2022年考研考博-考博英语-广东工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号1

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-广东工业大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Theyhavelaunchedacampaigntogetonlineticketingcompaniesto（）addedcoststocustomerswhenbuyingtickets.

问题1选项

A.clarify

B.identify

C.justify

D.magnify

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项clarify表示“澄清，阐明”；B选项identify表示“确定，鉴定，识别”；C选项justify表示“证明合法，替……辩护”；D选项magnify表示“方大，赞美，夸大”。

由句意可知，购票者可以在网上购票平台确定附加费。因此本题正确答案为B选项。

2.单选题

（）asplanneddependsontheweather.

问题1选项

A.We'llgoontheexcursion

B.Thatwe'llgoontheexcursion

C.Howwe'llgoontheexcursion

D.Whetherwe'llgoontheexcursion

【答案】D

【解析】考查主语从句。原句表示，我们是否能按计划出去郊游取决于天气。因此本题正确答案为D选项。

3.单选题

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search,notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappealtobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationpfrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogetherchallenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”

1.Paragraph1statesthattheprocessofdiscoveryhasthecharacteristicsof（）.

2.Paragraph2suggeststhatcredibilityprocessrequires（）.

3.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit（）.

4.AlbertAzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthispassage?

问题1选项

A.logicalityandobjectivity

B.uncertaintyandcomplexity

C.systematicnessandregularity

D.misconceptionanddeceptiveness

问题2选项

A.sharedefforts

B.strictinspection

C.individualwisdom

D.persistentinnovation

问题3选项

A.hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists

B.hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic

C.hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity

D.hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers

问题4选项

A.Scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges

B.Discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch

C.Effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified

D.scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind

问题5选项

A.NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment

B.CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery

C.ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience

D.EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据关键词thefirstparagraph和theprocessofdiscovery可定位至原文第一段第二句。由原文信息可知，在日常的科学实践中发现的过程通常是含糊和复杂的。选项B中的uncertainty和complexity分别为ambiguous和complicated的同义替换，故本题正确答案为B选项。

2.推理判断题。根据题干关键词credibilityprocess定位至第二段第三四句。这两句话介绍了可信性的证实过程。由原文信息可知，经过集体的详细审查和认可一项科学发现声明才能变为可靠的科学发现。在这个过程中，单个研究者的“我”、“这里”和“现在”变成了科学界里的“任何人”、“任何地方”和“任何时间”。由此可知，可信性证实过程需要整个科学界的审查和认可，是集体努力的结果，因此本题正确答案为A选项。

3.细节事实题。根据题干信息可定位至文章第三段。作者在这一段详细介绍了科学发现可信性的证实过程，指出在科学界复杂的社会结构下，研究者发表发现内容，编辑和审查者审核论文发表过程，其他科学家利用该发现的成果，最后，大众知晓这一发现，这一可信性证实过程是在大家的共同努力下得以完成。后文又讲到，在一项发现声明被业界审查的过程中，相关观点的融合和碰撞把个人的发现声明变成了科学界的可靠发现。由此可知，个人的发现声明需要经过整个科学界的审查才能变成可靠的发现。选项A.、B.、D.都只是可信性证实过程中的一个方面，不足以概括整个过程，均可排除。因此，本题正确答案为C选项。

4.推理判断题。根据题干信息可定位至原文第四段第七句。这句话阐述了阿尔贝特•圣捷尔吉对发现的描述，即“见世人所见，思无人所思”。由此可知，阿尔贝特•圣捷尔吉强调科学发现不能循规蹈矩，要有创新精神和批判精神，所以D选项表述最符合原文含义。因此本题正确答案为D选项。

5.主旨大意题。本文首先指明日常科学研究充满了不确定性和复杂性。接着作者指出科学发现声明需要经过可信性证实过程才能变为可靠的科学发现。而在第三段，作者详细介绍了科学发现可信性的证实过程，并在第四段指出了可信性证实过程中存在的两个矛盾。第五段作者对科学的可信性证实过程进行了总结。综上所述，文章始终都在论述科学发现声明是如何变为可靠科学发现的过程，即科学可信性的证实过程。因此，D选项最适合作为文章的标题。

4.单选题

Speakersandlistenersareoftenatodds:languagethatiseasyforthereceivertounderstandisoftendifficulttoproduce,andthatwhichiseasilyformulatedcanbehardto（）.

