新视野5习题答案

斯视野大孽券语第る册得后题答參UnitOneSectionAIIIVocabulary1.prevalent2.permeated3.decisive4.inherent5.literally6.blessing7.literacy8.mingled9.distorted10.formidable11.precedent12.certifiedExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.simulate14.doomed15.cloningIV1.huntdown2.absorbedinto3.haveaccessto4.withtheexceptionof5.Forthatmatter6.Intheabsenceof7.withrespectto8.istailoredto9.berestrictedto10.callsfor11.inlargemeasure12.rangedfromExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.ignorantof14.tosomeextent15.filledwithVCollocation1.understanding2.system3.muscles4.technique5.skills6.ability7.film8.insightsExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:9.imagination10.resourcesVITranslationInaworldfullofmisinformationitisaformidablechallengeforthestudentstolearntoidentifythetrue,thebeautiful,andthegood.Anyformofmountaineeringhasitsinherentdanger.Afterall,itisanadventuresport.Theuniversitywillpermitadegreeofindividualinstructionandthestudentsmayreceiveacurriculumtailoredtotheirneeds,learningstyleandpace.Itissaidthattheunderstandingofthegeneticbasisoflearningwilltelluswhichyoungstersarelikelytoadvancequicklyandwhichonesseemdoomedto"difficult0schoolexperiences.IthasbeenreportedthatinCanadaliterallythousandsoflakesandriversarenolongerabletosupportfishorplants.Incountrieswithrelativelyhighliteracyrates,booksplayanimportantpartinenrichingpeople'slives.Theessenceofgovernmentinterventionhasbeentolimitanddistortcompetitionratherthantoencourageit.ThegreatcauseofreformbeingcarriedoutbyChinesepeopleiswithoutprecedentinhistory.Practiceinsimulatedexaminationconditionsmustnotbedelayeduntilclosetotheexaminationtime.Peoplehavefoundthatthelionsandwolvesintheforestoftenhuntdownliveanimalsbycooperativeefforts.TranslationTheInternetsspeed,vastresources,anditsabilitytodirectlycommunicatewithothersareitsgreatestbenefits.BecausetheInternetusesthequicknessofcomputerstotransmititsdata,informationcantravelattremendousspeeds.Speedisnottheonlybenefit.TheInternetuseshundredsofthousandsofcomputersallconnectedtoeachothertostorevastamountsofinformation.Andfinally,becausetheInternetallowsindividualstohavespecificelectronicmailaddresses,peoplecaneasilycommunicatewithoneanother.Translation.可能除了教会以外,很少有机构做主管下一代正规教育的学校/教育机构那样缺乏变化了。.来自过去的参观者一眼就能辨认出现在的课堂,但很难适应现今一个10岁孩子的校外世界,.但变化在我们的世界中是如此迅速和明确,以至于学校不可能维持现状或仅仅做ー些表面的改善而生存下去。4,在某种程度上,这些科技辅助设施已被吸纳到校园生活中,尽管他们往往只是用ー种更方便,更有效的模式教授旧课程。.计算机将在一定程度上允许针对个人的授课,这种授课形式以往只向有钱人提供。.義们再也无须花费很长时间查找某个出处或某个人ーー现在信息的传递是瞬时的。.信息和虚假信息轻易地混杂在ー起,现在还没有将网上十分普遍的被歪曲的事实和一派胡言与真实含义区分开来的可靠手段。.今天,数以百万计的信息源人人伸手可及,这种情况是史无前例的。.ー些权威人士坚持认为这些发现应该应用于特定情况中,而另ー些人则极カ反对在基因信息基础上所做的任何决定。.如果年青人要为自己期望承担的迅速变换的角色作好准备,那么必须培养出新的和富于想象力的方法。IXEssaysummaryB2.A3.C4.D5.D6.B7.B8.A9.C10.AD12.B13.C14.D15.A16.A17.C18.B19.D20.AXIStructuredWritingSchoolshavetochangerapidlyandradicallytomeetthedemandsandexpectationsofinnumerablespecialinterestsfromthechangingworld.Nowadaysfewpeoplewillremaininthesameoccupationfortheirwholelives.Manyofthemwillmovefrequentlyfromonepositionandcompanytoanother.Schooleducationmustenableyoungsterstoeducatethemselvesandtopreparethemselvesforaconstantlychangingjobmarket.Theeducationthatwasessentiallydesignedtomakesurethatindividualscouldcarryoutasinglejobhasbeenseriouslychallenged.Besides,thereisastrongdemandthatschoolsshouldpermitadegreeofindividualinstructiontoeverystudent.Everystudentshouldreceiveacurriculumdesignedandmodifiedaccordingtohisownneeds,hisownlearningstyleandhisownlearningpace.Thetimewhenallthestudentswereworkingonthesamematerialsanddoingthesamedrillsisgoneforever.