中的名词、名称和代词不只一个，“靠近原则”不够用，这时还应该结合思维逻辑上的呼应关系来判断指代关系。如，

AnalternatingvoltagebetweentwopointsAandB,determinedalongaspecifiedpathL,periodicallychangessign,sothatifitisassumedtobepositiveinthedirectionfromAtoB,itwillbenegativeinthedirectionfromBtoAatthesameinstantoftime.

首先，根据专业背景知识判断什么被“bepositiveinthedirection”,往前面主句阅读，只可能是“Analternatingvoltage”，故此断定第一个it就是指代“Analternatingvoltage”；其次，第二个it后面是“benegativeinthedirection”，正好与第一个it后面的“bepositiveinthedirection”相对照，故此通过逻辑判读，第二个it也指代Analternatingvoltage”。所以翻译如下，沿某一特定路径L中AB两点之间的交变电压周期性地改变符号。这样，若假定自A至B方向的电压为正，则在同一瞬时自B至A方向的电压便为负。2.7.2虚拟语气的译法1.非真实条件的纯粹虚拟句的译法在专业英语中，常常会遇到许多非真实条件的纯粹虚拟的虚拟语气句。翻译这种句子，主要是应避免译成真实条件句。如：Whatwouldhappenifonebrokeoneofthewiresoftheelectriccircuit?错：如果有人把电路中的一个导线弄断了，会发生什么情况呢？就译成了一般条件句，应该译成：倘若真的有人把电路中的一根导线弄断了，那会发生什么情况呢？练习：

Iftherewerenogravity,therewouldbenoairaroundtheearth.Ifyoushouldmoveapermanentmagnetinandoutofacoilofwire,youwouldbeusingthemagnetandthecoilasasimpleelectricgenerator.

有时从句中的连词if可省略，而将should,were,had,could等提前，采用倒装语序的虚拟，翻译是类似的。如，Werethereonelectricpressureinasemiconductor,theelectronflowwouldnottakeplaceofit.要是半导体内没有电压，其内部就不会产生电流。练习：

Hadtheproductionprocessnotbeenmadeanautomaticone,theproductivitywouldnothaveincreasedsogreatly.2.7.2虚拟语气的译法2.在专业英语中，有时遇到表示建议、要求或命令等意义的虚拟句，其谓语结构形式为“should+动词原形”，其含义为“应该”、“要”。如，Ourdemandisthatcorrectcalculationshouldbemade.我们要求的是计算要准确。注意，有时should可以省略，但依然是虚拟语气。如，Thisrequiresthattheconverterconnectingthedrivetotheutilitygridbeatwo-quadrantconverterwithareversibleDCcurrent.这就要求连接电动机与公用电网的转换器，应是能提供可换向直流电的两象限转换器。ProjectIIIElevatorMainContents3.3PLCoftheelevator

(Task1)13.4Sensorsoftheelevators

(Task2)23.5HydraulicandPneumaticelevators

(Task3)33.6Languagestudy

43.7Practicalskill53.1Thelead-inoftheprojectIngeneral,aControlSystemisacollectionofelectronicdevicesandequipmentwhichareinplacetoensurethestability,accuracyandsmoothtransitionofaprocessmanufacturingactivity.[1]

collection:____________scale:_____________近形记忆implementcomplementcomplimentBesidessignalinterfacingtothefielddevices(suchasoperatorpanel,motors,sensors,switches,solenoidvalvesandetc.)，capabilitiesinnetworkcommunicationenableabigscaleimplementationandprocessco-ordinationbesidesprovidinggreaterflexibilityinrealizingdistributedcontrolsystem.[2]

3.1Thelead-inoftheprojectFig.3.1ItcouldalsobeanapplicationassmallasasinglePLCcontrollingasingleor