课标版高考英语总复习专题一《名词、代词、冠词（讲解练）》教与学

1、第一部分 语法知识专题一 名词、代词、冠词高考英语 考点一名词一、名词的分类名词考点清单二、名词的“数”(一)可数名词1.定义:可用数目计算的名词是可数名词。个体名词、集体名词大多为可数名词。2.可数名词单数变复数的规则(1)规则变化 (2)不规则变化 题组训练用所给词的适当形式填空Two months(month) ago,three Negroes(Negro),who were all heroes(hero),caught four thieves(thief) because they had stolen some potatoes(potato) and some bamboos

2、 from 2 zoos (zoo),where 500 sheep(sheep),200 deer(deer),100 oxen(ox) and 1,000 geese(goose) were raised.(二)不可数名词1.定义:不可用数目计算的名词。物质名词、抽象名词大多为不可数名词。2.英语中常见的不可数名词有:furniture家具equipment设备clothing衣服(总称)news新闻information信息toothpaste牙膏bread面包knowledge知识poetry诗歌(总称)machinery机器(统称)advice建议weather天气progress进

3、步baggage行李work工作luck运气music音乐wealth财富词汇不可数名词可数名词paper纸张文件,论文,试卷chicken鸡肉鸡hair头发,毛发强调几根头发iron铁熨斗fish鱼肉鱼(三)有些名词既可作不可数名词又可作可数名词,但意义有所变化 三、名词所有格1.名词所有格的形式 2.名词加 -s变为名词所有格的规则构成举例单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词通常在词尾加“s”the boys schoolbag那个男孩的书包the childrens rooms那些孩子的房间以-s结尾的复数名词,只在词尾加“”the workers struggle工人们的斗争复合名词中,在

4、最后一个词的词尾加“s”her brother-in-laws character她姐夫的性格不定代词后加else,在else后加“s”somebody elses possessions别人的财产 关系举例表示所属Toms car汤姆的小汽车the door of the room房间的门表示主谓his mothers request他母亲的要求a car for the use of the guests客人用的车表示动宾love of ones country对祖国的热爱The play ends with Hamlets murder.本剧以哈姆雷特被杀结束。表示同位the city

5、of Beijing北京市 3.名词所有格的一般含义题组训练用所给词的适当形式填空The girls (girl)shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into Toms (Tom) car. 句法功能例句主语Mr. Smith was born in Canada.史密斯先生生于加拿大。宾语Johnson is reading a novel in his study.约翰逊正在书房读小说。表语She is a lovely girl.她是一个可爱的女孩儿。补语Everyon

6、e elected him monitor.每个人都选他当班长。定语We will have a meeting on Friday evening.周五晚上我们将开一个会。四、名词的句法功能(一)(二)名词作定语1.作定语的名词说明被修饰词的材料、功能、时间、地点、内容、类别等时,用名词而非名词所有格作定语。 作定语的名词说明被修饰词的例词材料a diamond necklace钻石项链a bamboo pole竹竿功能a meeting room会议室the telephone poles 电话线杆the railway station火车站water pipes 水管时间Friday n

7、ight周五晚上 the dinner party晚宴an evening suit晚礼服afternoon tea下午茶点地点Peking University北京大学body temperature体温a table lamp台灯内容piano lessons钢琴课the sports meet 运动会oxygen supply氧气供应the grammar rules语法规则类别children education儿童教育enemy soldiers敌军士兵a bus driver 公交司机作定语的名词说明被修饰词的例词续表2.名词作定语与名词所有格作定语的区别区别例词/句名词作定语通常

8、说明被修饰的词的性质,而名词所有格作定语则强调与被修饰的词的所属关系或表示逻辑上的主动关系the Party members党员(名词Party表示members的性质)the Partys calls党的号召(Party具有动作发出者的作用,calls虽然是名词,却具有表示动作的含义)名词作定语强调“类指”,而名词所有格则表示“特指”Please dont put the dogs food under the table.请不要把狗食放在桌子下面。(特指给某一条狗的食物)Dog food costs as much as meals.狗的食品和人的食品一样贵。(指类别,即供狗食用的食品)题