问题1选项

A.comprehend

B.ignore

C.confirm

D.defend

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。comprehend理解，包含；ignore忽视，不理睬confirm确认，确定；defend辩护。由前半句可知说话者与接受者之间存在矛盾，故后面可推知这两者之间还存在另一种矛盾，即容易表达的话却难以理解。故A项正确。句意：说话者和倾听者常常意见不一致:容易让接受者理解的语言往往很难产生，而容易表达的语言却很难理解。

5.单选题

Thecouncilinchargerefusedtogiveits（）tothebuildingschemeproposesbythisjointventurecompany.

问题1选项

A.sanction

B.guarantee

C.trust

D.confirmation

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。sanction制裁；guarantee保证，担保；trust信任，信赖；confirmation确实，证实。句意：主管委员会拒绝对这家合资公司提出的建筑方案给予确认。只有D项符合题意。

6.单选题

Awearabletechnologydeveloped-byresearchersatWashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicinemayhelpsurgeonsto（）cancercells,whichwillhelptoensurethatnostraytumorcellsareleft-behindduringsurgicalprocedures.

问题1选项

A.utilize

B.visualize

C.transcend

D.transform

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。utilize利用；visualize显现，可视化；transcend胜过，超越；transform变换，改变。由which引导的从句内容可知“这可穿戴的技术可以帮助确保癌细胞无残留”说明这项技术能够让外科医生在手术过程过看清楚癌细胞。故B项符合题意。句意：华盛顿大学医学院的研究人员开发的一种可穿戴技术可能有助于外科医生看清楚癌细胞，这将有助于确保在手术过程中不会留下任何游离的肿瘤细胞。

7.单选题

Withinthatexclusivegroupofliterarycharacterswhohavesurvivedthroughthecenturies—fromHamlettoHuckleberryFinn-fewcanrivaltheculturalimpactofSherlockHolmes.Sincehisfirstpublicappearance20yearsago,thegentlemanwiththecurvedpipeandatasteforcocaine,themasterofdeductivereasoningandelaboratedisguise,haslefthismarkeverywhere—incrimeliterature,filmandtelevision,cartoonsandcomicbooks.

AtHolmes'side,ofcourse,washistrustedfriendDr.Watson.Loomingevenlarger,however,wasanotherdoctor,onewhosemedicalpracticewassoslowitallowedhimplentyoftimetopursuehisliteraryambition.Hisname:ArthurConanDoyle.Asthecreatorofthesefictionalicons,ConanDoylehashimselfbecomesomethingofacultfigure,theobjectofcountlesscriticalstudies,biographiesandfanclubs.

ConanDoylewasborninEdinburghin1859,inarespectablemiddle-classCatholicfamily.Still,itwasfarfromaneasylife.Therewasneverenoughmoney;theymovedfrequentlyinsearchoflowerrents;andhisfather,acivilservantandillustratorwasanalcoholicwhohadtobeinstitutionalized.Yettheearlylettershewrotetohismotheraresurprisinglyoptimistic,concernedmainlywithfood,clothes,allowancesandschoolwork.At14camehisfirstunforgettablevisittoLondon,includingMadameTussaud's,wherehewas"delightedwiththeroomofHorrors,andtheimagesofthemurderers."

Asuperbstudent,ConanDoylewentontomedicalschool,wherehewasattractedbyDr.JosephBell,aprofessorwithanuncannyabilitytodiagnosepatientsevenbeforetheyopenedtheirmouths.ForatimeheworkedasBell'soutpatientclerkandwouldwatch,amazed,athowthelocationofacalluscouldrevealaman'sprofession,orhowaquicklookataskinrashtoldBellthatthepatienthadoncelivedinBermuda.In1886,ConanDoyleoutlinedhisfirstnovel,AStudyinScarlet,whichhedescribedas"asimpletaleofmysterytomakealittleextramoney."Itsmaincharacter,initiallycalledSherringfordHopeandlatercalledSherlockHolmes,wasbasedlargelyonBell.ButHolmes'firstappearancewentalmostunnoticed,andthestrugglingdoctordevotednearlyallofhissparetimetowritinglonghistoricalnovelsinthestyleofSirWalterScott—novelsthathewasconvincedwouldmakehisreputation.Itwasn'ttobe.In1888,HolmesreappearedinAScandalinBohemia，ashortstoryinStrandMagazine.Andthistime,itsherotookanimmediatehitandConanDoyle'slifewouldneverbethesame.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTproperindescribingSherlockHolmes?

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutConanDoyleandhisfamily?

3.ConanDoylefelt（）abouthisfirstvisittoLondon.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）.

5.ConanDoyle'sshortstory"AScandalinBohemia"turnedouttobe（）atlast.

问题1选项

A.Sociable

B.Rational

C.Cunning

D.Intelligent

问题2选项

A.Hecamefromamiddle-classfamily.

B.Hismotherhadreceivedlittleeducation.

C.Hisfatherwasaddictedtodrinking.

D.TheyledahardlifeinEdinburgh.

问题3选项

A.awful

B.pleasant

C.memorable

D.horrible

问题4选项

A.themorecallusesapersonhas,themoreprofessionalhewouldbe

B.writersoftenbasetheirwritingonpersonalexperiences

C.inspirationwasveryimportantforapersontocreatesomething

D.ConanDoylehasgonethroughaperiodofhardshiponhiswaytosuccess

问题5选项

A.ridiculous

B.powerful

C.successful

D.frustrating

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。题干询问：下列哪一项不适合描述夏洛克•福尔摩斯？根据原文第一段第二句“Sincehisfirstpublicappearance20yearsago,thegentlemanwiththecurvedpipeandatasteforcocaine,themasterofdeductivereasoningandelaboratedisguise,haslefthismarkeverywhere—incrimeliterature,filmandtelevision,cartoonsandcomicbooks”可知，福尔摩斯的形象是：有着弯曲烟斗和喜好可卡因的绅士，善于演绎推理和精心伪装的大师，并且在犯罪文学、电影、电视、漫画和漫画书中都留下了印记。由此可知，B、C、D选项均属于对福尔摩斯人物的描述，但原文并未提及他的社交方面，由此可判断B选项错误。故本题正确答案为A选项。

2.细节事实题。题干询问：下列对柯南道尔和他的家庭描述中哪一项表述不正确？根据原文第三段可知，柯南道尔出生于爱丁堡一个中产阶级家庭，生活并不轻松，钱总是不够用，还得经常搬家。他的父亲是个公务员兼插画家，还是个酒鬼，不得不送去了收容机构。由此可判断A、C、D选项描述均正确。在原文中并没有过多提到福尔摩斯的母亲，只提到他早期给母亲写过信，因此无从判断他母亲接受教育的情况。因此本题正确答案为B选项。

3.细节事实题。题干询问：柯南道尔对第一次伦敦之行感到……。根据题干关键信息“hisfirstvisittoLondon”可定位到原文第三段最后一句，作者用到了“unforgettable”来描述，由此可知这段旅行应该是“难忘的”。故本题正确答案为C选项。

4.推理判断题。题干询问：由文章最后一段可推断得出……。原文最后一段讲述的是柯南道尔经历了种种失败和挫折后最后取得成功的故事。由此可以判断D选项表述正确。由原文最后一段第二句“ForatimeheworkedasBell'soutpatientclerkandwouldwatch,amazed,athowthelocationofacalluscouldrevealaman'sprofession…”可知，老茧的位置可以揭示一个人的职业，但并不表示老茧越多，他就越专业，可判断A选项表述错误。原文只是提到柯南道尔的其中一部文学作品是以Bell医生为原型，但无法得出作家经常以个人经历作为写作基础，可排除B选项。C选项“灵感对于个人创作非常重要”不能由原文最后一段推断得出，也可排除。故本题正确答案为D选项。

5.推理判断题。题干询问：柯南•道尔的短篇小说《波西米亚丑闻》最终被证明是（）。根据题干关键信息定位到原文最后一段最后两句。由原文信息可知，1888年，福尔摩斯在Strand杂志上刊登了短篇小说《波西米亚丑闻》，这篇小说的男主角风靡一时，柯南道尔的人生也因此发生了变化。由此可以判断，柯南道尔的小说最后大获成功。本题正确答案为C选项

8.单选题

Intheworldofbigbusiness;JamesLintonisprecociousintheextreme.Justtwoyearsintothejobofrevivingoneofthemostillustriousnamesinretailfinance,RoCom,hehasfoundhimselfakeyplayer,inoneoftherichestandcertainlymostaudaciousdealsintheindustryPTL’stakeoverofRoCorm.

PTLispaying£25ashareforRoCom---approximately40percentmorethanthemarketvalueoftheshares—anditsofferdocumentboastedthat“PTLattachesgreatimportancetokeyemployeeshavingappropriateperformancerelatedremuneration.”Initiallywaryaboutthetakeover,Lintonhasnownegotiatedahands-offagreementwithPTL,whichconfirmsitsintentiontoleavehimverymuchtohisowndevicestocontinuebuildingthebusiness.Allthisandhewillnotturn38foranotherfortnight!

