XML之运用-知识管理工具(ppt127)

1、XML之運用知識管理工具Topic Maps (ISO/13250)飛資得資訊有限公司溫達茂中華民國91年8月22日What is XMLXMLisamethodfor defining specialmarkersortagsthatcanbeinsertedintotext to indicate itslogical structureandtomakeexplicitthemeaningorrhetorical roleofits componentpartsWhyXML?HTML:Containing information onlyaboutapagesappearance.The

2、 futureoftheelectronicscientific literaturebyJohnSmithXML: Document to be taggedwith machine-readablemetadataThefutureofthe electronicscientificliteratureJohnSmithHTMLVS.XMLLatinphraseQuidpro quoinHTMLQuid proquoUSBattleShipinHTMLUSSConstitutionLatinphraseQuidpro quoinSGMLQuidproquoUSBattleShipTitle

3、USSConstitutionXMLIntelligenceGeorgeWashington-華華盛頓總總統GeorgeWashingtonWashington,D.C.-地地名Washington, D.C.WashingtonsArmy-華華盛頓的的軍隊WashingtonsArmyUSSWashington-華華盛頓號號戰艦USS WashingtonXMLStructure forJournalArticleXML-StructuredDocumentforJournalArticleWhat doesthatmean?(I)Everypart of thedocumentisnotj

4、ustdisplayable,but alsodefinable,includingtables and/orcharts.Forexample,inascientific article, XMLtags canbeused to distinguish thetitleofthearticlefrom thenamesofitsauthorsorthecellsinatableWhat doesthatmean?(II)AnalyticalStructuralXML-AnalyticalTag(Marker)-standardize-metadata:Data Interchange -D

5、ublinCoreSystemCommunication-OpenUrlXML-Analytical-ApplicationData Interchange數位典藏藏計劃聯聯合目錄錄(OAI標準準)MARC的XML化Machine CommunicationOpenUrl ResolverXML-StructuralLogical StructureLogical RelationshipXML-Structural-ApplicationXMLinHierarchical andStructural ContextMetadataWithinXMLKnowledgeStructureKnow

6、ledgeOrganization ToolsThreeGeneral CategoriesofKnowledgeOrganizationTerm List:Emphasizinglistsoftermswith definitionsClassificationandCategorizationEmphasizingthecreationofsubjectsetsRelationshipList:EmphasizingtheconnectionsbetweentermsandconceptsTerm ListsAuthorityfilesGlossariesDictionariesGazet

7、teersClassificationandCategorizationSubject headingsClassificationschemes, taxonomies, andcategorizationschemesRelationshipListsThesauriTopicMapsSemanticnetworkOntologiesPrinciples of KnowledgeOrganizationGroupByAssociationKeyIssues in thePrincipleTerms-Subjects -ConceptsSubject Relationship-Concept

8、與與 Concept之之間的的關係What is Concept(概念)?定義:概念是知知識基本本單位，也是思思維最小小單位概念是人人類斯為為的重要要組成部部分,是是反映映事務特特有屬性性的思維維方式屬性:概念的內內涵:事事務反反映到概概念的特特有屬性性,亦亦即構成成此一概概念的屬屬性總和和汽車的內內涵是下下列屬性性的總和和:“車”, “由由發動機機驅動”,“有駕駛駛”.外延概概念的外外延是事事物反映映到概念念的數量量範圍該概念所所包括的的各個個個體的總總和，稱稱同類外外延大象此一一概念的的外延是是印度象象,非非洲象.構成整體體的各部部分的總總和，稱稱成分外外延“化學元元素系統統”此一一概念的

9、的外延是是指氫, 氧, 硫.概念的邏邏輯暨語語義關係係(I)同一關係係兩個概念念的外延延一樣。例如：機器器翻譯和自自動翻譯譯，都都表示用用機器進進行的翻翻譯。屬種關係係一個概念念的外延延把另一一個概念念的外延延完全包包含。屬概念：例如：交通工工具。外外延較大大，包含含另一個個概念全全部外延延的概念念。種概念：例如：汽車。被屬概概念包含含，外延延較小的的概念。概念的邏邏輯暨語義關係(II)交叉關係係兩個概念念外延有有一部份份相同，另一部部份不同同。例如如：作家家、教授授。有部部分作家家是教授授，也有有部分作作家不是是教授。全異關係係並列的全全異關係係：例如如：鋼鐵鐵工人、紡織工工人，工人共同的的

