学术英语(医学)-Unit-1

1、学术英语(医学)_Unit-1学术英语(医学)_Unit-1ContentsReadingViewingSpeakingWritingGet ready for Unit 2ContentsReadingReadingLead-inMain ideaLanguage focus TasksText AReadingLead-inText ABrainstorm a list of words and expressions related to a doctors life and practice. overload _ _ _ _ _Lead-inBrainstorm a list of

2、words andAdditional activity 1 What are the causes for complaints of doctors being impatient and careless? What kind of life does a doctor lead? How can ordinary incidents influence the way doctors practice medicine?Lead-inDiscuss the following topics related to Text A.Additional activity 1 What are

3、 What do they mean for a doctor? a decent careera noble jobrespectableknowledgeableunder great pressureunderpaidmistrusteddangerousLead-inAdditional activity 2 What do they mean for a doc Interpretation of the title:neuron overloadjuggling physicianTitle Interpretation of the titlWhat factors may le

4、ad to the complaint that doctors do not listen?Neuron overloadPatients high expectationsMistrust and misunderstanding between the patients and physicianPara. 1 Main ideaPresentation 1What factors may lead to the cPara. 1Language focus_ overload（神经过载） that one stray request from a patient even one th

5、at is quite relevant might send the delicately balanced three-ring circus tumbling down.如果病人冷不丁提个要求，即使所提要求十分中肯，也会让我那内心脆弱的平衡乱作一团，就像井然有序同时演出三台节目的大马戏场突然间崩塌了一样。neuron / neuronalPara. 1_ overloa that one stray request from a patient even one that is quite relevant might send the delicately balanced three

6、-ring circus tumbling down.What is the function of the dashes in the sentence?Parenthetical statements: inserting additional information without creating a separate sentence and are often demonstrated by parentheses and dashes. (Task 2 Signpost language)Para. 1Language focus that one stray request f

7、rom Describe Mrs. Osorios condition.A 56-year-old womanSomewhat overweightReasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertensionCholesterol on the high side without any medications for itNot enough exercise as much as she shouldHer bones a little thin on her last DEXA scanParas. 2-3Main ideaPresentati

8、on 2Describe Mrs. Osorios conditihypertensionhyper-abnormally increased, excessive（超出，过度的）“三高”HypertensionHyperlipidemiaHyperglycemia“四高”HyperuricemiaPara. 2Language focushypertensionPara. 2typical office _（典型的诊所就诊）DEXA _（双能X线吸收扫描）medical _（行医）visitscanpracticePara. 2Language focustypical office _（典

9、型的诊所就诊）vistressful lifekeep her appointments not excessively complicatedPara. 2Language focusstressful lifePara. 2in my practice a TasksIntroduction to the themeSome doctors falling prey to 1) _ _One of the causes lying in 2) _Patients unexpected requests disturbing the doctors juggling mindpatients

10、 complaints and criticismneuron overload on the doctor sideCritical reading and thinkingOverview-1patientsthe sheerTasksIntroduction to the themeElaboration on the theme using Mrs. Osorios visit as a typical exampleMrs. Osorio being an average patient of the authorThe authors detailed enquiry about

11、and consideration of 3) _Interruption of the authors train of thought by 4) _Mrs. Osorios conditionthe unexpected trivial request from Mrs. OsorioCritical reading and thinkingTasksOverview-2Elaboration on the theme usingConclusion about the problem faced by juggling physiciansMultitasking being 5) _

12、6) _ being the simplest solutionan illusionEnough time Critical reading and thinkingTasksOverview-3Conclusion about the problem fTasksLanguage building-up Building blockMeaning Examplecolon(o)-colon (结肠)colonoscopygluc(o)-glucose; sweetness (葡萄糖；甜)glucoseglucocorticoid（糖皮质激素）-gramsth. written or dra

13、wn; a record (书写或图；记录)mammogramelectrocardiogramhyper-abnormally increased; excessive (超出的；过度的)hypertension-iadisease; pathological or abnormal condition (疾病；行为异常或失常的状态)pneumonialeukemiatachycardia iatr(o)-physician; medicine; treatment (医师；医学；治疗)podiatristIatrology （医学）Medical terminology 1-1TasksL

14、anguage building-up BuilTasksLanguage building-up Medical terminology 1-2Building blockMeaning Example-ionaction, process, or state (行为；过程；状态)hypertension, medication,consultation, examination-istspecialist (专科医生)nutritionist, podiatristmamm(o)-breast (乳房)mammogrammammoplasty mammotomyneur(o)-nerve

