温湿度控制中英文

1、外文原文Single chip microcomputer and the development of the temperature and humidity sensorAbstract:Temperature control system has been widely used over the past decades. In this paper, a general architecture of distributed temperature control system is put forward based on multi-sensor data fusion and

2、 CAN bus. A new method of multi-sensor data fusion based on parameter estimation is proposed for the distributed temperature control system. The major feature of the system is its generality, which is suitable for many fields of large scale temperature control. Experiment shows that this system poss

3、esses higher accuracy, reliability, good real-time characteristic and wide application prospectBorn in the 1970 s single chip microcomputer, and experience the SCM, MCU, SOC three phases.SCM namely Single Chip computer stage, main is to seek out the monolithic forms of the embedded system best syste

4、m structure. Innovation mode success, laid the SCM and general computer completely different development road.MCU namely Micro Controller (Micro Controller Unit) stage, the main technological development direction is: expanding meet embedded application, the object system requirements of various per

5、ipheral circuit and interface circuit, dash forward show its object the intelligent control ability.MCU is embedded system independent development way, to a key factor to the developmentof MCU stage, is to seek application system on a chip in the maximization of the solution; Therefore, special MCU

6、development natural form the SOC tendency. With microelectronics technology, IC design, EDA tools development, based on the single chip microcomputer application system SOC design can have larger development.Temperature is a basic physical quantities, everything in nature is closely related with the

7、 process of temperature. The temperature sensor is the earliest development, the most widely used kind of sensor. From17 th century people began to use temperature measuring. The temperature sensor there are four main types: thermocouple, thermal resistance, resistance temperature detector (RTD) and

8、 temperature sensor IC. IC temperature sensor and including analog output and digital output two types. Contact temperature sensor detection part and the tested object has a good contact, and calls the thermometer. The thermometer through the transmission or convection reach thermal equilibrium, thu

9、s make the thermometer and value can be measured directly says the temperature of the objects. General measurement precision. In a certain temperature range, the thermometer can also be measuring objects of internal temperature distribution. But for sports body, small target or heat capacity is very

10、 small objects will produce larger measurement error, commonly used a thermometer have two-metal thermometer, glass liquid thermometer, pressure type thermometer, resistance thermometers, thermistors and temperature difference electric dipole, etc. Contactless temperature sensor sensitive components

11、 and tested object each other is not contact, again say non-contact highlighted.it table. This instrument can be used to measure movement object, small goals and heat capacity small or temperature change quickly (transient) the surface temperature of the object, also can used for the measurement of

12、the temperature distribution.Distributed temperature control system has been widely used in our daily life and production, including intelligent building, greenhouse, constant temperature workshop, large and medium granary, depot, and so on1 This kind of system should ensure that the environment tem

13、perature can be kept between two predefined limits. In the conventional temperature measurement systems we build a network through RS-485 Bus using a single-chip metering system based on temperature sensors. With the aid of the network, we can carry out centralized monitoring and controlling. Howeve

14、r, when the monitoring area is much more widespread and transmission distance becomes farther, the disadvantages of RS-485 Bus become more obvious. In this situation, the transmission and response speed becomes lower, the anti-interference ability becomes worse. Therefore, we should seek out a new c

15、ommunication method to solve the problems produced by RS-485 Bus.During all the communication manners, the industrial control-oriented field bus technology can ensure that we can break through the limitation of traditional point to point communication mode and build up a real distributed control and

16、 centralized management system. As a serial communication protocol supporting distributed real-time control, CAN bus has much more merits than RS-485 Bus, such as better error correction ability, better real-time ability, lower cost and so on. Presently, it has been extensively used in the implement

17、ation of distributed measurement and control domains.With the development of sensory technology, more and more systems begin to adopt multi-sensor data fusion technology to improve their performances. Multi-sensor data fusion is a kind of paradigm for integrating the data from multiple sources to sy

18、nthesize the new information so that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts 34.5 And it is a critical task both in the contemporary and future systems which have distributed networks of low-cost, resource-constrained sensors1.AVR devices profileAVR MCU is 1997 by ATMEL company developed of e

19、nhanced the built-in Flash RISC (Reduced Instruction Set CPU) Reduced Instruction Set high speed eight microcontroller. AVR single-chip can be widely used in computer external equipment, industrial real-time control, instrument and apparatus, communication equipment, household electrical appliances,

20、 etc. In 1997, the Atmel company Norway design center of Mr. A and V sir, the use of the new technology Atmel company Flash, to research the RISC reduced instruction set high speed eight microcontroller, hereinafter referred to as the AVR.Avr microcontroller characteristicsAVR microcontroller hardwa