10、鄰近屬屬概念。非並列的的全異關關係：無無共同的的鄰近屬屬概念。例如：茶杯、水果概念的邏邏輯暨語義關係(III)否定關係係一個概念念的否定定關係構構成了另另一個概概念的屬屬性。例例如：加加壓、減減壓概念的邏邏輯關係係暨語語義關係係概念的屬屬性-邏邏輯-語語義關關係如何何定義及及運用於於K.O.?What is Topic Map？TopicMap之之定義義Definition:(T.A.O.)A setofTopics,Associations,Occurrence, Facet,andAddedThemeElementsthatareusedtoManageasetofTermsrelevan

11、ttoaparticular KnowledgeDomain.TopicMapsa Topic Mapisa collectionoftopics and(semantically meaningful) relationshipsbetweenthesetopicsTopicMapslink these topicswith external references, suchasresources behindURLsXTMserves as XML-basedinterchangeformatfor topic mapsTopicMaps (contd)TMsare a“superimpo

12、sedsemanticlayer”connection betweentopics andresourcesare URLsTMscapturereal-world subjects/objectsbut alsoconcepts, like“TCP”or“love”thesearedefinednotabsolutebut relative to eachotherTopicMaps (contd)candealwith incompleteknowledge:I knowthatPrinceCharleswasmarriedbutIdonotknowthenameofhiswife.can

13、bemerged:Maybesomeone elseknowsthatsomeone calledDiannawasmarriedtoa BritishPrincemerging mapsbyidentifyingcommon topicsTopicMaps (contd)aresupposedtodealwith manythousandtopicsarebuilttodenote information,notknowledge (nosemanticnetwork)arenot built fora specific application butwill be reusedinmany

14、 differentcontextsWhat is Topic MapInformationconnection is notjust webhyperlinks,instead astructuredsemanticlink networkovertheresources -easy andselectivenavigationtotherequested information.ElementsofTopicMapTopicsAssociationOccurrence andResourcesScopeReification(Definition)creationand/oridentif

15、icationofasubjectthis topic standsfor thesubject(proxy)inthis process, atopicwillbecreated andcharacteristics(name, .)willbeassignedTopicsA topic canbeanything. Regardlesswhetheritexistsornot,whether it is of physical natureorjust an ideaorexpressionWebresources (StockQuotes, Documents.)real world (

16、someone,people, countries,.)A topic canbeanyconcept.Abstractidea (Happiness, Effectiveness)Each topic hasaninternalidentification(id),anexternalrepresentation(baseName),canhaveanynumber of external references(occurrence) andanynumber of classification (instanceOf)Topicsare onlyrepresentants:theyrepr

17、esent(proxy)thesubject;the subjectitself existsoutside thetopicmap-Thisiswhata subjectisreifiedbya topicmeansandwhysubjectIdentityelement is proposed.Topic(Example)TopicNameseverytopichasanunique id withina mapthis id is forinternaluseonlyeverytopiccanhave(one or more) names:this nameisvisibletoend

18、usersTopicName -BaseNameTheelement specifiesa topic nameA topic nameisrepresentedbyone string:the contentofthe childofThecontextwithinwhichthe assignmentofaname to atopicisvalidmay be expressedusingachildelement.A topic mayhave multiple basenamesinthe sameand/or multiple scopes.TopicName -VariantThe

19、 elementisanalternate formofatopics basenameappropriateforaprocessing contextspecified by thevariants child elementA variantnamewhoseparameters includethe “display”or“sort”published subjects,whichissemanticallyequivalenttodisplay names andsort names (respectively) as definedinISO 13250.Variantsvaria

20、ntsarenamesfor aspecificpurposeand/orinaspecificformat:name,asitshouldappearonamobiledisplaylogo on black&white screenhigh resolutionlowresolutionbeused forsortingVariants(contd)externalrepresentationsorganizedasatreeparameters controlwhichvariantwill be usedTopicTypesTopicTypes(contd)topictypesintr

21、oduceatype hierarchyeverytopicmaphas itsowntypehierarchythereisNOglobaltypesystem(ontology)Topic-instanceOfThe elementspecifies theclasstowhichitsparent belongs, viaaorchildelement.The elementisasyntacticshortcutfor an association of aspecialtype definedbytheclass-instancepublishedsubject.TopicTypes

22、(Example)Topic-SubjectIdentityTheelementspecifiesthe subjectthatisreified by atopic, via, and/orchildelements.When atopichas an addressable subject, thesubject canbeaddresseddirectlyvia aelement.Inthat case, it is theresourceitselfwhichisconsideredthesubjectofthetopic, notwhat theresourcemeansorindi