(Words:147)SectionBXIIIComprehensionoftheTextItmeansasateacher,oneshouldmakehisowndecisionsinteaching,insteadofpassivelyfollowingothers.Itstandsfortheteachefsinnervoice,i.e.his/heropinions,ideas,etc.Theyareoptimistic,thinkingthatbeingateacherisvaluable,andtheyareresolvedtomakeadifference.Becausetheyfindthatasteacherstheyarenothingmorethanfactoryworkers,andtheschoolsystemisbarelymorethana19th-centuryfactorywherestudentscollectbasicskillsonanassemblyline.Teachers,likefactoryworkers,arebusyacceptingeverythingpassively,thereforehavingnotimetoreflectordream.Thus,theyareunabletopositivelycontributetoschooling'soriginalpurpose,i.e.,tonourishmindsandmolddreams.Theauthoristryingtoshowtheresultofacceptingeverythingpassively-theteachercannotstandtallandproud;andtheinspectorswillbelievethatheiscrippled,andthat°thesuitiswell-fitting0.Becauseifnot,theymaybeintrouble,orbeexiledbytheircolleagues.Thetailorcanbestatedepartments,schoolsuperintendents,parents,principalsorspecialinterestgroups.Theresultisthatteachersbecomebusyandtired,andlosetheabilitytoknowwhatistrulyimportant.Onlywhentheteachersactfromtheirownvoicecanrealimprovementsbemadetoeducation.XIVVocabulary1.crippled2.tugged3.limped4.affirms5.nourishing6.assimilating7.nurture8.tucked9.murmurs10.indignant11.staggered12.pleadingExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.pliedXV1.o4.on5.of6.down7.up8.of9.out/in10.with11.up12.aboutExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.out14.on15.outSectionC1.F2.T3.F4.F5.F6.F7.F8.F9.T10.FUnitTwoSectionAIIComprehensionoftheTextBecausetheycouldn'tlivelongerwithoutgrowingolder.BewasmorefamousforhissearchfortheFountainofYouth.Theytakeabathintubsofwarmmudandreceiveinjectionsofmonkeyglands.Manypeoplecanreachtheagetheyaredesignedforbecauseoftheirbeingwelloff.Theemphasisisonfindingwaystoensurethatmorepeopleachievethemaximumlifespanhealthyconditions.Hehatedexerciseandnevertookany.Becausetheyreproducelessordon'treproduceatall.Itcanhelpslowdownageing.Oldpeoplewouldsoonendupasahugemajorityandtheplanetwouldhavetroublesupportingsomanypeople.Theauthorthinksthatoldageisoneofthenaturalphenomena,anditisthelastpanofone'slife.IIVocabulary1.terminating2.originates3.tempted4.afflicted5.optimum6.rapture7.adhered8.persistent9.diminishing10.despised11.patented12.manipulateExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.promising14.necessitate15.perishIV1.ime7.welloff8.conditions9.involvedin10.tosuchanextent11.originatedin12.adheredtoExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.perishedfrom14.sloweddown15.handedoutVCollocation1.abilities2.quality3.condition4.standard5.system6.chances7.utilization8.skillsExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:9.efficiency10.environmentVITranslationDuringthatbattlealargenumberofmenperishedfromhungerandthirstduetothesevereshortageoffood.ThisresearchprojectbasfurtherprovedthatfireworkshaveoriginatedinChina.Heistemptedtogothereinpersonandcheckouthowtheaccidenthappened.Atpresent,peoplehavenotfoundaneffectivewaytocurethisdisease