新时代交互英语读写译1-4中国文化部分翻译全集

1、Book11中国龙对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。ChineseDragonDragontotemworshipinChinahasbeenaroundforthelast8,000year.TheancientsinChinaconsideredthedragon(orlong)afetishthatcombinesanimalsincludingthefish,snake,horseandoxwit

2、hcloud,thunder,lightningandothernaturalcelestialphenomena.TheChinesedragonwasformedinaccordancewiththemulticulturalfusionprocessoftheChinesenation.TotheChinese,thedragonsignifiesinnovationandcohesion.2饺子饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统特色食品。相处为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括：1)擀皮、2)备馅、3)包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”

3、的俗语。中国人接亲待友、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来讲，“更岁饺子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。DumplingsDumplingsareoneoftheChinesepeoplesfavoritetraditionaldishes.AccordingtoanancientChineselegend,dumplingswerefirstmadebythemedicalsaint-Zhangzhongjing.Therearethreestepsinvolvedinmakingdumplings:1)makedumplingwrappersouto

4、fdumplingflour;2)preparethedumplingstuffing;3)makedumplingsandboilthem.Withthinandelasticdoughskin,freshandtenderstuffing,delicioustaste,anduniqueshapes,dumplingsarewortheatinghundredsoftimes.Theresanoldsayingthatclaims,“Nothingcouldbemoredeliciousthandumplings.”DuringtheSpringFestivalandotherholida

5、ys,orwhentreatingrelativesandfriends,Chinesepeopleliketofollowtheauspiciouscustomofeatingdumplings.ToChinesepeoplewhoshowhighreverenceforfamilylove,havingdumplingsatthemomenttheoldyearisreplacedbythenewisanessentialpartofbiddingfarewelltotheoldandusheringinthenewyear.3针灸针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主

6、要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的新四大国粹。AcupunctureAcupunctureisanimportantpartoftraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM).Inaccordancewiththe“mainandcollateralchannels”theoryinTCM,thepurposeofacupuncturei

7、stodredgethechannelandregulateqiandblood,soastokeepthebodysyinandyangbalancedandachievereconciliationbetweentheinternalorgans.ItfeaturesintraditionalChinesemedicinethat“internaldiseasesaretobetreatedwithexternaltherapy”.Themaintherapyofacupunctureinvolvesusingneedlestopiercecertainacupointsofthepati

8、entsbody,oradoptingmoxibustiontostimulatethepatientsacupointssoastostimulatethechannelsandrelievepain.Withitsuniqueadvantages,acupuncturehasbeenhandeddowngenerationaftergenerationandhasnowspreadallovertheworld.Nowadays,acupuncture,alongwithChinesefood,kungfu(otherwiseknownasChinesemartialarts),andtr

9、aditionalChinesemedicine,hasbeeninternationallyhailedasoneofthe“fournewnationaltreasures.”中国功夫中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中国民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。ChineseKungFuChinesekungfu,or

10、Chinesemartialarts,carriestraditionalChinesecultureinabundance.ItisatraditionalChinesesportwhichappliestheartofattackanddefenceincombatandthemotionsengagedwithaseriesofskillandtricks.ThecoreideaofChinesekingfuisderivedfromtheConfuciantheoryofboth“themeanandharmony”and“cultivatingqi”(otherwiseknownas

11、nourishingonesspirit).Meanwhile,italsoincludesthoughtsofTaoismandBuddhism.Chinesekungfuhasalonghistory,withmulti-varioussectsandmanydifferentboxingstyles,andemphasizescouplinghardnesswithsoftnessandinternalandexternaltraining.Itcontainstheancientgreatthinkersponderingoflifeandtheuniverse.Theskillsin

12、wieldingthe18kindsofweaponsnamedbythelatergenerationsmainlyinvolvetheskillsofbare-handedboxing,suchasshadowboxing(Taijiquan),formandwillboxing(Xingyiquan),eighttrigrampalm(Baguazhang),andtheskillsofkungfuweaponry,suchastheskillofusingswords,spears,two-edgedswordsandhalberds,axes,tomahawks,kooks,pron

13、gsandsoon.5中国汉字汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意、韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方”，源于古人天圆地方”的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。ChineseCharactersChinesecharacterswereinitiallymeanttobesimplepicturesusedtohelppeoplerememberthings.Afteralongperiodofdevelopment,it