9、组训练单句改错He went to the cinema yesterdays evening.yesterdaysyesterdayShe likes shopping at the shoes shop.shoesshoe后缀意义例词-ment表示“行为、结果”developdevelopment发展achieveachievement功绩equipequipment设备managemanagement管理agreeagreement协议,同意,一致-ness表示“状态、性质或特点”awareawareness意识calmcalmness平静lazylaziness懒惰五、名词常考构词法后

10、缀意义例词-ist表示“干的人;专家;从事的人;信仰的人”artartist艺术家sciencescientist科学家pianopianist钢琴家-ion-ation -ition-tion表示“行为、状态”attractattraction吸引力,吸引pollutepollution污染introduceintroduction介绍educateeducation教育inviteinvitation邀请续表后缀意义例词-er-or-ant表示“的人”beginbeginner初学者employemployer雇主directdirector主任,主管assistassistant助手se

11、rveservant仆人,用人-ian-an表示“有特征的;专长于的人”historyhistorian历史学家musicmusician音乐学家-ity-y表示“性质、状态”ableability能力honesthonesty诚实续表后缀意义例词-ance-ence-ancy-ency表示“性质、状态或行为”acceptacceptance接受existexistence存在expectexpectancy期望tendtendency趋势-age表示“行为、状态、结果或一组”marrymarriage结婚packpackage包裹shortshortage缺少-ship-dom表示“状况、状

12、态,职位、地位”friendfriendship友谊wisewisdom智慧membermembership会员资格-ure表示“行为或结果”exposeexposure暴露,揭露failfailure失败续表题组训练用所给词的适当形式填空The expression (express)in her eyes told me something was wrong.Due to the application(apply) of this medical technology, some dis-eases can be treated at an early stage.She was un

13、able to attend because of the pressure(press)of work.Curiosity(curious)is part of childrens nature. They always insist on getting to the bottom of everything.How can I take the medicine, sir?Just follow the directions(direct) on the bottle. 数格人称单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称Youyouyouyou第三人称Hehimtheythe

14、msheheritit考点二代词一、人称代词1.人称代词的形式2.人称代词的用法题组训练用人称代词填空People pick up the bikes and then ride and drop them(they) off any-where they like, locking the back wheel, with no need to find a fixed place.The Chinese have known about the benefits of green tea since ancient 用法例句人称代词的主格和宾格在句中作不同的成分,主格多作主语,有时作表语;

15、宾格作及物动词或介词的宾语,也可作表语或同位语。在口语中,常用人称代词的宾格作表语He would drown his sadness in coffee.(主格作主语)Thank you for your letter.(宾格作及物动词的宾语)I bought a present for him.(宾格作介词的宾语)Hi, its me.(宾格作表语)在没有谓语动词的句子中,人称代词常用宾格Glad to meet you.Me,too.times, and they use it to treat everything from headaches to depression. 二、物主代

16、词形容词性物主代词相当于形容词,置于名词之前,作定语。名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,在句中作主语、表语、宾语。 Is this your seat,sir?这是你的座位吗,先生?(形容词性物主代词your作名词seat的定语) 词义类别我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirsThis is not my dictionary. Mine is lent to Lucy.这不是我的字典,我的借给露西了。(名词性物主代词mine相当于my dic-

17、tionary, 作主语)题组训练用物主代词填空When you come to Zhangjiajie, you can fully appreciate its(it) magnif-icent natural scenery and experience appealing folk customs as well as other thrilling tourist activities.Before getting on the plane, train, or bus, learn from these mistakes to avoid the crowds and make t

18、he most of your(you) holiday.人称数第一人称第二人称第三人称单数myselfyourselfhimself,herself,itself复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves三、反身代词1.反身代词的形式2.反身代词的基本用法注意:oneself也是反身代词。题组训练用反身代词填空I dont believe you. Did you see it yourself? It is not his fault. I cut myself with a knife. We should be independent of our parents.

19、 We should depend on ourselves. 分类形式词义功能主语表语定语宾语状语疑问代词who谁 whom谁 whose谁的 what什么 which哪个(些) 四、疑问代词为了方便学习,我们把疑问代词和疑问副词一并介绍。1.基本用法疑问副词when什么时候 where什么地方 why为什么 how如何 2.注意以下两组疑问代词的用法(1)What is he? 他是干什么的?(问职业)He is a teacher.他是老师。Who is he?他是谁?(问姓名或与人的关系)He is Tom.他是汤姆。(2)What subject do you like best?你

20、最喜欢什么科目?(无范围)Which subject do you like best?你最喜欢哪个科目?(有范围)3.注意下面疑问词的用法(1)What is the population of China?How many people are there in China?中国有多少人口?(2)What is the distance?How far is it?距离有多远?(3)What do you think of the film?How do you like/find/feel the film?你觉得这部电影怎么样?(4)What is his address?Where

21、does he live?他住在哪里?(5)What is the depth of the well?How deep is the well?那口井有多深?五、不定代词1.both,all,either,any,neither,none的区别Ive bought two books;you can have either.我买了两本书,你要哪本都行。I am sorry I cant lend you any(money).对不起,我不能借给你钱。None of this money is mine. 这笔钱都不是我的。词义指代都任何一个都不两个人或物botheitherneither三个

22、或三个以上的人或物;不可数名词allanynone题组训练用适当的代词填空He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never foundeitherof them again.The research group produced two reports based on the survey,but neithercontained any useful suggestions.2.one,another,the other,some,others,the others的区别 一个/一些另外一个/一些剩余的一个/一些单数one

23、anotherthe other复数someothersthe others 一本/一些书另外一本/一些书剩余的一本/一些书单数one bookanother bookthe other book复数some booksother booksthe other books注意:(1)the other后通常加可数名词(单数或复数),但不能加不可数名词;短语the rest of(剩余的)后既可以加可数名词(单数或复数),也可以加不可数名词;else一般放在不定代词或特殊疑问词后。What else did you do last weekend?Oh,nothing else.上周末你还做什么

24、了?哦,没做什么别的事。(2)体会下列句子中黑体词的用法I have two books:one is English,and the other(one) is French.我有两本书:一本是英语书,一本是法语书。He will stay here for days.他在这里还要待上3天。There are many books on the table:some are English;are French.桌子上有很多书。一些是英语书,剩下的是法语书。Hell be in a wheelchair for the rest of his life.他的余生将在轮椅上度过。Would y

25、ou please make it ?你能改天吗?I saw him in London the other day/week/month(=a few days/weeks/months ago).我几天/周/个月前在伦敦见过他。He has no other close friends like John.他没有别的像约翰那样亲密的朋友了。If this dictionary is not yours,who elses can it be?如果这本字典不是你的,会是谁的呢?题组训练用another或the other填空We had a picnic last term and it w

26、as a lot of fun,so lets haveanotherone this month.He raised one arm and thenthe other. 指代用来回答相当于是否加of短语nobody/no one人whonot anyonenot anybody否nothing物whatnot anything否none人或物how manyhow muchnot a/an/any+名词或no+名词是3.nobody/no one,nothing,none的区别How much money do you have?None.你有多少钱?一点儿也没有。If I had mon

27、ey,I would lend him some,but unfortunately,I have none.(none=not any money)如果我有钱的话,我就借给他一些了,但遗憾的是,我没钱。I wished someone could help me,but there was no one at the moment.(no one=not anyone)我希望有人能帮我,但当时没有人。As we were asleep,none of us heard the sound.由于我们都睡着了,所以我们当中没人听到那个声音。题组训练用none,nobody/no one,noth

28、ing填空Nobody/No onecan be good at something for 40 years if he doesnt love it.Swimming is my favorite sport.There isnothinglike swimming as a means of keeping fit.Wow!Youve got so many clothes.Butnoneof them are in fashion now.I couldnt just stand by and donothing. 多少复数名词概念manyfew不可数名词概念muchlittle4.m

29、any,much,few,little,a few,a little的区别 肯定否定复数名词概念a fewfew不可数名词概念a littlelittle注意:only a few=few;only a little=little;quite a few=many;quite a little=much。题组训练根据汉语提示完成下列句子Many(很多)people dont havemuch(很多)food.Many(很多)of the mistakes were just caused by carelessness.Few(很少)people can live to be 100 year

30、s old.You have done verylittle(很少)for me.Come in and havea little(一点)whisky.She has written many books but Ive only reada few(少数).代词替代内容例句onea/an+单数名词We have various summer camps for your holiday.You can choose one(=a summer camp)based on your own interest.我们为您的假期提供了各种各样的夏令营,您可以根据自己的兴趣选择一种。5.one,one

31、s,the one,the ones,those(指示代词),that(指示代词)的区别ones零冠词+复数名词Mr.Zhang gave me many valu-able presents,ones(=presents)that I had never seen.张先生给了我很多珍贵的礼物,都是一些我从来没见过的礼物。the onethe+单数名词The book on the desk is better than the one/that(=the book)un-der the desk.书桌上的那本书比书桌下的那本书好。the onesthe+复数名词The books on th

32、e desk are better than the ones/those(=the books)under the desk.书桌上的那些书比书桌下的那些书好。thosethe+复数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)thatthe+单数名词或不可数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)Little joy can equal that(=the joy)of a surprising ending when you read stories.几乎没有什么乐趣能比得上你在阅读故事时读到一个出乎意料的结局时的乐趣。题组训练用适当的代词填空Im moving to the countryside, because t

33、he air there is much fresher thanthatin the city.Helping others is a habit,oneyou can learn even at an early age.6.含复合不定代词的习惯用语He is nothing but a clerk.他只是一名职员。He is anything but a clerk.他根本不是一名职员。He might be a scientist or something.他大概是科学家之类的人物。Your house is something like ours.你们的房子有点像我们的。They g

34、et something like 97% renewals every year.他们每年大约有97%的用户续订。题组训练用anything,nothing填空Shes always trying to get something fornothing.They work very hard.They areanythingbut lazybones.The visit is boring.It isnothingbut a waste of time.7.全部肯定、部分否定和全部否定全部肯定部分否定全部否定both当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中时neitherall(+名

35、词)none;not any(+名词);no+名词everybody/every- one;everything;every+名词no one/nobody;nothingNot all of them smoke.=All of them dont smoke.他们当中不是所有的人都抽烟。All of the boys are clever,but none of them can work out this problem.这些男孩都很聪明,但他们当中没有一个能解出这道题。此外,not与总括性副词如everywhere, always, wholly, altogether等连用时也表示部

36、分否定。Such a thing cant be found everywhere.这种事并非到处可见。用法例句指代上文提到的某样东西Where is my dictionary?I put it right on the desk.我的词典在哪里?我就把它放在书桌上了。用以代替指示代词this,thatWhats this?这是什么?Its a flag.它是一面旗。指代不知性别的婴儿(baby)或身份不明确的人(由于某种原因而不知道对方是谁)The baby cried because it was hungry.这个婴儿因饥饿而啼哭。Who is knocking at the door

37、?It must be the milkman.谁在敲门?一定是送奶工。六、it的用法1.it的基本用法谈论时间、距离、天气等It is nine oclock sharp now.现在是9点整。It is raining hard outside.外面雨下得正大。It is a long way to the factory.到工厂有很长一段路。it常用来代替不定式短语、动名词短语或名词性从句作形式主语或形式宾语,而将真正的主语或宾语后置Its not easy to learn a foreign language.学习一门外语不容易。(代替不定式短语作形式主语)I have made i

38、t clear that nobody is allowed to smoke here.我已经讲得很清楚了,任何人都不许在这儿吸烟。(代替名词性从句作形式宾语)题组训练用it作形式主语或形式宾语补全下列句子我认为我们开这个会是必要的。I thinkit(is)necessarythat we have the meeting.众所周知,在世界上中国人口最多。It is well-known thatChina has the largest population in the world.据说他们都去看电影了。It is said thatall of them have gone to t

39、he cinema.分类用法例句陈述句It is/was/情态动词+be+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分。被强调部分为“人”时可用who/that,被强调部分不是“人”时用thatIt is I who/that am right.(强调主语)我是对的。It was him that/who we met at the school gate.(强调宾语)我们在学校门口遇到的是他。It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.(强调状语)汤姆是在公园里丢失了他的手表。一般疑问句Is/Was it+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分?Was i

40、t in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗?2.it用于强调句型特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+is/was it that+其他成分?Who was it that broke the win-dow?打破窗户的是谁?not.until.It is/was not until.+that+其他成分It was not until ten oclock that he went to bed.直到10点他才上床睡觉。题组训练根据句子意思填空Wasitbecause Jack came late for schoolth

41、at Mr.Smith got angry?Itwasonly after he had read the papersthatMr.Gross realized the task before him was extremely difficult to complete.It was not until I came herethatI realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.It was from only a few supplies that she had bought

42、in the villagethatthe hostess cooked such a nice dinner.考点三冠词一、冠词的泛指、特指泛指是指首次提到的、不限定的人或事物。特指是指在上文已提到的人或事物,也可以指说话双方心目中所默认的特定的人或事物。冠词的泛指、特指用法归纳如下:题组训练冠词填空Laszlo Biro inventedtheballpoint pen.The biggest whale istheblue whale,which grows to be about 29 meters longthe height ofa9-story building.二、不定冠词1.

43、不定冠词的基本用法用法例词/句不定冠词有a,an两种形式,当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为辅音音素(注意:不是辅音字母)时用a;当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为元音音素(注意:不是元音字母)时用ana university,a useful animal,a one-eyed dog,a Eu-ropean car,an hour,an honest boy,an X-ray,an ugly man,an honor表示one,the same或every的意思They are of an age.(=the same)他们年龄相同。I will return in a day or two.(=one)

44、我将在一两天后回来。题组训练冠词填空I earn 10 dollarsanhour asasupermarket cashier on Saturdays.The teacher asked us to writean800-word-long composition.Christmas isaspecial holiday when the whole family are supposed to get together.They are twins,so they are ofanage.2.含有不定冠词的常考短语have a cold得了感冒have a good time玩得高兴ha

45、ve a gift for有的天赋have a word with与谈话have/take a rest休息一下have a holiday度假make a living谋生get a lift/ride搭便车go on a diet节食as a result因此as a matter of fact事实上as a rule通常,照例after a while一会儿后in a hurry匆忙地in a sense在某种意义上in a word总之in a moment立刻once in a while偶尔at a loss困惑,不知所措at a distance离一段距离for a while

46、暂时,一时once upon a time从前all of a sudden突然a waste of.的浪费a matter of.的问题have a population of有人口have a history of有的历史a collection of一批have a knowledge of(=know)知道 have an understanding of(=understand)懂得注意:通常成对出现的名词(被视为一套),一般只用一个不定冠词。如:a knife and fork一副刀叉。题组训练冠词填空I dont want to have words with you.I pre

47、fer to haveaword with you.The power supply was cut off.All ofasudden,the lights went out.China hasafar larger population than Canada.The quality of the ambulance service isamatter of life and death.用法例词/句用在表示特指的人或物的名词前The book on the desk is mine.书桌上的那本书是我的。用在姓氏复数前,表一家人或夫妇二人The Chens are going to mo

48、ve to Langfang.姓陈的一家要搬到廊坊去。用在年代、朝代名词及逢十的数词(表某个年代)前或用在表示方位的名词前the Tang dynasty唐朝;the Spring and Autumn Pe-riod春秋时期;in the 1990s/1990s在20世纪90年代;the south南方/部用在表度量单位的名词前,表示“每一”。如by the hour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo,但是size/weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词We got paid by the month.我们按月计酬。Meat is sold

49、by weight.肉按重量出售。三、定冠词“the+形容词或分词”有时也可表类指the wounded 伤员the dying垂死之人the unknown未知的事物the deaf聋人“动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位”结构中的the不可用物主代词代替。此外,在be red in the face(脸红),be lame in the right leg(右腿瘸),be blind in the left eye(左眼失明)等结构中,名词前也要用theAn apple fell from the tree and hit him on the head.一个苹果从树上落下,砸在了他

50、的头上。He was blind in the left eye and lame in the right leg.他左眼失明,右腿瘸。用于江河湖海、山脉群岛、海湾海峡等地理名词前The Yellow River is the cradle of Chinese culture.黄河是中国文化的摇篮。The West Lake is famous for its beautiful scenery.西湖以其美景著称。用于含普通名词的国家、组织机构、建筑物、报纸杂志、会议条约等名称前I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first

51、 time.我永远不会忘记第一次参观长城的情景。用在same, very, only前构成“the same/only/very+名词”结构He is the very person(=just the person)I am looking for.他正是我在找的人。He is the only poet in this country that deserves the name.他是这个国家唯一的一位名副其实的诗人。此外,定冠词还可用在某些固定短语中:in the countryside在乡下in the end最后,终于in the daytime在白天in the habit of习

52、惯于make the most/best of充分利用in the distance在远处in the way挡路on the whole总的来说on the right/left在右/左面at the moment此刻for the time being暂时in the mean time同时at the end of.在的尽头 in the playground在操场上go to the doctors去看医生by the way顺便说,附带地说说the other day几天前on the radio/phone通过无线电/电话on the spot在场,到场,立即,马上,当场to te

53、ll(you)the truth说实话,老实说go to the cinema去看电影not in the least(=not at all)一点也不on the one hand.,on the other hand.一方面,另一方面for the most part通常,多半题组训练冠词填空The little boy took the blind man bythe arm and walked him across the street. Then,the Smiths were listening to the boy who was playingthepi-ano.In fac

54、t,theChinese language is the most difficult one in the world. I think Tom isthecleverer of the two boys who isthefirst to solve the problem. Marco Polo is said to have sailed onthePacific Ocean on his way to Java inthethirteenth century.用法例句不可数名词、复数名词表泛指,用零冠词He likes to read novels.他喜欢读小说。My father

55、went to his doctor for advice about his heart trouble.我父亲去了医生那里寻求关于他的心脏病的建议。名词前已有this,that,my,your,some,each,no,any等限定时不再用冠词She is not my type of woman.她不是我心目中的那类女人。He went to some place in France.他到法国某地去了。Each student must hand in his exercise book. 每个学生必须上交作业本。四、零冠词零冠词的用法口诀:月、季、星期、节假、洲,称呼、头衔、职务前;三餐、球类、惯用语;学科、棋类名词前。(注:但以上用法是相对而言的,在不同的句子中,可能会用到不定冠词或定冠词。因此,用哪种冠词要视情况而定。)A year can be divided into four seasonsspring,summer,autumn and winter.一年可以分为四个季节春、夏、秋、冬。Mr.Li is chairman of the meeting.李先生是本次会议的主席。(注:表示称呼、头衔的名词作表语、同位语、补语时用零冠词。)The organization was founded in the spring of(the year)2010.这个组