AlthoughLintoniscreditedwithturningRoComaround,thisismoreamatterofworkinprogressthanactualachievement.Yethedoesseemtohaveinstitutedthebiggesttop-levelshake-upinitsnear70-yearhistory,promotedsomebig-hittersamongstkeystaffandtransformedRoCom’swayofdoingbusiness.

Lintonhas,however,warnedthatthetakeoverisbynomeansaguaranteeoffuturesuccess;indeed,deterioratingmarketconditionssuggestthatthewayforwardwillbeanythingbutsmooth.Lintonrecentlyventuredthehypothesisthatbeingshareholderownedhad,inrecentyears,helpedthebusinessfocusandarguedthatthesector’sexperienceofrivaltakeoverswasnotencouraging.Indeed,therecentlyreportedperformanceofrivalorganizationssuchasMaftenLimitedhasnotpromotedtheno-Linton.

ItmayhavebeenhisideasaboutindependencethatmadeLintonaddressRoCom's900staffonthedaythetakeoverwasannounced,ratherthandoinghigh-profilemediainterviewsonwhatwasimmediatelyseenasafantasticdealforshare-holders.Heisacutelyawareoftheneedtonurturehisstaffifthebusinessistosucceed,somethingwhichisnotlostonthem.Thisisnotamanagement-schooldictum.Itisagenuinebeliefthateverymemberofstaffhascontributedtothefirmandenabledittonet£1.9billionfromPTL.OtherCEOssayheisarrogant,butthisprobablyreflectsthefactthatLintonmayfindtalkingtothemdifficult.Heisalsoferociouslyintelligent,and,whileinothersthiscouldappearintimidating,inLintonitawakesfurtheradmirationamongstloyalemployees.Theyclearlydonotfeeltheyhavetogrovelinfrontofthismastermind,andclaimthatalthoughhe’sincrediblydedicatedtohiswork,hehasanaffablemanner.

LintonboaststhatstaffturnoverratesatRoComhaveremainedlowfortheindustry,atabout12percentsincehetookoverasCEOtwoyearsago.“PeoplehavearealaffectionforRoCom,andthatrunsrightthroughtheofficehere.Theyallwantustobenumberone.”hesays.Heisawareofthepossibilitythatthecollegiateethoshehasworkedsohardtocreate,themeritocracyonwhichhethinksmuchofRoCom’ssuccessdepends,couldbedestroyedifPTListooheavy-handed.HewillneedallhisskillstokeepRoComoncourse,particularlywhenattentionhasimmediatelyfocusedonthepossibilitythatSusanMarshall,itsrespectedinvestmentchief,mightbethefirstcasualtyofthetakeover.WhateverthefutureholdsforRoCom,wearecertaintogoonhearingalotmoreofJamesLinton.

1.WhatisPTLdoing,accordingtoparagraph2?

2.WhatdowelearnaboutLinton’sworkatRoCominparagraph3?

3.WhatdoesLintonsayaboutRoCominparagraph4?

4.WhichofthefollowingissaidaboutLinton’smanagementstyle?

5.HowdoesLintonfeelaboutthetakeover,accordingtoparagraph6?

问题1选项

A.AllowingLintontorunRoCominthewayhewishesto

B.PurchasingmajorityoftheRoComsharesonoffer

C.GivingallRoComstaffregularbonusestopromotemotivation

D.DrawingupnewemploymentcontractsforRoComemployees

问题2选项

A.HehasachievedmorethananyoneinRoCom’shistory.

B.HehaswidenedtherangeofRoCom’sbusinessactivities.

C.Hehastakenonanumberofnewemployees.

D.Hehasmadechangestoseniormanagement.

问题3选项

A.Thecompanyislikelytofacedifficulttimes.

B.Thecompanyhaslostanumberofexperiencedstaff.

C.Thecompanyisexpectingtoreportencouragingresultsshortly.

D.Thecompanyneedstochangeitsfocustoremaincompetitive.

问题4选项

A.Heinvolvesothersinthedecision-makingprocess.

B.Hisstafffindhimapproachable.

C.Heexpectshisstafftoworkashardashedoes.

D.HisstylediffersfromthatofotherCEOs.