14、finallybecameauniquesystemthatembodiesphoneticsound,image,idea,andrhymeatthesametime.Thewritingsystem,whichwasextremelyadvancedinancienttimes,beganwithinscriptionsontortoiseshells,andtheseareregardedastheoriginalformsofChinesecharacters.Afterwards,Chinesecharacterswentthroughnumerouscalligraphicstyl

15、es:bronzeinscriptions,officialscript,regularscript,cursivescript,runningscript,etc.Chinesecharactersareusuallyroundoutsideandsquareinside,whichisrootedinancientChinesebeliefsofanorbicularskyandarectangularEarth.ThefivebasicstrokesofChinesecharactersare”(thehorizontalstroke),“I(theverticalstroke),“丿(

16、theleft-fallingstroke),“、(theright-fallingstroke),and乙”(theturningstroke).6中国筷子中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。ChineseChopsticksTheChinesewayofeatingwithchopsticksisuniqueint

17、heworld.Therecordedhistoryofchopsticksstartedmorethanthreethousandyearsago.ChopstickswerenamedzhuinancientChinese.Theylookdeceptivelysimpletouse,butpossessmulti-variousfunctions,suchasclamping,turningover,liftingup,raking,stiring,scooping,poking,tearing,andsoon.Chopsticksweretakenasanauspiciousmasco

18、tbyordinarypeopleinancientChina.Forexample,thepartialtoneofchopsticksisoftenusedbypeopleasametaphorasweddingstoindicateablessingorbenedictionforthecoupletohaveababysoon.Unlikeusingaknifeandforkoronesownhands,apairofchopsticksalsoimpliesthemeaningof“Harmonyiswhatmatters.”ChopsticksarehighlypraisedbyW

19、esternersasahallmarkofancientorientalcivilization.7中国印章印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。ChineseSealAsealcanalsobedefinedasastamp.BoththeChineseofficialandprivatesealofvariousdyna

20、stieshavedifferenttitles,suchasstamp,zhunote,contract,fu,leaseandothers.ThesealsusedbytheemperorsofancientChinawerecalledxi,yin,bao,etc.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,sealswerewidelyusedduringtheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC-221BC).Themakingofasealistoengravefonts,suchassealcharactersandofficialscriptands

21、oon;orimagesintheformofintaglioandembossmentintotheseal,basicallyshapedasroundorsquare.Coveredwithavermilionoverlay,theChinesesealisnotonlyusedindailylife,butitisalsousedtorepresentsignaturesonpaintingsandcalligraphies.ItisgraduallybecomingoneofChinasuniqueartworks.8天干地支天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲

22、、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便是辛卯年。ChineseEraTheChineseeraisthesymbolthattheChinesecalendarusesforrecordingandnamingyears.ThetenHeavenlyStemsare:jia,yi,bing,ding,wu,ji,geng,xin,ren,g

23、ui.ThetwelveEarthlyBranchesare:zi.chou,yin,mou,chen,si,wu,wei,shen,you,xu,hai.Afterobservingthelunarmonth,theancientsfoundthatthemoonalwayswazesandwanesroughly12timesayear,andtwolunarmonthsaccountforabout60days,sotheorderofthetenHeavenlyStemsandtheorderofthetwelveEarthlyBranchesareproperlymatchedint

24、urn.Intermsofrecordingdate,60yearsisconsideredtobeafulltimecycle.TheChineseerachronologywasfirstinventedinancienttimesandisstillinusenow.accordingtothechronologyofthe“tenHeavenlyStems,”2011istheyearof“theseventhofthetenHeavenlyStems”and“thefifthofthetwelveEarthlyBranches”.Book21中国丝绸中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝

25、、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期（前1600前256）丝绸的生产技术就已经发展到相当高的水平。西汉（前206公元25）时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征、东方文明的使者。ChinesesilkChinaisthehomeofsilk.Mulberryplanting,sericulture,silkreelingandthickeningareallgreatinventionsoftheancientChinese.AsearlyastheShangandZ

26、houDynasties（1600BC256BC）,theChinesepeoplessilk-weavingtechniqueshadreachedanextremelyhighlevel.DuringtheWesternHanDynasty（206BC25BC）,ZhangQian,anoutstandingdiplomat,traveledaroundcentralAsiaandconnectedChinawiththePersianGulfandtheMediterranean,openingupaneweraofSino-foreigntrade,exchangeandcommuni

27、cation.Fromthenon,Chinassilkbecamewellknownforitsextraordinaryquality,exquisitedesignandcolor,andabundantculturalconnotations.Hitherto,ChinesesilkhasbeenacceptedasasymbolofChinesecultureandtheemissaryoforientalcivilization.2中国园林中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林

28、，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。TheChineseClassicalgardenTheChineseClassicalgardenisaprecioustreasureofourancientChinesearchitecture.Itisakindofenvironmentalart,whichsystematicallycombinesartificialmountainsandrivers,plantsandbuildingswiththenaturallandscape.Theconst

29、ructionstandardofaChineseclassicalgardenis“artificialasitis,thegardenmustlookingeniousandnatural.”WhenyougosightseeinginaChineseclassicalgarden,youshouldbeabletoappreciateitsartisticconceptwhich“makesuseofthenaturallandscapetocreatetherealfunofmountainsandriversforviewers.”Oftheworldsthreemajorgarde

30、nsystems,theChineseclassicalgardenishailedasoneoftheoriginsoftheworldsgardenduetoitslonghistoryandabundantconnotations.3文房四宝笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦（前221-前206）时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代（前206公元220）以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张之后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝（960-1279）以后特指湖笔（浙江湖州）、徽墨（安徽徽州）、宣纸（安徽宣

31、州）、端砚（广东肇庆，古称端州）可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。FourTreasuresoftheStudyThewritingbrush,inkstick,inkstone,andpaperwererequisitetreasuresinthestudyofthescholarsofancientChina,andtheyareoftenreferredtoasthe“FourTreasuresoftheStudy.”ThewritingbrushandinkstickhavebeenusedbytheChinesetowriteandpaintsince5,000yearsago.In

32、theQinDynasty(221BC206BC),peoplealreadyusedfeathersofdifferenthardnessandbambootrunkstomakebrushes.DuringtheHanDynasty(206BC220AD),man-madeinkwasusedinsteadofnaturalink.AfterpaperwasinventedbytheChinese,bambooslips,woodentablets,brocadeandsilk,whichoriginallyfunctionedaswritingsurfaces,graduallyfade

33、dout.Theinkstonewasfirstdevelopedwiththeuseofwritingbrushesandink.AftertheSongDynasty(960AD1279AD),the“FourTreasuresoftheStudy”particularlyreferredtohubi,thewritingbrushproducedinHuzhou,Zhangjiangprovince;huimo,theinkstickproducedinHuizhou,Anhuiprovince;xuanpaper,akindofpaperproducedinXuanzhou,Anhui

34、province;andduanyan,theinkstonemadeinZhapqing,Guangdongprovince(ZhaoqingwasearliercalledDuanzhou).Indeed,the“FourTreasuresoftheStudy”havewrittenthewholeChinesecivilization,asitis.4对联对联又称楹联或对子，是以中文语言一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。中国对联的哲学渊源及深层民族文化心理，乃是古代中国人把握和认识事物的阴阳二元观念。对联的特征是“对仗”：字数相等，词性相当，平仄相合，内容相关，节奏相应。对联习俗多样，有

35、春联、婚联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。TheantitheticalcoupletTheantitheticalcouplet(alsocalledduilian)isalsoknownasyinglianorduizi.Anantitheticalcoupletisakindofnationalwritingstyle,whichiscomposedbytheskillfulmanipulationofthecharacteristicoftheChineselanguagethatonecharactercorrespondswithonesyllable.Thephilosophicalori

36、ginandnationalculturalpsychologyoftheantitheticalcoupletarethenotionofyin-yangduality,accordingtowhichtheChineserecognizeandmasterthings.Thefeatureoftheantitheticalcoupletisan“antithesis”:equalcharacters,thesamepartofspeech,thelevelandobliquefittingwitheachother,thecontentbeingrelated,andtherhythmsc

37、orresponding.Therearemanytypesofantitheticalcouplets,suchasSpringFestivalcouplets,marriagecouplets,birthdaycouplets,elegiaccouplets,andantitheticalcoupletsabouttea,etc.5中国围棋中国古代四大艺术琴棋书画的棋特指围棋。围棋可谓中国的国棋。故称为弈，别称坐隐，手谈。围棋规则简单而玄妙无穷。棋盘方圆不及二尺，有十九纹棋路，三百六十一枚棋子。表面上对弈双方是对黑白棋子的排布，实则是个人心智、胆识、耐力的比拼。国棋象征宇宙天地，包含了象数

38、易理，兵法策略、治国安邦等无穷的哲理，充分体现了中国文化中的智慧与灵性。ChineseWeiqi.ThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting.AndchessparticularlyreferstoChineseWeiqi.WeiqicouldbecalledthenationalchessofChina.Inancienttimes,Weiqiwascalledyi,withthealternativenamesZuoyinandShoutan.TheregulationsofWeiqiareboths

39、impleandcomplexatthesametime.Afullweiqisethas361playingpiecesandisplayedonaboardwitha19by19grid.Thecircumferenceoftheboardislessthan2/3metre.PlayingWeiqimaylooklikeanarrangementoftwosidesblackandwhitepieces.However,itisactuallyacompetitionbetweentwoplayersanditteststheirwisdom,courage,andpatience.We

40、iqisymbolizesHeavenandEarth.Itcontainsphilosophicaltheories,suchasthetheoriesembodiedintheimage-numerologyinTheBookofChanges,theartofwar,andtheoriesonstateadministrationandnationalsecurity,whichembodiesthewisdomandthespiritofChineseculture.6京剧京剧被誉为东方歌剧，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的徽班。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并

41、成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。BeijingOperaPraisedasOrientalOpera,BeijingOperaisagenuinenationalquintessenceofChina.Itoriginatedfrommanykindsofancientlocaloperas,especiallyhuibaninsouthernChina.Attheendofthe19thCentur

42、y,BeijingOperaevolvedandtookshape,becomingthegreatestkindofoperainChina.BeijingOperaisablendofperformingartssong,speech,performance,acrobatixfightinganddance.BeijingOperaportraysandnarratestheplotandcharactersthroughstylizedacting.ThemaintypesofrolesinBeijingOperaaresheng（male）,dan（youngfemale）,jing

43、（paintedface,male）,andchou（clown,maleorfemale）.7道教道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的道德经为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼便是老子的至理名言。ChineseTaoismTaoismfirstoriginatedinChina.ThefounderofTaoismisLaozi,aphilosopherandthinkerwholivedinthelateSpringandAu

44、tumnPeriod（770BC-476BC）.TaoTeChingwhoseauthorshiphasbeenattributedtoLaozi,isconsideredtobethemainTaoistclassic.Taoismadvocatesthevalueofahumanbeingslife,recommendsthediscardingofalldesiresandworriesfromonesmind,andencouragesthecultivationofmoralcharacterandthenourishmentofhumannature.Thefollowingisa

45、nexampleofLaozisgoldensaying:Thewaythatcanbetoldofisnotanunvaryingway;Thenamesthatcanbenamedarenotunvaryingnames.ItwasfromthenamelessthatHeavenandEarthsprang;Thenamedisbutthemotherthatrearsthetenthousandcreatures,eachafteritskind.Truly,onlyhethatridshimselfforeverofdesirecanseethesecretessences;Heth

46、athasneverridhimselfofdesirecanseeonlytheoutcomes.8成语中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语中的成既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。ChineseIdiomsChineseidiomsrefertocomprehensiveandintegratedfixedphrasesandexpressions.Idiom

47、sareestablishedandacceptedbyconstantusageandcommonpractice.Anidiomisalanguageunitthatislargerthanaword,buthasthesamegrammaticalfunctionasaword.MostChineseidiomsconsistoffourcharacters.Forexample,ziqiangbuxi（makeunremittingeffortstoimproveoneself）,qingchuyulan（bluerthanindigo）,andhoujibofa（successcom

48、eswithtimeandeffort）.Idiomsareextratedfromfolkproverbs,ancientworksofliterature,poems,fables,allusions,andwell-knownsayings.IdiomsareapartoftheChineselanguagethatareconciseandhavegreatvitality.Book31中国传统节日传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首为春节，俗称过年，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、

49、腊八节等等。每个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日和农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现。TraditionalChineseFestivalsTraditionalChinesefestivalsareusuallyfixedaccordingtotheLunarcalendar.January1onthelunarcalendarhasbeendesignedastheSpringFestival(generallyreferredtoasguonian).ThereareseveralcustomsduringtheSpringFestival,suchas