21、re structure take eight machine and 16 machine of compromise strategies that use local registers of deposit (32 register file) and monomer high-speed input/output scheme (i.e. input capture registers, output is matching register and the corresponding control logic). Improve the instruction execution

22、 speed (1 Mips/MHz), overcome the bottlenecks, and enhance the function; At the same time, reduce the cost of the management of foreign set, relative simplified the hardware structure, reduce the costs. So AVR microcomputer in the soft/hardware cost, speed, performance and cost many has made optimiz

23、ation balance, is a cost-effective microcontroller.AVR SCMs I/O line can be set on the all take pull-up resistors, set separately for input/output, can be set (initial) the high impedance input, driving ability (can save power drive devices) features, make the I/O mouth flexible and powerful and res

24、ources can be fully used.Single chip microcomputer automatic power AVR reset circuit, independent watchdog circuit, low voltage detection circuit BOD, multiple reset source (automatic reset and external reset and electricity, the watchdog reset, BOD reset), can be set to start delay to run the progr

25、am, enhance the reliability of the embedded system.AVR SCM has a variety of province electricity sleep mode, and wide voltage operation (5-1.8 V), the anti-interference ability is strong, can reduce the average 8 bits of software anti-interference design work machine and the usage of the hardware.AV

26、R microcontroller technology embodies the single-chip microcomputer collect A variety of devices including FLASH program memory, the watchdog, EEPROM, with/asynchronous serial mouth, TWI, SPI, A/D converter module, timer/counter, etc) and A variety of functions (enhance the reliability of the system

27、, reduce the power consumption reduction of anti-interference sleep mode and many varieties of all categories interrupt system, with input and output is matching and capture the timer function of diversification, replace function with/counter the I/O port.) at A suit, fully embodies the microcontrol

28、ler technology from piece of self conduct war to chip systems SoC the development direction of the transition.2.Integrated temperature sensorAD590Integrated temperature sensor AD590 to, its temperature resolution for the 0.3 degrees Celsius. The analog signal is output AD590 to, when the temperature

29、 of 0 degrees, output current 273.2 microamps, and current variation and temperature variation in a linear relationship, temperature, and once every change, the output current change 1 microamps, the temperature sensor of working temperature range is-30 degrees-150 degrees. If use AD590 to make the

30、temperature sensor, sensor peripheral circuit is simple, just put sampling resistance and AD590 to link and then to amplify the signal, and then using voltage comparator compared to output voltage, voltage comparator output signals can be directly as PLC the input signal.Humidity sensorThere are man

31、y ways of measuring the air humidity, its principle is based on certain material from the surrounding air absorb water caused by physical or chemical properties of the change, indirectly from the material of water quantity and the surrounding air humidity. Capacitive and resistive and wet go up wet

32、type according to its original susceptibility were macromolecule material moisture absorption after the dielectric constant and resistivity and volume change and humidity measurementSolution a: the HOS-201 wet sensors. HOS-201 wet sensor for high humidity sensor switches, its the job of the voltage

33、of ac 1 V the following, frequency for frequency 50 HZ 1 KHZ, humidity measurement range of 0 100% RH, working temperature range is 0 50C, impedance in 75% RH (25 C) for 1 M Q. The sensor is used to switch the sensor, not on the wideband range detection humidity, therefore, mainly for the judgment o

34、r under more than e. humidity level. However, the sensor to a certain range, have a good use of the linear, and can be effectively using the linear characteristics.Scheme ii: the HS1100 / HS1101 humidity sensor. HS1100 / HS1101 capacitance sensor, in a circuit of equivalent to a capacitor, it has th

35、e capacity as the air humidity increases while. Do not need to complete interchangeability of calibration, high reliability and long-term stability, fast response time, patent design of solid polymer structure, the top contact (HS1100) and lateral contact (HS1101) two kinds of packaging products, ap

36、ply to linear output voltage and frequency output two circuit, is suitable for making automatic assembly line of the plugin and automatic assembly process, etc.Relative humidity at 1%-100% RH range; The capacity to change by 16 pF 200 pF, the error is not more than plus or minus 2% RH; Response time

37、 less than 5 S; The temperature coefficientis 0.04 pF / C. Visible is higher accuracy.A comprehensive comparison of scheme and scheme ii, plan one although meet the precision and the requirements of the measure humidity range, but its limited to certain scope, have a good use of the linear, and can

38、be effectively using the linear characteristics. And still do not have in this design system of temperature-30 to 50 C request, so we chose this design as the second scheme humidity sensor.MC14433 A/D converterMC14433 is three and A half double integral type of the A/D converter, with high precision