问题5选项

A.Pleasedthatstaffturnoverfinallystartedtofalltwoyearsago

B.AfraidthathewilllosehisjobtoSusanMarshall

C.Worriedthatthecompanyculturemightchange

D.Happythatemployemployeeshavebeensosupportiveofhiswork

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。文章第二段倒数第二句提到现在，林顿已经与PTL谈判达成了一项不干涉协议，这证实了PTL打算让林顿根据自己的意愿继续发展业务（Lintonhasnownegotiatedahands-offagreementwithPTL,whichconfirmsitsintentiontoleavehimverymuchtohisowndevicestocontinuebuildingthebusiness），因此选项A符合题意。

2.判断推理题。文章第三段提到林顿似乎确实实施了公司近70年历史上规模最大的高层人事变动，在关键员工中提拔了一些重量级人物，并改变了RoCom的经营方式Y（ethedoesseemtohaveinstitutedthebiggesttop-levelshake-upinitsnear70-yearhistory,promotedsomebig-hittersamongstkeystaffandtransformedRoCom’swayofdoingbusiness），选项D符合题意。

3.细节事实题。文章第四段第一句可以知道公司正面临一些问题，处在艰难时期，选项A符合题意。

4.细节事实题。文章倒数第二段倒数第一句提到虽然林顿全身心投入工作，但是他依然给人一种和蔼可亲的感觉（theyclearlydonotfeeltheyhavetogrovelinfrontofthismastermind,andclaimthatalthoughhe’sincrediblydedicatedtohiswork,hehasanaffablemanner），选项B符合题意。

5.判断推理题。文章最后一段提到林顿认为如果PTL太过严厉，他努力经营的学员风气就会被摧毁（Heisawareofthepossibilitythatthecollegiateethoshehasworkedsohardtocreate,themeritocracyonwhichhethinksmuchfRoCom’ssuccessdepends,couldbedestroyedifPTListooheavy-handeD.，由此可知他是害怕公司文化会改变，选项C符合题意。

9.单选题

Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.

Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher5sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.

Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic（includingotherscientists）receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.

Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search，notre-search.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second，noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.

Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim-aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeach,other’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits（）.

2.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires（）.

3.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafterit（）.

4.AlbertSzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?

问题1选项

A.uncertaintyandcomplexity

B.misconceptionanddeceptiveness

C.logicalityandobjectivity

D.systematicnessandregularity

问题2选项

A.strictinspection

B.sharedefforts

C.individualwisdom

D.persistentinnovation

问题3选项

A.hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic

B.hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity

C.hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers

D.hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists

问题4选项

A.scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges

B.discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch

C.effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified

D.scientificworkcallsforacriticalmind

问题5选项

A.NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment

B.CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery

C.EvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience

D.ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干关键词thefirstparagraph和theprocessofdiscovery定位至第一段句Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.但在科学的日常实践中，发现常常遵循一条模糊而复杂的路线。A项中的uncertainty和complexity分别为ambiguous和complicated的同义替换，故A项正确。由第一段最后一句“Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.”科学发现过程中可能存在很多误解、错误和自欺。但这些只是可能性，不是科学发现过程的本质特点，故排除B项。本段第一句“Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.在科学是如何进行的理想化状态中，关于世界的事实正等着被客观的研究人员观察和收集，他们用科学的方法来进行他们的工作。”CD两项提到的都是理想化的特点，不是科学发现过程的真实特点，故排除。

2.细节事实题。由题干关键词credibilityprocess定位到第二段"Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher'sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.这就是可信度的过程，通过这个过程，个体研究者的我，在这里，现在变成了社区的任何人，任何地方，任何时间。客观知识是目标，不是起点。可知科学发现获得公众可信度的过程需要每个人的努力，故B项正确。ACD三项都是该过程的一个方面。

3.细节事实题。根据第三段“Asadiscoveryclaimworksitthroughthecommunity,theinteractionandconfrontationbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.”当一项科学发现在科学界中传播时，关于所涉及的科学和技术的共享和相互竞争的信念之间的相互作用和对抗会将个人的发现转变为科学界的可靠发现。”可知经过科学界的检查后，科学发现将变得可靠。故B项正确。

4.细节事实题。由题干定位到第四段NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”诺贝尔奖获得者、生理学家AlbertAzent-Gyorgyi曾将发现描述为“看到每个人看到的，思考没有人想过的”。由此可知，阿尔贝特•圣捷尔吉强调科学发现不能循规蹈矩，要有创新精神和批判精神。故D项正确。

5.主旨大意题。第一段讲述了日常科学研究存在不确定性和复杂性。第二段指出，科学发现需要经过可信性证实过程才能变为可靠的。第三段介绍了科学发现可信性的证实过程。在第四段，作者指出了可信性证实过程中存在的两个矛盾。由此可知本文通篇都在论述科学可信性的证实过程。所以C项正确。

10.单选题

Thedisparitybetweeneducationalobjectivesthatstressindependenceandindividualityandthosethatemphasizeobediencetorulesandcooperationwithothersreflectsa（）thatarisesfromthevaluesonwhichtheseobjectivesarebased.