15、(神经)neuronneurologynutri-nourishment (营养)nutritionistnutrient TasksLanguage building-up MediTasksLanguage building-up Medical terminology 1-3Building blockMeaning Example-onunit (单元)neuronnephron-osisdiseased or abnormal condition (病变的或不正常的状态)osteoporosispsychosissclerosis（硬化）oste(o)-bone (骨)osteopo

16、rosisosteitis（骨炎）pneum(o)-air; lung (肺)pneumoniapneumometerpneumothoraxpod-foot (足；脚)podiatristpodocyte（足状突细胞）TasksLanguage building-up MediTasksLanguage building-up Medical terminology 1-4Building blockMeaning Examplepor(o)-cavity, opening, passage or pore (腔；孔；洞)osteoporosisporousporepre-before (i

17、n time or space) (在前)prescriptionre-again; back; contrary (再，又；回；反)refill-scopyvisual examination (检查)colonoscopylaparoscopyarthroscopyesophagoscopy gastroscopyhysteroscopyscript-writing (写)prescriptiontranscriptionTasksLanguage building-up Medicolonoscopyhypertensionmammogramneuronnutritionistosteo

18、porosispneumoniapodiatristrefillglucose结肠镜检查（术）高血压乳房X线照片神经元；神经细胞营养学家骨质疏松（症）肺炎足病医生（根据出发）再配药葡萄糖TasksLanguage building-up Medical terminology 2 colonoscopy结肠镜检查（术）TasksLanguaDegree of formality should be determined bythe audiencethe expectations of the audiencethe writers purposesTasksLanguage building

19、-up Formal EnglishDegree of formality should be For example, the writer of Text A employs informal language when recording her juggling thoughts, and a noticeable shift from that of the rest of the article where formal style is consistently maintained. A juggling mind is vividly presented by informa

20、l and even ungrammatical use of language, such as “Maybe leave this until next time?”TasksLanguage building-up Formal EnglishFor example, the writer of TexDifferences between:Formal EnglishInformal EnglishIt is used in official, literary, academic writing, or formal social events.It is more commonly

21、 used in writing than in speech.Sentences are often long and complex.Contractions are avoided.It is used in daily and personal conversations or letters to friends. It is more commonly used in everyday speech than in writing.Sentences are often short and simple.Contractions are common.TasksLanguage b

22、uilding-up Differences between:Formal EngDifferences between:Formal EnglishInformal EnglishThe passive voice is often used, making it sound impersonal.Vocabulary derived from French and Latin is often used.Colloquial terms, slangs, and many phrasal verbs are avoided.The active voice is often used.Vo

23、cabulary derived from Latin is rarely used.Colloquial terms, slangs, and many phrasal verbs are common.TasksLanguage building-up Differences between:Formal EngDifferences between:Formal EnglishInformal EnglishThe researchers identified the important properties.Doctors have established a new method.T

24、his appeared to rectify the problem.The researchers found out what the important things were.Doctors have come up with a new method.This seemed to fix the problem.TasksLanguage building-up Differences between:Formal EngDifferences between:Formal EnglishInformal EnglishHis words demonstrate that Deta

25、ils of the report are to be found on page 26.An experiment was conducted / performed.His words show that You can find out all about the report on page 26.They did an experiment.TasksLanguage building-up Differences between:Formal EngGood thing she did her blood tests. Glucose is a little better. Cho

26、lesterol isnt great. May need to think about starting a statin. Are her liver enzymes normal?Good signs include that she did her blood tests, and that her glucose level is slightly better. However, her cholesterol level isnt great, and I may need to consider prescribing a statin for her. Furthermore

27、, I wondered if her liver enzymes are normal.TasksLanguage building-up Formal English: key to task -1Good thing she did her blood tBut now Im piling yet another pill onto her, and one that requires detailed instructions. Maybe leave this until next time?But now Im piling yet another pill onto her, a

28、nd the pill requires detailed instructions. “Maybe, should I leave this until next time?” I thought.TasksLanguage building-up Formal English: key to task -2But now Im piling yet anotherHealth maintenance: when was her last mammogram? PAP smear?To my mind comes her health maintenance. I ask myself, “

29、When did she receive her last mammogram and PAP smear?”TasksLanguage building-up Formal English: key to task -3Health maintenance: when was hText BLead-inMain ideaLanguage focus TasksReadingText BLead-inReadingHow nontrivial can trivial incidents be in ones life?The author David Sacketts experienceL

30、ead-inDiscuss the following topics related to Text B.How nontrivial can trivial incDesign of Thomas Chalmers trial Clear description of the eligibility criteria of participants and their random allocationComparisons of _Precise definition of _ _Close monitoring and reinforcement of _ _Inclusion of a

31、ll patients at the end of the trialstwo regimens per trialregimenswith regimensParas. 1-2 Main ideaexperimental and controlcomplianceDesign of Thomas Chalmers triDesign of Thomas Chalmers trial Clearly described and transparent analyses The “external validity” of the trial results tested by comparis

32、on with _ _Assessment of late effects of the treatment regimens in a 10-year follow-up studygroup of patientsParas. 1-2 Main ideaanother independent controlDesign of Thomas Chalmers tri their random allocation (with concealment of the next participants assignment) into their 2 2 factorial trials, th

33、us permitting comparisons of two regimens per trial.他们通过随机分配（隐蔽下一个参与者的分配），进入2 2析因试验，这样每个试验可以对比两个治疗方案。Paras. 1-2 Language focus their random allocation (wit_ clinical trial（随机临床试验）random _（随机分配）patient _（病人的预后）_ group（对照组）a 10-year _ study（10年的跟踪研究）randomizedallocationprognosiscontrolfollow-upParas.

34、1-2 Language focus_ clinical trial（随机临床Influence of Thomas Chalmers paper and a further 71 pages of small typeOne of the most detailed reports of clinical trials ever published with _ _A model for _Consequent dramatic changes in the authors careerreporting randomized trialsParas. 1-3 Main ideaa Tabl

35、e of ContentsInfluence of Thomas Chalmers Conventional wisdom on Type-A hepatitis in the 1950s and its influencethe recession of enlarge liver and return Bed rest until _ _ to avoid permanent liver damageBed rest required again due to _ after the patients getting up and aroundServing as the basis fo

36、r _ _the rebound of the enzymesconfrontation between patients and the clinical clerkPara. 4 Main ideaof bilirubin to normaldaily confrontation between dailyConventional wisdom on Type-A medical _（内科病房）infectious _（传染性肝炎）severe _（身体严重不适）bilirubin _（胆红素代谢）permanent _ damage（永久性肝损伤）wardhepatitismalaise

37、metabolismliverParas. 3-4 Language focusmedical _（内科病房）wardhepatitThis conventional wisdom formed the basis for daily confrontations between an increasingly restless and resentful patient and an increasingly adamant and doom-predicting clinical clerk.处于这种传统治疗观念中的病人会变得越来越焦躁和不满，而临床见习生也越来越固执和看不到希望，因此病人

38、和见习生之间这种矛盾几乎天天存在。Para. 5 Language focusThis conventional wisdom formeexacerbate _（加重病理生理状况）medical _（医学文献）clinical _（临床调查）_ of relapse（复发率）clinical _（临床流行病学）pathophysiologyliteratureinvestigationincidenceepidemiologyPara. 5 Language focusexacerbate _（加重病理生strict _（严格的卧床休息）hospital _（住院）recurrent _（反

39、复发作的黄疸）clinical _（临床病程）bed reststayjaundicecoursePara. 6 Language focusstrict _（严格的卧床休息）bed resMy subsequent clinical course was far from uneventful.我后来的“临床之路”却远没有这么平静。 they had fallen from 48 to 46 the previous month!（染色体的数量）在上个月已经从48条变成了46条！人体到底有多少条染色体？这个问题经过了几十年的反复，到1954年才确定为23对，46条。Para. 8 Langu

40、age focusMy subsequent clinical courseThe authors eventful “clinical course”conventional therapeutic wisdomA “trouble-maker” with constant doubt about _ and offense especially against _ A stormy time in obstetrics_ on the medical wardDeep offense against a professor of paediatrics by publicly _ _cor

41、recting him on the number of humanthe subspecialistsUnfavorable notorietyParas. 9-10 Main ideachromosomesThe authors eventful “clinica_ morphine（静脉注射吗啡）_ blood pressure（舒张压）brain _（脑血流灌注）_ care（初级保健）aorto-coronary arterial _（主动脉冠状动脉旁路）intravenousdiastolicperfusionprimarybypassParas. 9-10 Language fo

42、cus_ morphine（静脉注射吗啡）intI am proud to have contributed to this development, to the skepticism that drives it, and to the better informed treatment decisions and choices which have been made possible as a result.对于随机试验的发展、对于驱动这种发展的怀疑态度以及对于因此而可能做出更好的知情治疗决定和选择，我有一份贡献，对此我感到自豪。Para. 11 Language focusI am

43、 proud to have contributed_ treatment decision（知情治疗决定）informedPara. 11 Language focus_ treatment decision（知情What other lessons can you learn from the text?TasksCritical reading and thinkingComprehensionWhat other lessons can you leaThe authors challenges to the traditional wisdom in treating his hep

44、atitis patientNever be a blind believer of authority or conventional wisdom.Scientific progress requires unconventional ways of thinking.Challenging authority is a MUST for real scientists.Be tolerant and open-minded about novelties.Be sensitive to trivialities.Think differently.TasksCritical readin

45、g and thinkingComprehension 1The authors challenges to theThe authors eventful “clinical course” and iconoclasmAttitude can be life-changing.Stick to the justifiable beliefs and act out.Being yourself or being unique may bring about surprises.Developing your own personality is part of professional l

46、ife.Science owes much to those non-conventionalists and iconoclasts. TasksCritical reading and thinkingComprehension 2The authors eventful “clinicaRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been one of the most common forms of clinical trials. Work in groups of 4-5 and explore the media and literature

47、 for information about RCT according to the following questions:What is the definition of RCT?Who developed it first?What is the nature of RCT? What is the process of RCTTasksResearchingRandomized controlled trials (Randomized clinical trialsA randomized controlled trial (RCT) (or randomized compara

48、tive trial) is a specific type of scientific experiment, and the preferred design for a clinical trial. RCTs are often used to test the efficacy of various types of intervention within a patient population. RCTs may also provide an opportunity to gather useful information about adverse effects, such

49、 as drug reactions.TasksResearchingRandomized clinical trialsA raThe key distinguishing feature of the usual RCTs is that study subjects, after assessment of eligibility and recruitment, but before the intervention to be studied begins, are randomly allocated to receive one or other of the alternati

50、ve treatments under study. Random allocation in real trials is complex, but conceptually, the process is like tossing a coin. TasksResearchingRandomized clinical trialsThe key distinguishing featureAfter randomization, the two (or more) groups of subjects are followed in exactly the same way, and th

51、e only differences between the care they receive, for example, in terms of procedures, tests, outpatient visits, follow-up calls, etc. should be those intrinsic to the treatments being compared. The most important advantage of proper randomization is that it minimizes allocation bias, balancing both

52、 known and unknown prognostic factors, in the assignment of treatments.TasksResearchingRandomized clinical trialsAfter randomization, the two (Assignment for group presentation The class will be randomly divided into 10 groups.Each group should choose one member as their organizer.In the whole semes

53、ter, each group is supposed to collaborate in preparing and delivering ONE presentation focusing on Researching after Text B.The presenting group for each unit will be decided by drawing lots one week ahead of the presentation.A PPT should be prepared and submitted by the presenting group.The presen

54、tation will be delivered when “Speaking” is covered.TasksResearchingAssignment for group presentatEvaluation of the group presentation Criteria for evaluation include Overall impressionOrganizationPertinenceUse of English languageAll group member will be given the same score for this activity.The pe

55、rformance accounts for 5% in the final grade.Lets decide which group will present for this unit.TasksResearchingEvaluation of the group presenTips on how to prepare a presentationNo more than six lines on one PPT slideNo more than three colors on one PPT slideFrugal use of images, animation, and aud

56、io and video materialsOnly key points on slidesUse phrases or short sentences rather than in paragraphsTasksResearchingTips on how to prepare a preseMaintain eye contact with audienceSpeak clearly and loud enoughUse natural body languageDont speak too fastLeave time for Q&ATasksResearchingTips on ho

57、w to deliver a presentationMaintain eye contact with audiViewingViewingTopic: PredictionTasksViewingTopic: PredictionPredictionViewingDepending on background information and common senseAn effective way of processing speechPredictionDepending on backgroViewing Watch a video clip and take notes on th

58、e following points in task.Task Watch a video clip and take Key to task -1Viewing1. Consequences of physician burnoutIncreased risk for substance abuseDamage to personal relationshipsIncreased risk for developing inappropriate prescribing patternsKey to task -11. ConsequencesKey to task -2Viewing2.

59、Design of the survey550 physicians surveyedQuestions about job satisfaction, emotional well-being, and the aspects of the jobs that are most meaningfulKey to task -22. Design of thKey to task -3Viewing3. Findings of the survey34% met the criteria for burnout. 88% respondents who spent at least 20% o

60、f their working time on the most meaningful activities had about half the burnout rate of those who did not.Key to task -33. Findings of Key to task -4Viewing4. Criteria for burnoutEmotional exhaustionDepersonalizationA low sense of personal accomplishmentKey to task -44. Criteria forKey to task -5V