39、, good anti-jamming performance advantages, its shortcoming is conversion rate low, about 1-10 times/SEC. Without the requirement of high speed switching occasions, for example, in low speed data acquisition system, is widely used. MC14433A a/D converter and domestic product 5 G14433 are all the sam

40、e, can be interchanged.Multi-sensor data fusonThe aim to use data fusion in the distributed temperature control system is to eliminate the uncertainty, gain a more precise and reliable value than the arithmetical mean of the measured data from finite sensors. Furthermore, when some of the sensors be

41、come invalid in the temperature sensor groups, the intelligent CAN node can still obtain the accurate temperature value by fusing the information from the other valid sensors.5.1. Consistency verification of the measured dataDuring the process of temperature measurement in our designed distributed t

42、emperature control system, measurement error comes into being inevitably because of the influence of the paroxysmal disturb or the equipment fault. So we should eliminate the careless mistake before data fusion.We can eliminate the measurement errors by using scatter diagram method in the system equ

43、ipped with little amount of sensors. Parameters to represent the data distribution structure include medianT, upper quartilenumber一F, lower quartilenumber一Fand quartiledispersion一dF.It is supposed that each sensor in the temperature control systemproceeds temperature measurement independently. In th

44、e system, there are eight sensors in each temperature sensor group of the intelligent CAN node. So we can obtain eight temperature values in each CAN node at the same time. We arrange the collected temperature data in a sequence from small to large:T1, T2,，T8In the sequence, T is the limit inferior

45、and Tis the limit superior.We define the medianT as:七=The upper quartileF is the median of the interval T , T .The lower vM 8quartile numberF is the median of the interval T T.The dispersion L1 Mof the quartile is:二二 (2)We suppose that the data is an aberration one if the distance from the median is

46、 greater than adF, that is, the estimation interval of invalid data is:I*In the formula, a is a constant, which is dependent on the system measurement error, commonly its value is to be 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and so on. The rest values in the measurement column are considered as to be the valid ones with con

47、sistency. And the Single-Chip in the intelligent CAN node will fuse the consistent measurement value to obtain a fusion result6.The research significanceThe collection of temperature and humidity monitoring in daily life has a wide range of USES, the temperature and humidity monitor based on this an

48、d design, the biggest advantage is that it can display the current temperature and humidity measurement, and the current temperature and preset temperature carries on the comparison, more than when the current temperature and humidity preset temperature alarm, realize the historical data monitoring,

49、 collection and analysis purposes. The temperature and humidity monitoring alarm low power consumption, can use the minimal resource for different temperature for high precision measurement, reliable performance, convenient operation information, complex work through software programming to complete

50、, easy to get results, in actual use for the ideal effect. This design has realized to the real-time control of the temperature, flexible control precision and reliability, high, can meet the product preliminary test the requirements of the aging. In the processing of constant temperature and heatin

51、g temperature, formed a complete set of control plan, can transplantation for constant temperature, heating the house and equipment many aspects. Therefore, this design research results and the design idea can be good in other design transplantation, did it and the actual good union, with strong pra

52、ctical significance.译文单片机及温湿度传感器的发展摘要：在过去的几十年，温度控制系统已经被广泛的应用。对于温度控制提出了一 种基于多传感器数据融合和CAN总线控制的一般结构。一种新方法是基于多传 感器数据融合估计算法参数分布式温控系统。该系统的重要特点是其共性，其适 用于很多具体领域的大型的温度控制。实验结果表明该系统具有较高的准确性、 可靠性，良好的实时性和广泛的应用前景单片机诞生于20世纪70年代末，经历了 SCM、MCU、SOC三大阶段。（1）SCM即单片微型计算机（Single Chip Microcomputer）阶段，主要是寻 求最佳的单片形态嵌入式系统的最佳体

53、系结构。“创新模式”获得成功，奠定了SCM与通用计算机完全不同的发展道路。（2）MCU即微控制器（Micro Controller Unit）阶段，主要的技术发展方向 是：不断扩展满足嵌入式应用时，对象系统要求的各种外围电路与接口电路，突 显其对象的智能化控制能力。（3）单片机是嵌入式系统的独立发展之路，向MCU阶段发展的重要因素， 就是寻求应用系统在芯片上的最大化解决；因此，专用单片机的发展自然形成了SOC化趋势。随着微电子技术、IC设计、EDA工具的发展，基于SOC的单片 机应用系统设计会有较大的发展。温度是一个基本的物理量，自然界中的一切过程无不与温度密切相关。温度传感器是最早开发，应用

54、最广的一类传感器。从 17世纪初人们开始利 用温度进行测量。温度传感器有四种主要类型：热电偶、热敏电阻、电阻 温度检测器(RTD)和IC温度传感器。IC温度传感器又包括模拟输出和数字 输出两种类型。接触式温度传感器的检测部分与被测对象有良好的接触， 又称温度计。温度计通过传导或对流达到热平衡，从而使温度计的示值能 直接表示被测对象的温度。一般测量精度较高。在一定的测温范围内，温 度计也可测量物体内部的温度分布。但对于运动体、小目标或热容量很小 的对象则会产生较大的测量误差，常用的温度计有双金属温度计、玻璃液 体温度计、压力式温度计、电阻温度计、热敏电阻和温差电偶等。非接触 式温度传感器的敏感元

55、件与被测对象互不接触，又称非接触式测温仪表。这种仪表可用来测量运动物体、小目标和热容量小或温度变化迅速(瞬变) 对象的表面温度，也可用于测量温度场的温度分布。分布式温度控制系统已经被广泛的应用在我们日常生活和生产，包括智能建 筑、温室、恒温车间、大中型粮仓、仓库等。这种控制保证环境温度能被保持在 两个预先设定的温度间。在传统的温度测量系统中，我们用一个基于温度传感器 的单片机系统建立一个RS-485局域网控制器网络。借助网络，我们能实行集中监 控和控制.然而，当监测区域分布更广泛和传输距离更远,RS-485总线控制系统的 劣势更加突出。在这种情况下，传输和响应速度变得更低，抗干扰能力更差。因

56、此，我们应当寻找新的通信的方法来解决用RS-485总线控制系统而产生的问题。 在所有的通讯方式中，适用于工业控制系统的总线控制技术，我们可以突破传统 点对点通信方式的限制、建立一个真正的分布式控制与集中管理系统，CAN总 线控制比RS-485总线控制系统更有优势。比如更好的纠错能力、改善实时的能 力，低成本等。目前，它正被广泛的应用于实现分布式测量和范围控制。随着传感器技术的发展，越来越多的系统开始采用多传感器数据融合技术来 提高他们的实现效果。多传感器数据融合是一种范式对多种来源整合数据，以综 合成新的信息，比其他部分的总和更加强大。无论在当代和未来，系统的低成本， 节省资源都是传感器中的一

57、项重要指标。1.AVR简介AVR单片机是1997年由ATMEL公司研发出的增强型内置Flash的 RISC（Reduced Instruction Set CPU）精简指令集高速8位单片机。AVR的单片机可 以广泛应用于计算机外部设备、工业实时控制、仪器仪表、通讯设备、家用电器 等各个领域。1997年，由Atmel公司挪威设计中心的A先生和V先生，利用 Atmel公司的Flash新技术，共同研发出RISC精简指令集高速8位单片机，简称 AVR。avr单片机特点AVR单片机硬件结构采取8位机与16位机的折中策略，即采用局部寄存器存 堆（32个寄存器文件）和单体高速输入/输出的方案（即输入捕获寄存

58、器、输出比较 匹配寄存器及相应控制逻辑）。提高了指令执行速度（1Mips/MHz），克服了瓶颈现 象，增强了功能；同时又减少了对外设管理的开销，相对简化了硬件结构，降低 了成本。故AVR单片机在软/硬件开销、速度、性能和成本诸多方面取得了优化 平衡，是高性价比的单片机。AVR单片机的I/O线全部带可设置的上拉电阻、可单独设定为输入/输出、 可设定（初始）高阻输入、驱动能力强（可省去功率驱动器件）等特性，使的 得I/O 口资源灵活、功能强大、可充分利用.AVR单片机有自动上电复位电路、独立的看口狗电路、低电压检测电路 BOD，多个复位源（自动上下电复位、外部复位、看门狗复位、BOD复位），可 设

59、置的启动后延时运行程序，增强了嵌入式系统的可靠性。AVR单片机具有多种省电休眠模式，且可宽电压运行（5-1.8V），抗干扰能 力强，可降低一般8位机中的软件抗干扰设计工作量和硬件的使用量。AVR单片机技术体现了单片机集多种器件（包括FLASH程序存储器、看门 狗、EEPROM 同/异步串行口、TWI、SPI、A/D模数转换器、定时器/计数器等） 和多种功能（增强可靠性的复位系统、降低功耗抗干扰的休眠模式、品种多门类 全的中断系统、具输入捕获和比较匹配输出等多样化功能的定时器/计数器、具 替换功能的I/O端口 .）于一身，充分体现了单片机技术的从“片自为战”向“片 上系统SoC”过渡的发展方向。2.集成温度传感器AD590集成温度传感器AD590,其温度分辨率为0.3摄氏度。AD590输出的是模拟信 号，当温度为0度时，输出电流273.2微安，并且电流变化量