23、cates. There canbeonly onesuch resource pertopic.Resourcesmay alsobesubjectindicators, as opposedtosubjectsinand of themselves. Resourcesareusedtoindicatesubjectsviaelements,ofwhichtheremay be morethanoneper topic.A topic mayalso indicate thatithas thesame subjectasanothertopicbyaddressing thattopic

24、via aelement.Associationstopicscan participate in relationships, calledassociation,inwhichtopics playrolesasmembersAmongtheassociations,whichrelationshiptwo or moretopics havetoeachother.Itmustbeexplicitly defined.topicsplaythereMembers:thetopics involved in theassociationarecalled membersRole:andth

25、e membersplaytherole.typical associationsis-located-in,lived-in,written-byis-facillity-provided-by, requires-to-haveAssociation(Example)Associations(contd)allnewlyintroducedtopicshas to be defined:is-located-in,building,locationalso these topicscanbelinked withassociationsassociationscan haveany num

26、berofmembers (1,2,3,.)TopicOccurrencesTopicOccurrences(contd)Scopesnotall topic characteristicsarevalidinall contextsscopeslimitacharacteristicscopesare topicsthemselvesScopes(contd)occurrences:a webdocumentcouldbewritten in germanthedocumentisnot fora beginner,butanexperta visatovisitacountry is no

27、trelevantforresidents,only fornon-residentsnamesthedocumentwrites about trees in computer sciencebut notabouttreesinagricultureScopes(contd)associations“SantaClause bringsthepresents” is goodenough forchildren,but notforadultsScopes(contd)ifnoscopewasdefined,thenthecharacteristicisvalidinALL scopes

28、unconstrainedscopeScopes(Example)mergeMapA elementreferences an external elementthrough an xlink:hrefattribute containingaURI.TopicMap-DTDTopicMap-XMLTopicMap-XSLTopicMaps LimitationXML-enabledDatabaseandSearch EngineAssociationisonly PartofRelationship (Non-directionalRelationship)Database-supporte

29、dTopicMapsWhat is an ontologyPhilosophy:TheoryofexistenceAnontologyisanexplicitspecification of objectsand relationsinthetarget world intended to share withthe communityandtouse forbuildinga model of thetargetworldItisataxonomyofconceptsOntologyTosupport thesharing andreuseofformallyrepresentedknowl

30、edge, it is usefultodefinethe commonvocabulary in which sharedknowledgeisrepresented. Aspecificationofa representationalvocabularyforashareddomain of discourse-definitionsofclasses,relations, functions,and other objects-iscalled an ontology.OntologyOntologyisa SpecificationofaConceptualizationOntolo

31、gy:a formalexplicitdescriptionofconceptsand relationshipina domainofknowledgeClass-ConceptsSlot (roles,properties)-Features &attributesofConceptsFacet(rolerestriction)Subject Description &Analysis:Relationship:Vertical& HorizonHierarchical&StructuredSemanticandConceptualRelationshipOntologyClasses d

32、escribe concepts in thedomainA class canhavesubclassesthat representconceptsthat aremore specific thanthe superclassAnontologytogetherwith aset of individualinstancesofclasses constitutes aknowledgebaseOntologyends andtheknowledge basebeginsComponents of an ontologyConceptsTaxonomyoftheconceptsRelat

33、ionsamongconceptsFormalspecificationoftheconceptsand relationsOntologyhas:A commonvocabularyAnexplicitrepresentationofthing(conceptualization)usually leftimplicitbehind asystemAnexplicitrepresentationofa sharedunderstandingofthetarget worldOntologyEngineeringOntologyEngineering:Definingtermsinthedom

34、ain andrelationsamongthemDefiningconceptsinthedomain(classes)Arrangingthe concepts in ahierarchy(subclass-superclasshierarchy)-(taxonomy)Definingwhichattributes andproperties(slots)classes canhave andconstraintsontheirvaluesDefiningindividualsandfillinginslot valuesOntologyWhat is “Ontology”?利用定義義好的字字彙來描描述目前前已存在在之實體體以樹狀結結構勾畫畫出實體體間彼此此之關係係進而建構構專業領領域中可可解釋並並利用之之知識架架構提供一致致性的相相關“詞彙” 解釋釋與定義義資訊呈現現的單一一化資料分類類與註解解的標準準化ontologyConceptRelationInstancessubConceptOfrelationdomaininstancedomainrel