,whichisstillafflictingoldpeople.Thecontractormustadheretothecontractandcompletetheimportantprojectontime.Withpersistentefforts,theyfinallysettledthedisputebetweenthetworegions.IfPartyBfailsindeliveringgoodsatagiventime,PartyAisentitledtoterminatethecontractandclaimforanyloss.Itusuallytakesaweektopatentone'sinvention.Acleverpoliticianknowswellhowtomanipulatethepublicopinionandtakeadvantageofhissupporters.Theamountofwaterintheriversandlakeswilldiminishasthedryseasoncontinues.TranslationWiththe21stcenturycoming,peoplehaveincreasinglyrealizedfileimportanceofacquiringroundeasyinformation.Ifanationcanmakeeffectiveuseofalltheinformationitwillbenefitinthefieldsofscientificresearch,education,economicdevelopment,etc.Whatthenationneedstodoistoestablishanation-wide“informationnetwork",soastolinkupscientists,businessmen,educators,etc.Ifsuchanetworkissetup,itwillpromotethesecondinformationrevolutioninthecountry.Translation.几千年来,人们一直想要长寿,想不变老,然而他们总是失望。.许多作家总是幻想着有可以长命百岁的福地,在那里,人们以各种办法,多数是左道旁门的招数，保持着他们的青春和活力。.虽然长寿的可能性已经明显加大了,但是在绝大多数有记载的历史时期内,自然界赋予人类的寿命并没有多大变化。.即使主要从理论上探讨,人的寿命在写《圣经》的那个时候就是70岁,到现在也没有增加多少。5,在出生后的第一年里,婴儿不再会大量死亡,在随后的日子里人们不会因为传染病或者像阑尾破裂这样的医疗问题而死亡，也不会因为饥饿或过度劳累而死亡。.目前衰老研究的重点是寻求有效的方法,确保日益增多的达到最大寿限的人能够在最佳健康状况下实现长寿,而不是仅仅在慢性病和体力衰退的折磨下再多活几年。.但是,即便是对那些遵循这些忠告的人来说,ー种健康的生活方式的作用只不过是使他们更有机会保持就其年龄而言合理的健康状况,而不会减缓衰老的过程。.唯一显示的确能延长臭名的实验是用实验室动物进行的,受试的大家鼠灰色小家鼠接受严格的饮食限制。.衰老过程是一个复杂的事情,涉及到许多不同的基因。但是,人们即使不能消除衰老,最终也能够用基因疗法减缓衰老。.然而，老年可以说是人生戏剧中的最后一幕,当我们疲倦时，当我们已经饱尝人生的一切之后,我们应该从这最后一幕中消失。IXEssaySummary1.D2.A3.C4.D5.B6.A7.B8.A9.C10.Bll.D12.B13.C14.D15.A16.D17.C18.BA20.DSectionBXIIReadingSkillsDr.JohnAndrews.(Para.3)TheyhopetocureDNAdeficiency,andtofixageneticdefectthatcausesasevereformofblooddisease.(Para.5)ItisaboutinjectingfunctioninggenesintotherapidlydividingcellsofembryostoreplaceflawedDNA.(Para.7)TheyworrythatAndrews1technologywouldhelpdoctorstoengineerbabiesforattractivetraits,andinterferingwithgenesbeforebirthmightresultinseriousbirthdefects.(Para.7)In1995itabolishedfederalfundingforhumanembryoresearch;italsomadesuchresearchexemptfromFederalreviewsandcontrols.(Para.12)XIIIComprehensionoftheTextI.C2.C3.B4.A5.A6.C7.C8.A9.C10.DXIVVegrity11.abortion12.appraisalExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.deficiencies14.recipient15.ironyXV1.onto2.on3.in4.at5.from6.forth7.In8.on9.to10.from11.at12.withExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.of14.out15.onXIIReadingSkillsTheyoungpeople.(Para.1)TheydominatedtheprotestsagainstthenuclearweaponsandtheVietnamWar.(Para.2)Youngpeoplearebeingaskedtoparticipateindecision-makingaffairs.(Para.5)Almosteveryschoolhasanelectedstudentcouncil,handlingschool-levelissues.(Para.7)Theyarehonest,andareabletoforcesensitiveissuesoutintotheopen.(Para.10)XIIIComprehensionoftheText1.C2.C3.B4.A5.A6.C7.C8.A9.C10.DXIVVegrity11.abortion12.appraisalExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.deficiencies14.recipient15.ironyXV1.onto2.on3.in4.at5.from6.forth7.In8.onto10.from11.at12.withExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.of14.out15.onSectionCXVIReadingSillsTheyoungpeople(Para.1)TheydominatedtheprotestsagainstthenuclearweaponsandtheVietnamWar(Para2)Youngpeoplearebeingaskedtoparticipateindecisionmakingaffairs.(Para5)Almosteveryschoolhasanelectedstudentcouncil,handlingschool-levelissues.(Para.7)Theyarehonest,andareabletoforcesensitiveissuesoutintotheopen.(Para10)XVIIComprehensionoftheText1.T2.F3.T4.T5.F6.T7.F8.T9.F10.TUnitThreeSectionASalespromotion,advertising,personalsellingandpublicity.Businesspeopleusetechniquesofsalespromotionmainlyintwoways:theyoftenuseacombinationofthesetechniques;theyusethesetechniquesassupplementarytotheotherthreepromotionalactivities.Salespromotionistostimulatedemand.Theyareapplicabletobothconsumersandbusinesses.Also,theycanbeusedwithindustrialsellingaswellasconsumerproducts.Becauseitbringspromotiontothepointofpurchase,whichhasbeenfoundmoreeffectivethanmediaadvertising.Forexample,aUSstudyshowsthatamajorityofpurchasesinsupermarketsaregeneratedbyin-storedecisions.Ithelpsconsumersbecomeacquaintedwithanewproductanditalsohelpsprovideextracompetitiveadvantagetoexistingproducts.Theeffectivenessofsales-promotiontechniquesmaybereducedorevennullifiediftheyencounterpsychologicalbarriersonthepartofshopownersand/orconsumers.Sales-promotiontechniquesthatarenotconsistentwiththelocalpreferenceswillalsobeineffective.Fromthelasttwoparagraphswemaylearnthat,tomakethetechniquesofsalespromotioneffective,onemusttakeintoaccountthepsychologicalbarriersonthepartofbothshopownersandconsumers.Atthesametime,thetechniquesmustbeconsistentwiththelocalpreferences.Positive.lO.Theauthorwrotethispassageinordertodiscussvariousaspectsofsales-promotiontechniques,recommendthemandadviseusingthemcarefully.VocabularyIII1.acquainted2.magnified3.quota4.slump5.accommodating6.collided7.repay8.amended9.wherebylO.launch11.filmed12.expenditureExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.stimulus14.localities15.enlightenedIV1.assuch2.failunder3.enlightenedabout4.applicableto5.inconjunctionwith6.becomeacquaintedwith7.issupplementaryto8.bringin9.insearchof10.givenaway11.innature12.putupExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.collidewith14.participatedin15.beconsistentwithV.Collocationeducation2.capacity3.knowledge4.discussion5.population6.awareness7.empire8.operationsExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:9.gramTranslationAssuch,theeventevokedcuriosityandaweinmostofus.Thetechniquesofsalespromotion,toworkwellmustgainthetrustofmiddlemeninbusinessaswellasconsumers.Atthesametime,theyshouldbeconsistentwiththelocalpreferencesandcustoms.TOlaunchthisnewproductintotheEuropeanmarket,thecompanygaveaway10,000freesamplesforthelocalconsumerstotry.Astheirlifehasbeenbettered,goingontours/tripsoutintheholidayshasbecomeafashionable/stylishpastimeforquiteafewpeople.Thepurposeofwagingthewaris,innature,tocontroltheoilresourcesinthearea.Salespromotioniseffectiveinhelpingconsumersbecomeacquaintedwithanewproductwhenitisfirstintroducedtoamarket.Thenewadministrationhasrealizedthateconomicreformsmustbedeepenedinconjunctionwitheffectivemeasurestakentoensurethebasicconditionsofemploymentanddailylifeforthosepoorpeople.Towardsitssalesobjectivethisyear,thecompanyofferedatrainingcoursetoenlightenconsumersaboutitslatestproducts.Toeffectivelyraiseourproductivity,weshouldbringinadvancedmanagementexperiencefromothercountries.ProfessorWu'slecturehelpedthestudentsbecomeacquaintedwiththeuseofthissoftwareproduct.Italsogavethemanideaofsoftwaredevelopment.TranslationWiththedevelopmentofamarketeconomyinChina,techniquesofsalespromotionhavebeenmoreandmorewidelyemployed.Thepopularityofvariedandnumerouspromotionalactivitiessuchasdiscounts,bonuses,andpromotionalpartieshasgrownsteadily.Thereasonisthattheynotonlyhelpmanufacturersandbusinessesearnhigherandquickerprofits,butalsohelpconsumersbecomeacquaintedwiththeproductsinvolvedandgetsomepracticalbenefits.However,ifthesetechniquesareusedtopromoteproductsofinferiorquality,boththemanufacturersandthebusinessmenwillbemadetopayforthat.Translation.ー项问卷调查显示,除去食品以外,有70%的购物行为源自于顾客在超市内一时冲动的决定。.为了使当地人能够了解该产品,该培训课程运用了大量图例,以适应他们较低的文化水平。.有些国外零售商不大愿意接受产品厂家提供的打折赠券,因为他们担心厂家不会补偿其在打折销售中损失的款额。.贸易活动中经常不加区分地使用这一概念。商务人员在说“推销”时,实际上指的是“促销‘。.促销不仅可以刺激消费者的需求，也可以鼓励中间商加大对销售产品的支持。6,有五分之三的公司开始增加对非媒体宣传的投入,如在产品交易会摆设摊位,使顾客能直接购买产品。.一家航空公司向顾客赠送打折卡,用这种卡在一家有名的服装公司购买大衣,价格会低很多。.为了将百威啤酒打入英国市场,啤酒公司运用了“美国”主题,在7月4日和感恩节播放由美国演员在加利福尼亚拍摄的电视广告片。.同时,该美国公司还得说服这些泰国中间商不要在冰箱中储存其他公司的产品,并且不要为了省电而在夜间拔去冰箱的电源插头。.正如同营销活动的其他诸多方面一样,促销手段也需改进。要使所用手段产生效果,就应使其迎合当地人的喜好。IXEssaySummary1.C2.B3.D4.A5.B6.B7.C8.C9.A10.D11.A12.B13.D14.C15.B16.CA18.D19.B20.DXIStructuredWritingAsChinaisincreasinglyintegratedintotheglobaleconomy,moreandmoreWesternfestivalsareenteringandinfluencingtheChinesepeople'slives,especiallytheuniversitystudents'life.TakeChristmasforexample.AslongasonemonthbeforeDecember25th,thestudentsbegintheirpreparationsforthismostimportantWesternfestival.MostactivitiesareforentertainmentinnaturesincethestudentsarenotmuchconcernedwiththereligiousmeaningofChristmas.Andmostactivitiesareeveningparties,oftenlastingallnightlong.Asaresult,quiteafewstudentsfeeltiredorevenfallasleepinclassduringthatmonth.AnotherincidentstillfreshinmymindtookplacelastApril.SomeofusEnglishteachersreceivedanoteonApril1sttosaythatalltheEnglishclassesweretobecanceledthenextday.Butactuallywewerefooled!Likewise,studentsactinaprettywesternizedmanneronValentine'sDay.Theysaytoeveryonetheymeet"darling,love"andsoonandsoforth.Ingeneral,theWesternfestivalsaddalotoffunandvarietytoastudent'slife.Atthesametime,onemustrealizethattheydochallengetheChinesecultureandcustomstoacertaindegree.(Words:201)SectionBReadingSkills"Many"isobviouslyarepetitionof"30,000products"."LouisCheskin","aspecialist"arerepetitionsof"aforerunner"."Array"actuallyisarepetitionof"arrangement"."Getattention"issynonymousto"eye-catching"whereas"shapes"issynonymousto"graphicelements"inthecontext."Kindlymessages"isrepeatedbythesamewordswiththesamemeaninginthenextsentence.Thesynonymousmeaningof"feminine"canbefoundin"completeness,softnessandinclusiveness"and"positiveassociations".XIIIComprehensionoftheText1.B2.D3,C4.B5.D6.A7.A8.B9.D10.CXIVVocabulary1.consoling2.bewildered3.array4.sensation5.inclusive6.overwhelming7.gigantic8.deemed9.dazzled10.graphic11.consensus12.differentiatingExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.integral14.trigger15.irritatedComprehensionoftheText1.to2.for3.with4.of5.in6.of7.about8.under9.between10.to11.to12.with/byExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.against14.of15.onSectionCReadingskills."SmartconsumersMissynonymousto"carowners”whereas“Tricksissynonymousto"cleverpractice'>.Therefore,theyaretakenasrepetition."Severcircumstances''issynonymousto"severconditions''.Therefore,itistakenasarepetition."Maintenancepractices*1is"services**thatappearstwiceintheaboveparagraph.Therefore,itistakenasarepetition.Theword“adjust”isrepeatedinitsderivative—"adjusting",whichisakindofcomplexrepetition.Thesamewordrepetitionof“reasonable“canbefoundinthissentence.ComprehensionoftheTextHereinthissentence,theauthorisactuallyusingironytoshowhisownhatefortheslycarservicemanagers.Theauthorbeginshisdiscussionofthetopicbypresentinganexampleofrepairtricks.TheauthorillustrateshisgeneralideamainlythroughstatisticsandresultsobtainedfromasurveyaboutautomaintenanceservicesintheUnitedStates.Thesurveydisclosedsomemajortypesofdoubtfulmaintenancepractices,i.e.reasonableservicesperformedprematurely,completelyvaluelessservicesand"ghostservices".Thetwomajorexcusesare**adverselocalconditions**and"stop-and-godriving".Carsellersrefertotheirspecificlocalproblems,suchasthesaltyair,hotsummersandthepoorqualitygasolineinFlorida.Yetcarmanufacturersclaimtoallowfortheselocalextremesintheirdesigns,referringto**severe**conditionsliketheextremelywetclimatesinjungleareasandislandcountries.Suchmentioninghelpstheuserslearnaboutthetricksinthisaspectand,therefore,towatchoutforthem.1)QuotationsfromthemanagerofqualitycontrolforMazdaMotorofAmerica;2)Advicegivenbyamanageratanothercarmaker;3)SuggestionsgivenbytheheadoftheprogramthatapprovesAAAauto-repairshops;4)AdvicegivenbythetechnicaleditorofCarandDrivermagazine.Threesuggestionsaregiven:1)toreadtheowner*smanualandbecomeawareoftheneededservices;2)toconsultvariousdealersandcomparetheirservices;and3)todiscussinadvancewiththeservicemanagerwhatistobedoneandreviewthecost.Theauthorwrotethisarticleinordertowarndriversagainsttrickyservicesofferedbysophisticateddealerships,andalsotohelpthemlearntoprotecttheirowninterests.UnitFourSectionAComprehensionoftheTextBecausetheysufferedfromlowwagesandoppressiveworkingconditions.Tothefirstgenerationofimmigrants,workhadgreatvirtues.Firstofall,itensuredtheirownsurvival.Secondly,itmadeitpossibleforthemtoprovideabetterlifeandeducationfortheirchildren,whichmeantanimprovementintheirsocialstatus.Lastbutnotleast,itwastheveryhardworkthatgavetheirlaborsafiercedignity,whichservedasadrivingforceintheirownlife.Generallyspeaking,it'sbecausethewaypeopleviewworkismuchchanged.Specifically,therearefourcauses.Thefirstisthattoday'syoungerworkershavelittleideaaboutthepovertyandsufferingoftheDepressionand,therefore,don'tknowwhatworkmeanttothosewhosurvivedtheDepression.Thesecondcauseisthatunemploymentnolongermeanspersonalruinandshamethankstoelaboratefinancialcushions.Thirdly,thelossofajobnowcarrieslesspersonalshame,asitcanbeblamedonthewildandnotoriousbehavioroftheeconomy.Andfinally,worknolongerjustservesasameansofexistenceinasocietywhereexpectationsaregettinghigherwithrisingeducationallevels.ToexplaintheattitudetoworkofthosewhosufferedtheextremepovertyduringtheDepression,andtocontrastthiswiththeattitudesoftoday'syoungerworkers.AccordingtoMaslow,workmeetshumanneedsinthefollowinghierarchy:first,itprovidessuchbasicmeansasfoodandshelter;second,itcanprovidesecurity;third,itsatisfiestheneedforfriendshipandconnectionwithothers;fourth,itcanhelpgainrespect;andfinally,itcansatisfythedesireforself-fulfillment.Maslow'sschemeisquotedtoexplainworkers1expectationschangewithsocialandeconomicdevelopment.Becauseofthesechanges,workhasdifferentmeaningstodifferentgroupsinsocietyastheyarepositionedatdifferentstagesintheworkhierarchy.Thewomen'srightsmovementhasmadeitpossibleforwomentopursuecareers,notjustworkformeresurvival.Thatistosay,theyareworkingatthelevelof"fulfillingthemselves",whichisthehighestinMaslow'sworkhierarchy.ConditionsforsomeUSworkers,suchasthoseonassemblylines,maybeconsideredterrible.However,themedievalworkerssufferedmuchmoremiserythanthoseworkingonthemodernassemblyline.ApoorIndianrubbishcollectorlivesamoremiserablelifethana"poor"Americancarworker.TheaveragepeasantinSouthAmericaworksharderthanmostofAmericans.Theauthoriscautioningthatitisimportanttohaveapropersenseofperspectiveaboutwork,beforemakingjudgmentsonparticularsituations.WorkisthemostthoroughandprofoundorganizingprincipleinAmericanlifeinthatithelpspeopleconnectwithothersinaworkcommunityand,therefore,satisfytheirneedforfriendshipandsocialrelations.Vocabulary1.esteemed2.stunned3.notorious4.conferred5.aspiration6.diluted7.hierarchy8.foremost9.asserted10.arrogant11.dreadful12.recyclingExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.netol1.takesacertainamountofpeople'sinterestoutof12.kickedaroundExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:13.conferredupon14.inmuchthesamewaythat15.concentrateduponCollocationI.stories2.messages3,weight4.meanings5.honor6.disease7.electricity8,traditionExercisesonCDandwebcourseonly:9.interest10.oxygenTranslationThosewholeadamiserablelifeoftenfailtorecognizetheinherentvirtueofworkinearningandsustainingtheirdignity.Withthelifebetteredandlevelsofeducationhigher,theworkethicisdilutednow.Theyounggenerationhasmuchdifficultyunderstandingwhytheirancestorshadtofocustheirmindsuponworkasthecentralconcernofexistence.AccordingtoMaslow,differentclassesandethnicgroupsarepositionedatdifferentstagesintheworkhierarchy.Indevelopingcountries,manytalentedyoungintellectualsflockindrovestoAmerica,whichformstheso-called"braindrain".Ifacountryispronetohighinflation,thenitscurrencywillhavetobedevaluedtomaintainthepricecompetitivenessofitsexports.Oneexpertinsociologybelievesthatworkisameansforpeopletobuildrelationships.Inthatsense,theworkplaceperformsthefunctionofacommunity.Thedesireto"fulfillthemselves",aharmlessandevenworthyenterprise,maysometimesdegenerateintoaselfishdiscontent.TomostAmericanstoday,theblowofbeinglaidoffseldomcarriesthelife-and-deathimplicationsitoncehad.Modemworkersmayhavealotofcomplaints.ButtheywillfeelbetterwhentheyknowthattheirpredecessorsdidworkunderafarmorebrutalconditionduringtheearlystageoftheIndustrialRevolution.TranslationWorkisnotonlyameansofsustaininglife.Moreimportantly,itisthewaythroughwhichpeopledisplaytheirtalent,realizetheirambitions,buildrelationshipsandestablishsocialstatus.Ifyouunderstandthisintrinsicvalueofwork,thenhoweverdullorhardworkmaybe,itbecomesbearableifithelpsbuildupareputation,whetherintheworldatlargeoronlyinone'sowncircle.Updatingone'saimisoneofthemostessentialelementsofself-fulfillmentinthelongrun,andformostpeoplethiscomeschieflythroughtheirwork.Inthatsense,workisthemostvigorous,vividsignoflife—inindividualsandincivilizations..对于那些勉强维持生活的人来说,劳动有其固有价值这ー观点显得荒唐可笑。.首批移居美国的人,其劳动的主要动カ是为儿孙们创造更好的生活,这样的动机使他们从劳动中获得了一种强烈的自尊。.如果某大公司关闭了一家工厂,将该厂大量工人抛向失业者的行列中,那么人们更多地将其归罪于疲软的经济而不是个人。.同过去相比,今天的劳动者受教育的水平提高了,因而,他们期待更高,兴趣各异。.那些雄心勃勃的移民至今依然拥向美国,为安全感而奋斗,而那些试图“实现自我”的自私的当地部落在三代人以前就得到了这种安全感。