50、prayingforagoodharvest,etc.TheSpringFestivalisthemostceremonioustraditionalfestivalinChinaandsymbolizesunityandprosperity.SomeotherChinesefestivalsincludetheLanternFestival,thePureBrightFestival,theDragonBoatFestival,theDouble-SeventhFestival,theMid-AutumnFestival,theDouble-NinthFestival,theWinterSo

51、lstice,andtheEighthDayoftheTwelfthLunarMonth,etc.Eachfestivalhasitsownuniqueoriginandcustom.TheseChinesefestivalsthatfollowtheLunarcalendararedifferentfromthe24SolarTermsintheLunarcalendar.TheyembodyChinascohesionandvitality.2中国茶文化茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋(618-1279)。开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和

52、人文双重属性的引申与概括。中国的茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，体悟大道，提升人生境界。ChineseteaAsatraditionaldrinkforChinesepeople,ChineseteaisbelievedtohavefirststartedwithChineseEmperorShenNong,andflourishedintheTangandSongDynasties(618AD-1279AD).Makingteawasconsideredoneofthesevenbasicdailynecessitiesalongwithfuel,rice,

53、oil,salt,soysauce,andvinegar,whiledrinkingteaisanaptportrayalofdailylifeinChina.Teacultureistheextensionandgeneralizationofthescienceandhumanitiescharacteroftea.InChina,theteaspiritblendsthethoughtsofConfucianism,Buddhism,andTaoism,anditaimstohelppeoplecultivatebothmindandbody,comprehendthetruth,and

54、elevatetherealmoflifethroughtheartofdrinkingtea.3中国画中国古代四大艺术琴棋书画的画特指国画。其绘画形式是用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的油画而称之为“中国画”，简称“国画”。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于“笔墨”，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣TraditionalChinesePaintingThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpaintin

55、g.AndpaintingparticularlyreferstotraditionalChinesepainting.TraditionalChinesepaintingisdonewithabrushdippedintoblackorcoloredinkandispaintedonsilkorxuanpaper.InancientChina,itwascalled“ink-painting”.InordertodistinguishitfromWesternoi-lpaintings,theChinesepeopletermtheirworks“traditionalChinesepain

56、ting”(abbreviatedto“Chinesepainting”).ThesubjectmattersofChinesepaintingsaretypicallyfigures,landscapes,birdsandflowers.ThedrawingskillsandtechniquesemployedbytheChinesepainterscanbedividedintotwoforms:finebrushworkandfree-handbrushwork.Theartisticcharacteristicsliein“thewritingbrushandink”.Chinesep

57、aintingemphasizesusingtheshapetoconveythefeelingsofthepainter.Eventhoughapaintingisafinishedproduct,itendlesslyconveysameaning.Intermsoftheartisticcreation,traditionalChinesepaintingisareflectionoftheaestheticconsciousnessandartisticsentimentoftheChinesepeople.4中国酒文化中国是酒的故乡。古人将酒的作用归纳为治病、养生、礼仪三类。酒文化是

58、中华饮食文化的重要组成部分，它的精神文化价值体现在社会政治生活、文学艺术乃至人生态度、审美情趣等诸多方面。无酒不成宴，酒筹文化是中国合餐制的产物。宴席上的酒令五花八门，猜拳、文字令、筹令等都富有丰厚的文化内涵，若胸中无数，则难以自如应付。ChineseWineandSpiritsCultureChinaisthehomeofwineandspirits.Thefunctionsofwineandspiritswereclassifiedbytheancientsintothreekinds:treatingpatients,keepingingoodhealth,andshowingpolit

59、enessandrespecttoothers.ChinaswineandspiritscultureisanimportantpartofChinesefoodculture,anditembodiesitsvaluesinmanyrespects,suchasinsocialandpoliticallife,literatureandart,lifephilosophies,aesthetics,andsoon.Thereisanoldsayingwhichgoes,“Itisnotabanquetwithoutwine.”Underthecustomofhavingdinnertoget

60、herinChina,drinkinggameswerethereforeintroduced.Therearemanykindsofbanquetbettinganddrinkinggames,likethemorra(afinger-guessinggame),wine/spiritswords,wine/spiritschips(adrinkinggame),allwithrichculturalconnotations.Inreality,itisdifficulttowinunlessyouhaveacardupyoursleeve.235中国石窟中国石窟主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