问题1选项

A.predictability

B.redundancy

C.conflict

D.wisdom

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。predictability可预测性；redundancy冗余，裁员；conflict冲突；wisdom智慧。强调独立性和个性的教育目标与强调服从规则并与他人合作的教育目标，这两者的不一致说明存在分歧，冲突。故C项正确。句意：强调独立和个性的教育目标与强调服从规则和与他人合作的教育目标之间的差异反映了这些目标所基于的价值观之间的冲突。

11.单选题

Thepoemperfectly（）tothereaderthepoet'slonelinessanddisillusionmentwiththeindustrialsociety.

问题1选项

A.conjures

B.conveys

C.consents

D.converse

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。conjure提出，恳求，用魔法驱赶；convey表达；consent同意，准许；converse交谈，谈话。句意：这首诗完美地向读者传达了诗人对工业社会的孤独和幻灭。只有B项符合句意。

12.单选题

（）thehelpofhisrichuncle,hecouldnotbelivingawealthylifetoday.

问题1选项

A.Becauseof

B.Butfor

C.Inspiteof

D.Asfor

【答案】B

【解析】考查介词短语辨析。A选项Becauseof表示“因为”；B选项Butfor表示“要不是”；C选项Inspiteof表示“尽管”；D选项Asfor表示“关于，至于”。分析句意可知，要不是他有钱的叔叔帮忙，他今天不可能过着富裕的生活。因此本题正确答案为B选项。

13.单选题

Despitemediareportsthattheplanewashijacked,expertswerestillinvestigatingallpossibilitiesastowhathadcausedMH370to（）fromitsoriginalflightpath.

问题1选项

A.detach

B.deviate

C.differ

D.discharge

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项detach表示“使分离，派遣”；B选项deviate表示“使偏离，越轨”；C选项differ表示“使不同，意见分歧”；D选项discharge表示“离开，放电，释放，撤销”。根据关键词“fromitsoriginalflightpath”可知，原文讲的是飞机偏离航线，因此deviate含义最符合原文句意，故本题正确答案为B选项。

14.单选题

Thenewfindings,reportedbyU.S.andUKscientistsintheJournalofEpidemiologyandCommunityHealth,suggestthatformaldehydeinfoodpackagingmay（）yourfood,butthatdoesn’tmakeitdangerous.

问题1选项

A.contaminate

B.contemplate

C.denounce

D.disrupt

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项contaminate表示“污染，弄脏”；B选项contemplate表示“沉思，注视”；C选项denounce表示“谴责，告发，公然抨击”；D选项disrupt表示“破坏，分裂，瓦解”。由句意可知，这项新发现表明食品包装中的甲醛可能会污染食物，因此contaminate的词义最符合句意。故本题正确答案为A选项。

15.单选题

TheAppleProject,code-named“Titan”,employedseveralhundredpeopleworkingafewmilesfromApple’sheadquartersinCupertino,and（）autoindustryexperts.

问题1选项

A.allowed

B.sponsored

C.gathered

D.recruited

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A选项allowed表示“允许，承认，接受”，B选项sponsored表示“赞助，发起，筹款”，C选项gathered表示“聚集，集中”，D选项recruited表示“招聘，雇佣，招募”。分析句子结构可知，空缺处缺少部分为句子谓语动词。由前文关键信息“employedseveralhundredpeople”可知，后文也应表示“招聘了一些自动化专家”，因此本题正确答案为D选项。

16.单选题

Althoughhehadbeengivenseveraltraffictickets,thedriver（）thathehadnotbeenresponsibleforasingleaccident.

问题1选项

A.defended

B.acknowledged

C.inferred

D.contended

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。defend辩护；acknowledged承认，确认；inferred推测；contended主张，为…竞争。句意：尽管他收到了几张交通罚单，但司机辩护称他对这几起交通事故都没有责任。由Although可知前后两句是让步关系。虽然该司机收到几张罚单，但他辩护….故A项符合句意。

17.单选题

IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionis