釜式反应器设计说明书-123

1、宁夏大学机械学院过程装备与控制工程专业毕业设计说明书宁夏大学机械学院过程装备与控制工程专业毕业设计说明书- -机架一般有无支点机架、单支点机架和双支点机架。无支点机架一般仅适用于传递小功率和小的轴向载荷的条件。单支点机架适用于电动机或减速机可作为一个支点，或容器内可设置中间轴承和底轴承的情况。双支点机架适用于悬臂轴。搅拌轴的支承有悬臂式和单跨式。由于筒体内不设置中间轴承或底轴承，维护检修方便，特别对卫生要求高的生物反应器，减少了筒体内的构件，因此应优先采用悬臂轴。用于机械搅拌反应器的轴封主要有两种：填料密封和机械密封。轴封的目的是防止介质通过转轴从搅拌容器内泄漏或外部杂质渗入搅拌容器内。填料密

2、封结果简单，制造容易，适用于非腐蚀性和弱腐蚀性介质、密封要求不高、并允许定期维护的搅拌设备。机械密封是把转轴的密封面从轴向改为径向，通过动环和静环两个端面的相互贴合，并作相对运动到达密封的装置，又称端面密封。机械密封的泄漏率低，密封性能可靠，功耗小，使用寿命长，在搅拌反应器中得到广泛地应用。所以，密封装置选用机械密封。五设计体会通过本次对醋酸乙酯酯化器的设计，培养了我以下几方面的能力：1、培养了理论联系实际的设计思路，训练了综合运用设备设计和先修课程的理论，结合生产实际分析和解决工程实际问题的能力，稳固加深和扩展了有关设备设计方面的知识。2、通过制定设计方案，合理选择设备所需材料及附件类型，确

3、定设备尺寸及附件尺寸，到达了解和掌握设备总体结构及其零部件的设计思路。3、提高了对设计技能的能力；提高了熟练运用设计资料、各种手册、图册、标注及标准的能力；以及提高了使用经验数据进行经验估算和处理数据的能力。本次设计使我学到了许多在书本上没有学到的知识，拓展了知识面，提高了自学能力，对本专业的知识有了新的认识。在设计过程中通过对各种事项的综合考虑，即要考虑设备的综合性能，能不能到达预期的要求，又要考虑它在实际生活中能不能有一定的使用价值，且不能使它的成本太高。因此，本设计不单单是应用课本上知识，还需要通过在实践中的调查之后，设计出人们所能接受的设备。符号说明符号名称单位5壁厚mmT操作空时h申

4、焊缝系数p密度kg/m3黏度Pa.s耳效率应力MPaVr物料体积m3V总体积m3f填装系数Re雷诺系数d直径mmpc计算压力MPaP功率kWT温度Kg重力加速度m/s2Qi体积流量m3/hDi内径mmn转速1/sN功率准数参考文献1天津大学物理化学教研室编.物理化学.高等教育出版社,2001年12月第4版2李绍芬主编.反应工程.化学工业出版社,教育出版中心,2000年6月第2版3中国化学工业协会编.化工机械手册.天津大学出版社,1991年5月第一版4郑津洋,董其伍,桑芝富主编.过程设备设计.化学工业出版社,精细化工出版中心,2005年7月第2版5朱思明,汤善甫等.化工设备机械基础.华东化工学院

5、出版社,1991年12月1版6左识之主编.精细化工反应器及车间工艺设计.上海:华东理工大学出版社,1996年11月第一版7国家医药管理局上海医药设计院编.化工工艺设计手册.化学工业出版社,1989年12月第一版8顾芳珍,陈国桓编.化工设备设计基础.天津大学出版社,1994年8月第1版9谭天恩,李伟等.过程工程原理.化学工业出版社,教育出版中心,2004年8月第1版10杨志才主编.化工生产中的间歇过程.化学工业出版社,精细化工出版中心,2001年6月第1版11匡国柱,史启才主编.化工单元过程及设备课程设计.化学工业出版社,精细化工出版中心,2002年1月第1版12化学工业部人事教育司,化学工业部

6、教育培训中心组织编,化学反应器.化学工业出版社,1997年4月第1版14王志文主编.化工容器设计.北京:化学工业出版社,199015卓震主编.化工容器及设备.北京:中国石化出版社,199816李景振主编.压力容器基础知识.北京:劳动人事出版社,198617陈偕中主编.化工容器设计.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1987谢辞值此毕业设计的设计完成之际，在此，首先，向悉心指导我的李宏燕李老师致以诚挚的敬意和衷心的感谢！其次，在本次毕业设计的设计过程中，得到了本组同学的启示和帮助，在此，表示深深地感谢。同时，感谢这四年来多次指导和帮助过我的老师和同学，这些都是我学习和研究的动力。谢谢你们给予了我这么多的

7、鼓励和指导。在设计过程中，我通过查阅大量有关资料，与同学交流经验和自学，并向老师请教等方式，使自己学到了不少知识，也经历了不少艰辛，但收获同样巨大。在整个设计中我懂得了许多东西，也培养了我独立工作的能力，树立了对自己工作能力的信心，相信会对今后的学习工作生活有非常重要的影响。最后再一次诚挚地感谢所有给予我指导和帮助的老师和同学，感谢在百忙中抽出时间进行论文评审的各位老师！谢谢！外文翻译TypicalActivitiesofChemicalEngineersTheclassicalroleofchemicalengineeristotakethediscoveriesmadebythechemi

8、stinthelaboratoryanddevelopthemintomoney-making,commercial-scalechemicalprocesses.ThechemistworksintesttubesandParrbombswithverysmallquantitiesofreactantsandproducts(e.g,100ml),usuallyrunning“batch”.Acatalystisaddedandthereactionsproceedwithtime.Samplesaretakenatappropriateintervalstofollowtheconsum

9、ptionofthereactantsandtheproductionofproductsastineprogresses.Bycontrast,thechemicalengineertypicallyworkswithmuchlargerquantitiesofmaterialandwithverylarge(andexpensive)equipment.Reactorscanhold1,000gallonsormore.Distillationcolumnscanbeover100feethighand10to30feetindiameter.Thecapitalinvestmentfor

10、oneprocessunitinachemicalplantmayexceed$100million!Thechemicalengineerisofteninvolvedin“scalingup”achemist-developedsmall-scalereactorandseparationsystemtoaverylargecommercialplant.Thechemicalengineermustworkcloselywiththechemistinordertounderstandthoroughlythechemistryinvolvedintheprocessandtomakes

11、urethatthechemistgetsthereactionkineticdataandthephysicalpropertydataneededtodesign,operate,andoptimizetheprocess.Thisiswhythechemicalengineeringcurriculumcontainssomanychemistrycourses.Thechemicalengineermustalsoworkcloselywithmechanical,electrical,civil,andmetallurgicalengineersinordertodesignando

12、peratethephysicalequipmentinaplantthereactors,tanks,distillationcolumns,heatexchangers,pumps,compressors,controlandinstrumentationdevices,andsoon.Onebigitemthatisalwaysonsuchanequipmentlistispiping.Oneofthemostimpressivefeaturesofatypicalchemicalplantisthetremendousnumberofpipesrunningalloverthesite

13、,literallyhundredsofmilesinmanyplants.Thesepipestransferprocessmaterials(gasesandliquids)intoandoutoftheplant.Theyalsocarryutilities(steam,coolingwater,air,nitrogen,andrefrigerant)totheprocessunits.Tocommercializethelaboratorychemistry,thechemicalengineerisinvolvedindevelopment,design,construction,o

14、peration,sales,andresearch.Theterminologyusedtolabelthesefunctionsisbynomeansuniformfromcompanytocompany,butarosebyanyothernameisstillarose.Letusdescribeeachofthesefunctionsbriefly.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatthejobsweshalldiscussare“typical”and“classical,”butarebynomeanstheonlythingsthatchemicalenginee

15、rsdo.Thechemicalengineerhasabroadbackgroundinmathematics,andphysics.Therefore,heorshecan,does,fillarichvarietyofjobsinindustry,government,andacademia.1.DevelopmentDevelopmentistheintermediatesteprequiredinpassingfromalaboratory-sizeprocesstoacommercial-sizeprocess.The“pilot-plant”processinvolvedinde

16、velopmentmightinvolvereactorsthatarefivegallonsincapacityanddistillationcolumnsthatarethreeinchesindiameter.Developmentisusuallypartofthecommercializationofachemicalprocessbecausethescale-upproblemisaverydifficultone.Jumpingdirectlyfromtesttubesto10,000-gallonreactorcanbeatrickyandsometimesdangerous

17、endeavor.Someofthesubtleproblemsinvolvedwhicharenotatallobvioustotheuninitiatedincludemixingimperfections,increasingradialtemperaturegradientsanddecreasingratiosofhearttransferareastoheatgenerationrates.Thechemicalengineerworkswiththechemistandateamofotherengineerstodesignconstruct,andoperateofpilot

18、plant.Thedesignaspectinvolvesspecifyingsizesconfiguration,andmaterialsofconstruction.Usuallypilotplantsaredesignedtobequiteflexiblesothatawidevarietyofconditionsandconfigurationscanbeevaluated.Oncethepilotplantisoperational,andoptimizationdatecanbeobtainedinordertoevaluatetheprocessfromaneconomicpoi

19、ntofview.Theprofitabilityisassessedateachstageofthedevelopmentoftheprocess.Ifitappearsthatnotenoughmoneywillbemadetojustifythecapitalinvestment,theprojectwillbestopped.Thepilotplantofferstheopportunitytoevaluatematerialsofconstruction,measurementtechniques,andprocesscontrolstrategies.Theexperimental

20、findingsinthepilotplantcanbeusedtoimprovethedesignofthefull-scaleplant.2DesignBasedontheexperienceanddataobtainedinthelaboratoryandthepilotplant,ateamofengineersisassembledtodesignthecommercialplant.Thechemicalengineersjobistallprocessflowratesandconditions,equipmenttypesandsizes,materialsofconstruc

21、tion,processconfigurationscontrolsystems,safety,environmentalprotectionsystems,andotherrelevantspecifications.Itisanenormousresponsibility.Thedesignstageisreallywherethebigbucksarespent.Onetypicalchemicalprocessmightrequireacapitalinvestmentof$50to$100million.Thatsalotofbread!Andthechemicalengineeri

22、stheonewhohastomakemanyofthedecisions.Whereyoufindyourselfinthatpositionyouwillbegladthatyoustudiedashardasyoudid(wehope)sothatyoucanbringthebestpossibletoolsandmindstobearontheproblems.Theproductofthedesignstageisalotofpaper:.Flowsheetsarediagramsshowingalltheequipmentschematically,withallstreamsla

23、beledandtheirconditionsspecified(flowratetemperature,composition,viscosityDensity,etc.).PandI(pipingandInstrumentation)Drawingsareshowingallpiecesofequipment(includingsizes,nozzlelocations,andmaterials),allpiping(includingsizes,materials,andvalves),allinstrumentation(includinglocationsandtypesofsens

24、ors,controlvalves,andcontrollers),andallsafetysystems(includingsafetyvalveandrupturedisklocationsandsizes,flarelines,andsafeoperatingconditions).EquipmentSpecificationsheetsaresheetsofdetailedinformationonalltheequipmentprecisedimensions,performancecriteria,materialsofconstruction,corrosionallowance

25、s,operatingtemperatures,andpressures,maximumandminimumflowrates,andthelike.These“specsheets”aresenttotheequipmentmanufacturersforpricebidsandthenforbuildingtheequipment.ConstructionAftertheequipmentmanufacturers(vendors)havebuilttheindividualpiecesofequipment,thepiecesareshippedtotheplantsite(someti

26、mesachallengingjoboflogistics,particularlyforlargevesselslikedistillationcolumns).Theconstructionphaseastheassemblingofallthecomponentsintoacompleteplant.Itstartswithdiggingholesinthegroundandpouringconcreteforfoundationsforfoundationsforlargeequipmentandbuildings(e.g.,thecontrolroom,processanalytic

27、allaboratoryandmaintenanceshops).Aftertheseinitialactivities,themajorpiecesofequipmentandthesteelsuperstructureareerected.Heatexchangers,pumps,piping,instrumentsensors,andautomaticcontrolvalvesareinstalled.Controlsystemwiringandtubingarerunbetweenthecontrolroomandtheplant.Electricalwiring,switches,a

28、ndtransformersareinstalledformotorstodrivepumpsandcompressors.Astheprocessequipmentisbeinginstalled,itisthechemicalengineersjobtocheckthatitisallhookedtogetherproperlyandthateachpieceworkscorrectly.Thisisusuallyaveryexcitingandrewardingtimeformostengineers.Youareseeingyourideasbeingtranslatedfrompap

29、erintoreality.Stealandconcretereplacesketchesanddiagrams.Constructionistheculminationofyearsofworkbymanypeople.Youarefinallyonthelaunchpad,andtheplantisgoingtoflyorfizzle!Themomentoftruthishand.Oncethecheck-outphaseiscomplete,“startup”begins.Startupistheinitialcommissioningoftheplant.Itisatimeofgrea

30、texcitementandround-the-clockactivity.Itisoneofthebestlearninggroundsforthechemicalengineer.Nowyoufindouthowgoodyourideasandcalculationsreallyare.Theengineerswhohaveworkedonthepilotplantandonthedesignareusuallypartofthestartupteam.Thestartupperiodcanrequireafewdaysorafewmonths,dependingonthenewnesso

31、fthetechnology,thecomplexityoftheprocess,andthequalityoftheengineeringthathasgoneintothedesign.Problemsarefrequentlyencounteredthatrequireequipmentmodifications.Thisistimeconsumingandexpensive:justthelostproductionfromaplantcanamounttothousandsofdollarsperday.Indeed,therehavebeensomeplantsthathavene

32、veroperated,becauseofunexpectedproblemswithcontrol,corrosion,orimpurities,orbecauseofeconomicproblems.Theengineersareusuallyonshiftworkduringthestartupperiod.Thereisalottolearninashorttimeperiod.Oncetheplanthasbeensuccessfullyoperatedatitsratedperformance,itisturnedovertotheoperatingormanufacturingd

33、epartmentforroutineproductionofproducts.ManufacturingChemicalengineersoccupyacentralpositioninmanufacturing(“operations”or“production,”asitiscalledinsomecompanies).Planttechnicalservicegroupsareresponsibleforthetechnicalaspectsofrunninganefficientandsafeplant.Theyruncapacityandperformancetestsonthep

34、lanttodeterminewherethebottlenecksareintheequipment,andthendesignmodificationsandadditionstoremovethesebottlenecks.Chemicalengineersstudywaystoreduceoperatingcostsbysavingenergy,cuttingrawmaterialconsumption,andreducingproductionofoff-specificationproductsthatrequirereprocessing.Theystudywaystoimpro

35、vequalityandreduceenvironmentalpollutionofbothairandwater.Inadditiontoservinginplanttechnicalservice,manyengineershavejobsasoperatingsupervisors.Thesesupervisorsareresponsibleforallaspectsoftheday-to-dayoperationoftheplant,includingsupervisingtheplantoperatorswhoruntheplantround-the-clockonathree-sh

36、iftbasis,meetingqualityspecifications,deliveringproductsatagreed-upontimesandinagreed-uponquantities,developingandmaintaininginventoriesofequipmentspareparts,keepingtheplantwellmaintained,makingsuresafepracticesarefollowed,avoidingexcessiveemissionsintothelocalenvironment,andservingasspokespersonsfo

37、rtheplanttothelocalcommunity.TechnicalSalesManychemicalengineersfindstimulatingandprofitablecareersintechnicalsales.Aswithothersalespositions,theworkinvolvescallingoncustomers,makingrecommendationsonparticularproductstofillcustomersneeds,andbeingsurethatorderarehandledsmoothly.Thesalesengineeristhec

38、ompanysrepresentativeandmustknowthecompanyslinewell.Thesalesengineersabilitytosellcangreatlyaffecttheprogressandprofitabilityofthecompany.Themarketingofmanychemicalsrequiresaconsiderableamountofinteractionbetweenengineersinthecompanyproducingthechemicalsandengineersinthecompanyusingthechemical.Thisi

39、nteractioncantaketheformofadvisingonhowtouseachemicalordevelopinganewchemicalinordertosolveaspecificproblemofacustomer.Whenthesalesengineerdiscoversproblemsthatcannotbehandledwithconfidence,heorshemustbeabletocallontheexpertiseofspecialists.Thesalesengineermaysometimeshavetomanageajointeffortamongre

40、searchersfromseveralcompanieswhoareworkingtogethertosolveaproblem.ResearchChemicalengineersareengagedinmanytypesofresearch.Theyworkwiththechemistindevelopingneworimprovedproducts.Theydevelopnewandimprovedengineeringmethods(e.g.:bettercomputerprogramstosimulatechemicalprocesses,betterlaboratoryanalys

41、ismethodsforcharacterizingchemicals,andnewtypesofreactorsandseparationsystems).Theyworkonimprovedsensorsforon-linephysicalpropertymeasurements.Theystudyalternativeprocessconfigurationsandequipment.Researchengineersarelikelytobefoundinlaboratoriesoratdesksworkingonproblems.Theyusuallyworkasmembersofa

42、teamofscientistsandengineers.Knowledgeoftheprocessandcommontypesofprocessequipmenthelpsthechemicalengineermakespecialcontributionstotheresearcheffort.Thechemicalengineersdailyactivitiesmaysometimescloselyresemblethoseofthechemistorphysicistworkingonthesameteam.Chemicalengineeringisthedevelopmentofpr

43、ocessesandthedesignandoperationofplantsinwhichmaterialsundergochangesinphysicalorchemicalstateonatechnicalscale.Appliedthroughouttheprocessindustries,itisfoundedontheprinciplesofchemistry,physics,andmathematics.Thelawsofphysicalchemistryandgovernthepracticabilityandefficiencyofchemical-engineeringop

44、erations.Energychanges,derivingfromthermodynamicconsiderations,areparticularlyimportant.Mathematicsisappliedincreasingly,notonlyintheuseofothersciencesbutalsoasbasictoolinoptimizationandmodeling.Optimizationmeansarrangingmaterials,facilities,andenergytoyieldasproductiveandeconomicalanoperationasposs

45、ible.Modelingistheconstructionoftheoreticmathematicalprototypesofcomplexprocesssystems,commonlywiththeaidofcomputers.Chemicalengineeringisasoldastheprocessindustries.Itsheritagedatesfromthefermentationandevaporationprocessesoperatedbyearlycivilizations.Butmodernchemicalengineeringemergedwiththedevel

46、opmentoflarge-scale,chemical-manufacturingoperationsinthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Throughoutitsdevelopmentasanindependentdiscipline,chemicalengineeringhasbeendirectedtowardsolvingproblemsofdesigningandoperatinglargeplantsforcontinuousproduction.SinceWorldWarII,closerexaminationofthefundamentalphen

47、omenainvolvedinthevariousunitoperationshasshownthesetodependonthebasiclawsofmasstransfer,heattransfer,andfluidflow.Thishasgivenunitytothediverseunitoperationsandhasledtothedevelopmentofchemical-engineeringscienceinitsownright;asaresultmanyapplicationshavebeenfoundinfieldsoutsidethetraditionalchemica

48、lindustry.Masstransferisthebasisforthedesignandoperationofequipmentfortheseparationofhomogeneousmixtures.Suchseparationsareusuallyachievedbythecreationoradditionofasecondphase,eitherimmiscible(notsoluble)oronlypartiallymisciblewiththeoriginal,followedbypartitionofthecomponentsbetweenthetwophases.Thu

49、sdistillationinvolvescreationofavaporphasebyheatingaliquid,thecomponentspartitioningbetweenthephaseswiththemorevolatileconcentratinginthevapor.Solventextractionandionexchangeareexamplesinvolvingadditionofasecondphase.Allaretraditionalunitoperations.Examinationofthebasicinterphasetransferprocesses(tr

50、ansferbetweenphase)showstheratesofthesealltobegovernedbythesamediffusionlaws.Mostoperationsinvolveadditionorwithdrawalofenergyintheformofheat,andadequateprovisionmustbemadeforthis.Heattransferbetweentwomaterialsmayinvolvethebasicprocessesofconduction,convection,eitherseparatelyorincombination.Lawsfr

51、omphysicsgoverningratesofheattransferbythesemechanismshavebeenusedtodevelopdesignprocedureshavingafundamentalratherthanamerelyempiricalbasis.Fluidflowofeithergasesorliquidsappearsinmostunitoperations.Theenergylossofafluidinpassingoverasolidisakeyconsiderationandgovernsfactorsasdiverseaslossinpressur

52、eofagasflowingalongapipeandtherateofpercolationofliquidthroughacakeofasolidparticleinafilter.TheseareimportantdifferencesintheflowpropertiesofliquidsdependingonwhethertheseareNewtonianornon-Newtonian;thatiswhethertheyfollowclassicallawsordepartfromthem.Studyofthefundamentalphenomenauponwhichchemical

53、engineeringisbasedhasnecessitatedtheirdescriptioninmathematicalformandhasledtomoresophisticatedmathematicaltechniquesthanintheunitoperationsera.Theadventofdigitalcomputershasallowedotherwiselaboriousdesigncalculationstobeperformedrapidly,openingthewaytoaccurateoptimizationofindustrialprocesses.Varia

54、tionsduetodifferentparameters,suchasenergysourceused,plantlayout,andenvironmentalfactors,canbepredictedaccuratelyandquicklysothatthebestcombinationcanbechosen.Controlisanothervitalconsideration,especiallyforsafecontinuousoperationofaplant.Incomplexplants,morepreciseanddynamiccontrolcanbeachievedusin

55、gcomputers,thusallowingsafeoperationatthelimitofplantperformance.Lookingtothefuture,itisprobablethatchemicalengineeringwillprovidethesolutiontoatleasttwooftheworldsmajorproblems:supplyofadequatefreshwaterinallregionsthroughdesalinationofseawaterandenvironmentalcontrolthroughpreventionofpollution.化学工

56、程师的典型作用化学工程师的典型作用是利用化学家在实验室的成果并将其变成可赚钱的商业化化工生产过程。化学家在试管里或派氏氧弹用非常少的反应物和产物作试验，一般是在间歇恒温下操作。反应物放在常温下。加入催化剂反应开始进行，随着反应物的逐渐消耗产物逐渐生成，并在合适的时间间隔内将样品采出。1000加仑到10000加仑，甚至更多的反应物。蒸馏罐高度可达100英尺，直径可达1030英尺。一个单元操作过程的投资费用超过十亿美元。化学工程师通常是把一个化学家的小型反应器和别离装置放大成为大型的化工生产过程。化学工程师必须和化学家合作以充分理解反应过程，确保化学家得到的反应物理数据和物理数据就是在设计，生产，

57、监督过程中需要的。这就是为什么化学工程学科包含这么多化学课程的原因。化学工程师必须紧密地和机械工程师，电子土木工程师，冶金工程师合作，以便去设计生产工程设备，如：反应器，蒸馏灌，热变换器，储罐，水泵，压缩机，控制设备等。一个大型设备是在如些大型设备上的管道运输。这些中一个典型的化学工程的特征是：这些巨大数量的管道是如何设计的，确切地说有几百类。这些管道把原料送进或送出反应工程。他们也运送一些辅助材料蒸汽，冷却水，空气，氮和冷冻剂给加工部门。将实验室的化学反应商业化，化学工程师必须从事进一步开发，设计，建设，生产，销售和研究，对这些功能进行表述的术语一个公司与另一个公司并不一致。但用其他名的概念

58、仍在增加。让我们简短的描述一下每一个功能的作用。应该强调的是我们所谈论的工作只有典型性和一般性。但是这并不意味着化学工程师只从事这些事。化学工程师还需要具备数学，化学，和物理等方面的大量知识。因此，他或者她都能够在工业生产，政府部门，学校里从事各种工作。1、发展开发是从实验室试验阶段到商业生产阶段的第一步骤。开发过程中的实验室微型工厂可能只有5加仑的生产能力，蒸馏塔只有三英寸一万加仑的反应器是一个非常复杂的，有时带有一定危险性的尝试。这其中涉及的一些细微问题在没开始时还不明显，包括不完全混合产生的搅拌缺陷，辐射温度变化率的增加，和热传递面积及热生成速率降低。化学工程师与化学家及其他的工程师一起

59、设计，建造，和操作微型工厂。设计方面需要确定容器的尺寸，形状和制造的材料。通常微型设备被设计的十分灵活，因而可以适应各种条件和形状。一旦微型工厂建立起来，就可以得到从经济方面考虑的最优操作条件和数据。在每个开发过程中都要评估其经济性利益。如果研究说明没有多大利润，这项计划就会被停止。微型设备提供了对结构材料，技术测量和控制过程进行评估的时机策略的。微型设备的试验成果可以用于改良整体设备的设计。2、设计在实验室和微型生产中所获得的经验和数据为基础，各种工程师被组织在一起形成一只队伍来，设计商业化生产设备。化学工程师的工作是确定整个生产流程中的物料流率设备的类型和尺寸，制造所用的材料，控制系统的类

60、型，系统的安全性，环保系统，和其他有关的详细说明书。这是一个巨大的职责。设计阶段是花费最大的阶段。一个典型的化工过程可能需要投资五亿到十亿的资金。那可是一笔巨大的资金！并且化学工程师是一个需要做出许多抉择的人员。当你发现你自己在这个位置时，你乐于努力去学习，以便你能够将你依据的工具和方法应用到解决这些问题上去。产品设计阶段需要大量的设计文件：1工艺流程图是表示所有设备相互联系的图表，并标明所有物料和它们确实定的操作条件如流速，温度，压强，组成，黏性，浓度等。2管道和仪表是表示所有各部分的容器包括它的大小，管口方位和材料，所有管路包括大小，材料和阀门，所有仪器包括它们的位置和传感器的类型，控制阀